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ieS5-3o3
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
\
J7 t A'--'
0 '-• .
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
TO
Dome0Ddp Booft;
ACCOMPANIED BY INDEXES,
tfC,
G
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
TO
«
ACCOMPANIED BY
INDEXES
or THK
TENANTS IN CHIEF, AND UNDER TENANTS,
AT THE TIME OF. THE SURVEY:
AS WKLL AS OF
THE HOLDERS OF LANDS
MKNTIONED IN DOMKSDAY ANTERIOR TO THE FORMATION
OF THAT RECORD :
wrm
AN ABSTRACT OF THE POPULATION OF ENGLAND
AT THE CLOSE OF THE RBION OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR,
80 PAE AS TBS SAME U ACTUALLY BNTBRED.
ZUiDtTKATXD BT
NUMEROUS NOTES AND COMMENTS.
By Sir HENRY JLLIS. K.H. F.R.S. SecS.A.
PRINCIPAL LlMUaiAM OP THE BRITI8H MUUUM.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. L
PRINTED BY COMMAND
or
HIS MAJESTY KING WILLIAM IV.
I M>KII THR DIRBCTION OP
77/;: cobivisstosKits ok the public records
OF THE KINGDOM.
1833.
RECORD CO^HI^ISSION,
3fa«:A18Sl. T.K.-x,:zr>
(.■ .
THIS BOOK
IS TO BE
PERPETUALLY PRESERVED
IN
THE LIBRARY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
JUy 1835.
C. p. Cooper,
5lec Cnm. Pub, Ree.
I, *'
f »
COMMISSIONERS
ON
THE PUBLIC RECORDS OF THE KINGDOM,
APPOINTED BY
HIS MAJESTY'S COMMISSION
OF THE
\2th of March 18S1.
HIS ORACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD CHANCELLOR.
THE RIOHT HONOURABLE THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE
HOME DEPARTMENT.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF
COMMONS.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EX-
CHEQUER.
THE RIOHT HONOURABLE THE MASTER OF THE ROLLS.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD CLERK REGISTER OF
SCOTLAND.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE EARL SPENCER, K. G.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, K.T.
THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF LLANDAFF.
THE RIOHT HONOURABLE THOMAS GRENVILLE.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE CHARLES WATKIN WILLIAMS WYNN,
M.F.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENRY HOBHOUSE.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD DOVER.
THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE PARKE.
THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE BOSANQUET.
SIR ROBERT HARRY INGLIS BART., M. P.
LOUIS HAYES PETIT ESQUIRE.
HENRY BBLLENDEN KER ESQUIRE.
HENRY HALLAM ESQUIRE.
JOHN ALLEN ESQUIRE.
EDWARD FROTHEBOE ESQUIRE.
EDWARD VERNON UTTERSON ESQUIRE.
WILLIAM BROUGHAM ESQUIRE, M.P.
CHARLIES FURTON COOPER ESQUIRE, SECRETARY.
a
PREFACE.
The General Introduction to Domesday Book,
here presented to the Reader, was first written
in 1813 : since which time the writer of it has
not ceased to amass every kind of information
calculated to throw light upon the more im-
portant contents of the Record. The labour
thus bestowed coming to the knowledge of His
Majesty's Commissioners upon the Records of
the Kingdom, they were pleased, in the begin-
ning of 1832, when they ordered Mr. Cooper's
Account of the Public Records to be pub-
lished in an octavo form, to direct that the
Introduction to Domesday, with such im-
provements as had occurred to the Author,
should be reprinted in the same shape^ so as
to form a continuation of that Work ; and that
a2
PREFACE.
The General Introduction to Domesday Book,
here presented to the Reader, was first written
in 1813 : since which time the writer of it has
not ceased to amass every kind of information
calculated to throw light upon the more im-
portant contents of the Record. The labour
thus bestowed coming to the knowledge of His
Majesty's Commissioners upon the Records of
the Kingdom, they were pleased, in the begin-
ning of 1832, when they ordered Mr. Cooper's
Account of the Public Records to be pub-
lished in an octavo form, to direct that the
Introduction to Domesday, with such im-
provements as had occurred to the Author,
should be reprinted in the same shape, so as
to form a continuation of that Work ; and that
a2
IV PREFACE.
three Indexes should be added : the first, of
the Tenants in Capite, which was ordered to
include the Taini^ Ministri, holders of manses
in Towns^ and other persons^ whose names not
appearing in the Head-titles at the beginning of
the Counties, had been omitted in the Index
of Tenants in Capite published by His Ma-
jesty's Commission in 1816: a second Index
was ordered of the Persons who had held land
in the times of King Edward the Confessor and
King Harold, including all individuals noticed
in the Record as holders of land (whether as
allodial or under-Tenants, as they can occa-
sionally only be distinguished,) previous to the
formation of the Conqueror's Survey: and a
third of the persons in actual possession as
Under-Tenants in 1086, the year in which
it is evident that the Survey was actually
made.
These Indexes have been carefully formed,
and all passages of the Record calculated to
throw light upon the changes and holdings of
lands noted in the margin ; as well as all
instances of the hereditary descent of land
from those who had had possession in the
PREFACE. V
Saxon time. Short comments also have been
added in the margins of all the Indexes,
upon the names of particular individuals.
These throw occasional light on the state of
the Kingdom in the time of King Edward
the Confessor, and still more upon the history
of the persons who formed the Conqueror's
Court.
The utility of these Indexes to all persons
who may have to consult Charters of the tenth
and eleventh Centuries will be apparent
Subjoined to them is an Abstract of the
different Classes of the Population of England
at the time of the Survey, as far as the
Record has supplied it; with Notices of the
Burghs, in which many of the deficiencies in
Brady's imperfect History of those places are
supplied.
In endeavouring to fulfil the Orders of His
Majesty's Commissioners, the Compiler of these
Volumes is perfectly aware that, although he
has passed years of labour upon Domesday, he
has only opened the way to a knowledge of its
contents.
2l3
VI PREFACS.
Domesday Book is a mine of information
which has not yet been sufficiently wrought
Illustrations of the most important and the
most certain kind upon our ancient institutions,
services, and tenures of lands, are still to be
drawn from it. And its metal cannot be ex-
hausted by the perseverance of any single
labourer.
The Historian may extract results from it
which are in vain sought from other sources.
It shows, in detail, the number of years that
elapsed before England recovered from the
violence attendant on the Norman Conquest.
The Annual Value of Property, it will be
found, was much lessened, as compared with
the produce of estates in the time of Edward
the Confessor. In general, at the Survey, the
King's lands were more highly rated than
before the Conquest ; and his rent from the
Burghs was greatly increased; a few also of
the larger Tenants in Capite had improved their
estates ; but, on the whole, the Rental of the
Kingdom was reduced, and twenty years after
the Conquest, the estates were, on medium.
PRSVACB. Tit
valued at little more than three fourths of the
former estimate. (')
From Domesday too it will be seen, that the
oppression of our ancient tenures has been
over-stated ; many of them being at that early
period converted into money payments.
It is difficult to form a judgment which shall
be exactly supported by evidence as to the
manner in which the distribution of the lands
of England was made among the Conqueror's
companions. Many years had elapsed between
(0 Take Middlesex
as an instance.
in which n<
** Terra Regis ** occurs^
T. R.E.
je s. d
T. R. W.
^. ۥ d*
Terra Archiep. Cant.
100 u
0
86 12
0
Terra Episc Liond.
190 11
10
157 19
6
Ecd. S. Pet. Westm.
114 0
0
86 16
6
Eccl. Trin. Rouen.
25 10
0
20 10
0
Geo£Pr. de Mandev.
121 IS
0
112 5
0
Ern. de Hesding
Walt, de S. Waleri
56 0
120 0
0
0
24 0
111 0
0
0
Terr, alior. Tenent.
204 0
0
147 8
0
932 8
10
746 11
0
a 4
via PREFACE.
the time of the grants and the taking of the
Survey ; and many of the greater tenants, it
will be readily believed, had married heiresses,
and joined other lands to those they had at first
received. (')
The process, however, seems to have been,
that a circuit of a larger or a less extent, accord-
ing to the rank, the services, or the number of
the followers brought into the field, was given
to the greater Chieftains, who, having retained
the lion's portion for themselves, distributed
the rest, in a similar manner, and in due divi-
sions according to the claims of the parties,
upon the survivors of the officers and men who
had fought beneath their several banners. The
persons thus enfeoffed holding as securely and
as independently of the Tenants in Capite as the
Tenants in Capite held of the King.
Exclusive of a few interpolations, the Names
which fill what is called the Roll of Battle
(^) As in the case of Robert de Oily, who married
Aldith the heiress of Wigod lord of Walingford. Ivo
Tailbois, the Conqueror's nephew, married the Countess
of Chester, niece and heiress to Thorold of Bukenhale.
PREFACE. IX
Abbey, will for the most part be found among
the Under-Tenants of the Survey. (')
But some Entries present themselves in which
(^) The Copies of this Roll most frequently found
in our Manuscript Libraries are of a date scarce ever
earlier than the fifteenth century ; and many of them
are in the rhyming form^ like the copy which is pre-
served in Brompton. Duchesne has given two Lists
of the Norman warriors from copies of this Roll at
the end of his Normannici Scriptores, The Abb^
de la Rue once piomised a Dissertation on it: and
it is not improbable but that its history, at present
somewhat equivocal, might be established by researches
among the Norman archives. Stow, the historian,
made no scruple to copy this Roll into his Manuscript
Collections.
Wace's Roll of the Conqueror's companions, in his
Chronicle of the Dukes of Normandy to the death of
Henry the Second King of England, is perhaps the
oldest List of the warriors who fought at Hastings
now extant. It is preserved in the British Museum
with some other tracts, MS. Reg. 4. C. xi. fol. 246,
in a Volume which formerly belonged to Battle-
Abbey. As it has never been printed^ such extracts
as preserve the names will not be unacceptable here.
foL 17. cohs. Alain Felgan uint al passage
Q' des Bretons out g"nt bamage
De Peleit le filz Bertran
Et H sire iuint de Dinan
PREFACE.
the forfeitures of a later day may be discovered ;
more especially in the lands which were seized
Et Raol iuint de Gael
£t maint Breton de maint chastel
* * * *
ioL 20. cd. 2. A CO q Guitt diseit
Et encore dire plus uoleit
Vint Guitt le filz Osber
Son cheual tot couert de fer
Sire dist il trop demoron
Armon nos fut alon alon.
* * # *
IbL sa coL 3. Gauter GiSart lout amene
Q' a Saint Jame aueit este
Tendi sa main les regnes prist
Pie en estrieu desus sassist.
* • « •
Ibi^ Son gonfanon fist traire auant
Q' la pape li enueia
Et cil le traist sil despleia
Li dus le prist sus le dreca
Raol Darconches apela
Portez dist il mon gonfanon
Ne uos uoil Faire se dreit non
Par dreit et par anceisorie
Deiuent estre de Normendie
Vre parent gonfanon ier.
Mtt furent tuit boen cheualier
Granz merciz dist Raol aiez
Q* nre dreit reconoissiez
PflSfAC£. XI
from Gamelbar, Merlesuain^ and the other Saxon
chieftains of the North, after the suppression of
Mais le gonFanon par ma fei
Ne sera hui portez par mei
* * * *
fel. sa col. s. Et li dus garda daltre part
Si apela Gauter GiiFart
Cest gonfanon dist il pernez
En la bataille le portez
Gauter Gifiart li respondi
Sire dist il por dgu merci
* * )» •
(He refuses the gonfonon, and it is given to)
Ibid. Tosteins le 6lz rou le blanc out no
Al Bee en Chauz aueit maison
* * * «
Ibid. Guitt fist for son destrier
Venir a fnit auant Rogier
Q' len dit Mogomeri
* # • •
Ibid. Et Guiit mis Seneschaus
Li filz Osb un boens uassaus
* • * *
Ibid. De lautre part Alain Fergant
£t Nalmeri le combatant
* • • «
fol. 28. col. 2. Lassaut aueient tot guerpi
Quant Rog de Mogomeri
Vint poignant la lance baissie
One ne laissa por la coignie
Kll PREFACE.
the rising in 1069; and in those of Waltheof
earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, who was
Q4 aueit sus el col leuee
Q^ mtt esteit lone enhanstee
* • # *
foL 22. coL s. Robt le uiel cil de Belmont
Assaut Engleis et pmier front
* • • •
Guitl: q len dit Malet
Hardiement entrels se met
* • • #
Ibid. Quant uint li sire de Mofort
£t da Guiit de Uez Pont
* • • *
Ibid. Bien firent cil de Beeissin
£t li baron de Costentin
Et Neel de Saunt Salueor
Assaut Engleis par g"nt uigor
* • • •
Grant p'es en ont cil de Felgieres
Q' de Bretaigne ont genz mtt fieres.
* * • *
Henri le sires de Ferrieres
Et cil c]^ done gardont Tillieres
* • * *
foL 22*. col. 1. Cil q* ert sire Daubemare
Et dam Guilt de Romare
Et li sire de Lutehare
Et cil de Touke. et de La Mare
Et li sire de Neauhou
Et vn chcualier de Peitou
PREFACE. Xm
betrayed in 1074. In the persons who pos-
sessed the larger share of the estates of the
Robt li sire de Belfou
£t cil qui ert sire Dalnou
Li chanblene de Tancharuile
£t li sire de Stoteuile
Et Wiestace Dabeuile
£t li sire de Magne Uile
Guilt q len dit Crespin
Et li sires de Saint Martin
Et dam Witt de Molins
Et cil qui ert sire Des Pins
Tuit cil furent en la bataille
Nia cil dels qui mtt ni uaille
Vn uassal de Greste Maisnil
Fu mult le ior en g^nt peril
* • # *
fol.2^^ool.1. De meaine li uiel GifiPrei
Et de Bohon li uiel Onfrei
De Caitrai Onfrei et Mangier
Q' esteit nouel cheualier
De Garene iuint Willemes
Mtt li fist bien el chief li helmes
Et li uiel Hue de Gornai
Ensenble od lui sa gent de Brai
• • • •
Daurencein i fu Richarz
Ensenble od lui cil de Biarz
Et li sires de Sollignie
Et li Boteilliers Daubinie
XIV PREFACE.
Northern lords at the time of the Survey^ we
probably see the Generals by whom they were
defeated.
Cil de Uictrie et de Lacie
De Ual Daiaire et de Trade
• • « •
Hue li sires de Monfort
Cil Despine et cil de Port
Cil de Corcie et cil de lort
I ont le ior maint home mort
Cil q* fu sire de Reiners
Ont g*nt plente de cheualiers
• • • «
Le uiel Witt de Moion
Ont ouoc lui maint copaignon
De cinq leis Raol Taisson
Et li uiel Hog Marmion
• • » •
Joste la copaigne Neel
Cheualcha Raol de Gael
• • « •
Des Biarz i fu Auenals
Des Mostiers Hubt Paienals
Rofct Bertra q^ esteit torz
Mais a cheual esteit mtt forz
• • • •
fcl.22b. col. 3. Li sire de Semillie
De Basquile i fuMartels
De ioste lui cil de Fraels
Oil de Goinz et de Sainteals
Del uiez Molei et de Monceals
PBSFACS. XV
A patient comparison of Domesday Book with
the Registers of our earliest Abbies, is the surest
Cil qui ert sire de Pacie
Et li seneschals de Corcie
£t uns cheualiers de Lacie
Ensenble od els cil de Gkicie
Et cil DoiUie et de Sacie
Et li sire de Vaacie
Del Tomeor et de Praeres
Et Guitt de Columbieres
Et Gilebt li uiel Dasnieres
De Chaaignes et de Coismeres
Li uielz Hue de Bolebec
Et dam Richart q" tint Orbec
Et li sires de Bones Boz
Et cil del Sap • et cil de Gloz
Et cil qui done teneit Tresgoz
• • • •
Et li sire de M on Fichet
Q^ de bois garder sentremet
Lancestre Hue le Bigot
Q* aueit terre a M aletot
Et as Loges et a Chanon
• • • •
fcl.ss. col. 1. Guitt Patric de la Lande
Le rei heraut Torment demande
• « • •
Done poinst Hue de Mortemer
Od lui li sire Dauuiler
XVI PREFACE.
way to accomplish its thorough illustration : and
this is to be effected, not merely by the examina-
Cil Donebac et de Saint Cler
Engleis firent mtt enuerser
Robert q^ fu filz Herneis
La lance aloigne lescu pris
* * * •
Li quens Rot)t de Moretoig
Ne se tint mie del due loig
Frere le due ert de par mere
Grant aie fist a sou frere
Le sire poinst de Herecort
Sor un cheual q' mtt tostcort
De q*nt quil poet le due secort
De Crieue Coer et de Drincort
Et le sire de Briencort
Soiet le due ql part q^l tort
Cil de Combrai et cil Dalnei
Et li sire de Fontenei
De Reberchil et del Molei r^
* • • •
fol. 23. col. 2. Tostein filz Rou le blanc out no
Del Bac ioste Fescamp Fu ncz
Cheualier proz et renomez
* « • *
Alains Fergant qns de Bretaigne
De Bretons meine g^nt copaigne*
* * * *
Li sire de Saint Galeri
Et li quens Dou bien iferi
PBEFACE. XVU
tion of Charters and partial Surveys, but by the
scattered details of an historical kind with which
many of them abound, as the following pages
will occasionally show.
After the desolation of the Norman Conquest,
for such it was, many remnants of the greater
families of the Saxon time found no asylum
but in the Cloister : some are traced as monks,
and some obtained the rule of Monasteries.
Leuric abbat of Peterborough was nephew to
Leofric earl of Mercia. Waltheof, son of Gos-
patric earl of Northumberland, was abbat of
Croyland. Elsi abbat of Ramsey had been a
favourite in the three Courts of King Edward
the Confessor, King Harold, and King William.
Ethelwold abbat of St. Benet of Hulme, accord-
ing to John of Oxnede's Chronicle, had been
Harold's Admiral. So that the Monasteries
became not only the refuge of those who best
Et Rog de Mongomeri
£t de Toarz dan Nameri
Si contindrent come hardi
Qui il furent mal sunt bailli
b
XVlll PREFACE.
knew the griefs and changes of their Country,
but, as the residences of men of letters, the
sole depositories of all that could be preserved
of History. C)
(^) Since the Pages of the General Introduction have
been printed off, the Writer has discovered that, in
early times, Domesday, precious as it was always deemed,
occasionally travelled, like other Records, to distant
parts; as will be seen by the following extracts from a
Wardrobe Account of the 29th of Edward the First :
MS. Addit. Brit. Mus. 7966. fol. 2 b.
'^ Per manus quatuor Clericorum transcribencium
diversas particulas libri qui vocatur Domesday, et
alias tansentes Perambulationem diversarum forestarum
Anglise, x° die Decembris xlij'. viij**.
<* Per manus Johannis Russel pro canabo cerato et
alio, cordis et paneriis emptis, ad trussandum duos
LiBRos de Domesday, rotulos Itinerancium Justiciarum
de Foresta, et alia Memoranda tangencia Forestas et
Perambulationes ad ducendum ad Regem xix. die
Januarii vjV viij**."
It appears that at this date the King was at Lin-
coln.
There is a very curious passage in Domesday
hitherto overlooked, which, rather than omit, the
Author of the Introduction inserts here. It is in the
account of the lands of Evesham Abbev, and seems
to corroborate the document from the Black Book of
PREFACE. Xix
No archives but those of our ancient Eccle-
siastical Establishments throw light to any
great extent upon the Domesday Survey.
Peterborough^ quoted in Vol. I. p. 184. regarding the
Hundred as consisting of a hundred hides of land :
'* In Fissesberge Hund. habet ^cclesia de Evesham
Lxv. hid. Ex his xii. hide sunt liberse. In illo
Hund. jacent xx. hidae de Dodentreu. et xv. hides
de Wirecestre perficiunt hundret." Domesd. torn. i.
foL 175 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
TO
DOMESDAY.
L— FORMATION OF THE RECORD.
Sect. I-— NAME.
Domesday Book, one of the most ancient
Records of England, is the Register from which
Judgement was to be given upon the value,
tenure, and services of Lands therein described.
Other Names by which it appears to have
been known were, Rotulus Wintonicej^ Scrip-
tura Thesauri RegiSy^ Liber de TVintonia^^ and
Formation
of the Record*
5 1. Name*
^ Ingulphus. ed. Gale. p. 79. See also Flacic.
Abbrev. 1 R. Job. SufF. rot. 7. Ibid. 1 1 R. Job. Line.
Tot 6. in which last reference it is said : << Preterea idem
Bobertus ponit se super Rottdum Winioniee quod terra
ilia pertinet a Conquestu Anglias ad feudum quod ipse
babet tenere in capite de Domino Rege.'*
'Registr. Mon. Abend. MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Claud.
£vi.foI. 150. Stow, Annals, p. 118. fol.Lond. 1631.
tells us, " Tbe Booke of Bermondsey saitb this Book was
laid up in the Kin^s Treasurie (wbich was in the Church
rf Winchester or Westminster), in a place called Domus
Deiy or God's house, and so tbe name of the booke, there-
fore called Domus Dei, and since, shortly, Domesday."
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 332 b.
B
GENERAL INTRODUCTIOK TO DOMESDAY.
Formation Ltber Rcgts.^ Sir Henry Spelman adds. Liber
! — "^ * JudiciaritiSj CensuaUs AngUcSj AngUos Notitia
^ ^' ^'^' et Lustratio, and Rottdus Regis.''
> R^istr. Mod. de Bello in agro Sussex. MS. Cotton.
Domit* A. ii. foL 13 b. 17 b.
' Glofisar. in o. Domesdat. The author of the
Dialogos de Scaccario gives the following explanation
of the Name. ^< Hie Liber ab indigenis Domesdei
nuncupatur, id est, Dies Judiciij per metaphoram : sicut
enim districti et terribilis examinis illius novissimi sen-
tentia nulla tergiversationis arte valet eludi ; sic, cum
orta fuerit in regno contentio de his rebus quae illlc
annotantur, cum ventum fuerit ad librum, sententia ejus
infatuari non potest, vel impune declinari. Ob hoc nos
eundem Librum Judiciarium nominavimus; non quod
ab eo sicut a prsedicto Judicio non licet ulla ratione
discedere.'' Madox Hist Excheq. edit. 4^. vol. ii.
p. S98. So Rudborne, Angl. Sacr. lorn. i. p. 257*
^ Vocatus Domysday ; et vocatur sic, quia nulli parcit,
sicut nee roagnus dies Judlcii." The same interpreta-
tion, almost in the words of the Dialogus de Scaccarioy
is cited by Spelman from the Escheat R(dls of the reign
of Edward the Third. Gloss, v. Domesday.
From the Introduction to the Abbreviatio PlacitcH'nnii
we learn that, in the archives of the Earls of Chester^
there formerly existed a Roll, denominated the Domesday
of Chester. The entries in this Roll, it is observed, were
esteemed of high authority, and perhaps conclusive
evidence ; for in an Assize of Darrein Presentment in
the County of Chester, anno S8 Hen. lU. between
Roger de Sandbach and the Abbot of Deulacrese, as to
the Church of Sandbach, removed by Certiorari into the
King's Bench, the Court, amongst other grounds fi>r
pronouncing their judgement, give the following reason t
<< Et quia convictum est per Domesday Cestr' quod
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 8
r Formation
Sect, 2.^DAT£. of the Record.
The exact time when the Conqueror under- 5 2. nme.
took the Survey is differently stated by His-
torians. The Red Book of the Exchequer
seems to have been erroneously quoted/ as
fixing the time of entrance upon it in 1080 ; it
being merely stated in that Record^ (in which
the original of the Dialogus de Scaccario is
found,) that the work was undertaken at a time
subsequent to the total reduction of the island
to William's authority.
perp^uam habet firmitatem et omnia quae in eo con-
dneotor imperpetuum sunt stabilia in quo continetur
quod, &c. consideratum est, &c.^ Hill. 38 Hen. UL
Cestr. rot. 10. See also Pat. 39 Hen. IIL a tergo, De
Rotulo vocato Domesday Cestr. qui perpetuam habet
firmitatem et de transcripto ejusdem per Justiciar. Cestr.
miss.
Dogdale quotes a Deed in the Monasticon Angli-
canum, old edit. torn. iii. p. 164. << ex Registro quodam
Dancapato Domesday, penes Decanum & Capit. jE&ot."
Among Dr. Rawlinson's manuscripts in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford, is a fragment of a survey of all the
manors belonging to the Deanery of St. PatiTSf taken
inllSly and called ** Domisday Radnlphi de DlcetOj*
Diceto was the Dean, under whose direction it was
nuide. A manuscript note of Bishop Kennett^ also in
the same library, in a copy of Cowel's Law Interpreter,
quotes the Domesday of the Nuns ofHcdiweU. This last
was a Leiger Book of the Monastery.
' Webb's Short Account of Domesd. Book, p. i*
pref. to Hutchins^s Hist, of Dorsetshire^ &c*
B2
6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Formation CUOl SECE 7 SOCE. 7 pOSt hb ToUnE. 7 istE tni'
! ^'^ fuit deliberata Ej^o Odom per cartam. sed n.
^ ^' '^"^' uider^ mde brevem Regis, et ipse habebat ea
die qua fuit captus et postea DissAiisuTua.^ '
From the words " Hugo de GrentemEisnU
tenet feudo Regime*' in fol. 232 e. of the first
volume of DomesdEy, Nichols conjectures '
thEt the Eccount of Leicestershire was tEken
before the deEth of the Conqueror's Queen, thEt
is before the second of November 1083 ; End it
is E curious fECt thEt, in the survey of her pro-
perty in Buckinghamshire^ it is SEid, ^* MEtilda
tenets'* ^ es if the inquest for EscertEining the
vElue of the estEtes hEd been held while the
Queen wes living ; though, Et the close of the
Return, when the improved rent is noticed, it
is sEid, " Quando vivebat Regina, xv. lib/*
From other pEssEges, however, in f(dios 68 b»
83 b, 163 b, 170 b, and 222 of the SEme volume,
we hEve the clearest evidence possible thEt the
surveys of the Counties of fViltSf Dorset^ Ght^
cester^ End Northampton^ were tEken after thEt
event "* From eu incidentEl mention of the
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. S75. The King appears to
have received considerable profits from various manors
of the bishop of Baieux in Kent, ^ pro novo dono epi^-
copi."
^ Hist. Leicest. Introd. volume, p. xxxv.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fbl. 152 b.
^ In fol. 222. we are told, << W. rex dedit Scadewelte
S. Edmundo pro anima regine Mathild.'* Indeed in
G£N£aAL INTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 1
siege of the Castle of Saint Susanna in Maine^ Fommtioa
fol. 158b. it is evident that Oxfordshire must ^ «R«»^
also have been surveyed after the same event^ * ^' ^^"^
Rudbome, in his Historia major Wintoniensis,
assures us that William did not entertain the pro-
ject of his Census till after the Queen's death.^
" Clerici S. Gregorii Cantuar." occur more
than once in the Domesday account of Kent.
These were the Augustine Canons of S^ Gregory
at Canterbury. Lanfranc did not found the
House till lOS^.""
torn, i* foL 8S. the death of Matilda is ex*
pressly alladed to. Anschitil^ who held it, is stated,
according to his own accountf to have held it of the
Queen, but it is added that after her death he did not
petition the King for the land. ** Hanc ^ tenuit
Anscfail! [f. Ameline] de regina ut dicit. sed post mortem
g^ r^em non req^iuit"
> This fruitless Si^e in 1088 is described by Orde^
ricus Vitalis; it was raised after three years. See
Bouquet, Recueil des Historiens des Gaules Sc de la
France, torn. xii. p. 617.
' *^ Istius MatUdis consilio Wilhelmus rex pacified
cam Anglis tractabat, quamdiu ipsa vixisset ; post
mortem vero ipsius Matildis omnem induit tyrannidem.
Uode statim misit Justitiarium per totam Angliam sin-
gillatim per Comitatus ; et inquirere fecit et diligenter
perscrutari, quot acrae vel jugera terrse, quidque uni
militi sufficere posset ; fecitque inquirere de urbibus, et
▼illis, et viculis, ad quid in solidum ascenderent. In-
quisivit, etiam, quot animalia possent sufficere ad unius
h;dae culturam.'^ Angl. Sacr. torn. i. p. 257*
^ Tann. Notit. Monast. edit* 1787. Kent. xii. 3.
B 4f
$ 2. Date.
8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Fonnation In folios 77 b. and 91 of the first volume
Maurice is mentioned as Bishop of London^
who, according to the annals of Waverley,"
was chosen to that dignity in 1083; though,
according to the Saxon Chronicle, not till
1085.2
The date of that part of the Survey which
relates to Shropshire is ascertained from fol. 25^,
where the Abbey of Shrewsbury is mentioned ;
" qua^^ici/ ibi comes." Ordericus Vitalis says
the foundation of this Abbey was vowed by
Roger de Montgomery in 1083. The Church
was evidendy building at the time of the Survey :
and, according to the history of the Abbey,
which Dugdale gives from a Register formerly
in Sir Richard Leveson's possession, it appears
to have been finished in 1087.* The Con-
queror's Charter shews that the monks were not
seated in it till the latter year.^
Leuricus Abbot of Burton is spoken of in the
past tense in the account of Derbyshire, tom. i.
foL 273. This abbot died in 1085 : a furtlier
proof that Domesday was rapidly compiled, and
which shews the date of the Derbyshire part.
> Hist. AngL Script. V. ed. Gale, p. 1S8.
^ See other authorities for this latter year in Madox,
Hist. Excheq. 4^. edit. vol. i. p. ?• Newc. Repert. vol. L
p. 10.
^ Dugd. Mon. last edit. torn. iii. pp. 513. 51?.
« Ibid. p. 521.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 9
That Lincolnshire could not have been sur- Formation
of the Record.
veyed till 1085, or even later, seems evident
from the following passage : <^ Residua dimidia
caruS rrse habuit 7 habet Sea Maria de Lincolia.
in qua nunc est episcopatus/* * The absolute
removal of the See, from Dorchester in Oxford-
shire to Lincoln, having taken place, according
to Matthew Paris, in that very year.^
An entry in Worcestershire, under the lands
of Urso de Abetot, shews the survey of that
County also to have been taken near the same
time. It speaks of Walter Abbot of Evesham
as having held certain lands therein described
*« amplius quam septem annis," which Walter
was not made Abbot till 1077. He died before
he had completed the eighth year of his govern-
ment, 13 Kal. Feb. 1086.«
William Bishop of Thetford, mentioned in
the Second Volume of the Domesday Survey,
did not become so till 1085/
An attentive consideration of the passages
already referred to, added to the entry at the
dose of the Second Volume of the Survey, leads
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 336.
' Matt. Par* 8ub. an. <* Hoc autem autbore, hoc tem-
pore^ et his de causis incepta est Ecclesia moderna
Lmcolniensis/' See also Wilkins, Concil, M. Brit.
torn. L pp. 368, 396.
' See Dugd. Monast* last edit. vol. ii. p. 26.
* Madox, ut supr. Blomef. HistJhTorf. foL edit yol. i.
p. 402.
5 2. Date.
IQ GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
§8.17oto.
gf^SrS^o. US to believe that, by the multiplicatioB of sub-
ordinate Inquests^ the work must have been
completed in a short time ; and that, from a
transcript or abridgment of the Breviatas from
the difierent Counties, the great, Register was
afterwards formed, which has ever since been
known by the name of Domesday.^
S1CT.3.--ORIGIN AND OBJECT.
§3. origmand 1. Ingulphus affiims that this Survey was
' made in imitation of the policy of Alfred, who^
at the time he divided the Kingdom into Counties,
Hundreds, and Tithings, had an Inquisition
taken and digested into a Register, which was
called, from the place in which it was reposited,
the Roll of Winchester.^
The formation of such a Survey^ however^ in
the time of Alfred, may be more than doubted ;
as we have only a solitary authority for its
existence, and the most diligent investigaticm
has not been able to recover, among the Records
either of the Saxon or of later times, the slightest
indication that such a Survey was ever known.
^^"■"^^^^^"•^""^■^■^■"^""""^^^""^■^^""^"^■"^^■"^■^■^■~^^~^^^"^~~""'^^"^^^^'~^^^^"^'^^^""^^^^~~"
^ Under Sandwice, tom. i. fol. S. we read^ ^< Jn anna
quo facta est hac Description' and under Roelent, in
Cheshire, tom. i. fol. 269. it is said, << Ipso anno hu^
Descriptionis datu e ad firma fauj^ burgi tbeloneu jp iii.
solid." In tbe notice of the rent paid by the dty of
Shrewsbury, torn. i. fol. 252. we read^< Precedenti anno
htffus Descriptionis r^did. xl. lib. Rogerio Comiti.''
^ Hist. Ingulpbi. ed. Gale. pp. 79, 80.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* 11
Had it existed in the Century immediately FoaaaMkm
preceding the Nonnan Conquest, it would have 1 —
prevented the necessity of giving those minute * ^ ^^ "^
Descriptions of Land so common among the
later of the Saxcm Charters.^ The separation
of Counties also is known to have been a
division long anterior to the time of Alfred.^
Bishop Kennett, in his Parochial Antiquities,
tells us that Alfred's Register had the name of
Dome-boc, from which the name of Domesday
Book was only a corruption. This may, per-
haps, serve as a clue to the explanation of the
whole. They who were familiar with the name
of Domesday, (and it was the common appella-
tion for the Conqueror's Survey among the
English,) considered that the Dome-boc of
^ These are found in abundance in the Registers of
our earliest Monasteries, as may be leen in the Appen-
dices to the Abbies and Priories of Glastonbury,
Rochester, Winchester, Westminster, Peterborough,
Cbertsey, Ely, Abingdon, Worcester, and Evesham, in
the last edition of Dugdale's Monasticon. The Registeir
of W^n, of the Saxon time, preserved in the British
Museum, which has recently been printed entire by Sir
Richard Qolt Hoare, has not a charter without them ;
and they are numerous in the very fine and hitherto
unused Register of Sherburn Abbey, in the possession
of Sir Thomas Phillipps Bar^ The compilation of the
Domesday Inquests appears to have superseded these
land'ioc^ as they were called* They rarely, if ever,
occur appended to charters at a later period*
'Co. L. 168 a. 2 Inst. 71*
12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT.
FormaUon Alfred, being synonimous, was intended ta
! — ' designate the same kind of Register : whereas
5 s.^ flm£ ^j^^ DoM-Boc was, in reality, the Code of Saxon
Laws. It is noticed as such in the laws of
Edward the elder, ^ and more particularly in
those of ^thelstan,^
> Wilk. Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 50. LL. Eadw. 8.
« Ibid. p. 57. LL Atheist S. See also p. 77. LL.
Eadg. 3. The following is Dr. Wilkins's notice of the
Doftt'Boc in his Glossary, p. 398. ^^ Dombec Liber
Judicialis. Frequens est in his Legibus Judicialis
Libri mentio, neque interim quis fuerit usquam apparet.
Beda lib. Eccles. Hist. ii. cap. 5« ait, ^thelbertam
Cantiffi Regem scripsisse idiomate Saxonico libeUnniy
cui nomen indidit Decreta Judiciorunif atque Judicia ilia
vel sua roemoria tradit fuisse observata. Hie noster
etiam ^Ifredus in Praefatione fatetur, se ex ^thelberto
sumpsisse nonnuUa. Quid plura? Asserius Menevensis,
olim Alfredo Regi familiaris, prodit ipsum Regetn
Saxonicis mandasse Uteris Judidorum Decreta, venitn
ad nos pervenire injuria temporum non permisit."
Carte, in the Oen. Hist, of England, vol. i. p. 5149
appears to have bad the same notion with us of Alfred's
Dom-boc. Edward the elder, he observes, (the son
and immediate successor of Alfred,) in the Pre&ce to
his Laws, enjoins all his reeves and ministers, who had
any charge in the state, to judge equitably according to
the directions of that Book, to which they were to
adhere strictly in all cases. But in the page imme-
diately following there is a sentence less intelligible :
Carte laments << that the Dome-book of Alfred,
50 much respected in Westminster Hall to the time qf
Edward IVth, hath been since lost."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 13
2. The Saxon Chronicle furnishes a passage. Fv>niiati<m
^ _ . , ^ ^ ' of the Record.
under the year 108;?, which enters minutely —^^
into the motives for the formation of this Survey, ovea.
and which, if correct, also fixes the time of its
commencement to that year.
" An. MLXXXV. Hoc anno, rumor incessit,
^t serio dictum est, Canutum Regem Denmear-
dse, Sweini Regis filium, terram hanc cogitasse,
et voluisse eam subjugare, Rodbeardi Comitis
Flandrensis auxilio, propterea quod Canutus
haberet [uxorem] Rodbeardi filiam. Quum
WiUelmus Anglorum Rex, qui tunc agebat in
Normannia (possedit enim tum Anglorum terram
tum Nonnanniam) hoc intellexisset, profectus
est in Anglorum terram cum tanto exercitu
equitum ac peditum, ^ Francorum regno atque
d Britannia [conscriptorum,] quantus nunquam
antea hanc terram petebat; adeo ut homines
mirarentur, quo modo haec terra posset totum
ilium exercitum alere. Verum Rex permisit
dispertiri exercitum per totam hanc terram inter
suos subditos, qui exercitum aluerunt, pro sua
quisque terras portione. Experti sunt incolsB
multos dolores hoc anno ; et Rex permisit de-
vastari terras maritimas, ut, si inimici ejus [in
terram] ascenderent, iis non esset in promptu
commeatus. Quum autem Rex pro certo
baberet, suos inimicos impeditos fuisse, nee
potuisse expeditionem facere, dimisit aliquam
partem exercitus in propriam nationem, aliquam
retinuit in hac terra donee hyems finiretur. Ad
14 G^ERAL iNTRODUCTtOM TO DOfeffiSDAT.
Formation DEtales fult Rex in Gleawceaster cum suis J>ro*
of tiie Record. ^ ^ •. -r- r^ • j-
- — cenbus, et tenuit ibi Cunam suam v, dies^
^ ^' ^S! ° postea autem Archiepiscopus et Clerici habuerunt
— Sjnciodum trium dierum. Ibi fuit Mauridiis
electus in Episcopnm ad Lundene, et WiUielmuB
ad Northfolc^ et Rodbeardus ad Ceasterscire ;
hi autem omnes erant Regis Capellani. Poat
hsec^ tenuit Rex magnum Concilium, et graves
sermones habuit cum suis proceribus de hac
terra, quo modo incoleretur, et a quibus homini-*
bus. Mittebat idcirco per totam Anglorum
terram in singulos Comitatus suos servos, quibus
permisit scrutari quot hydarum centenas essent
in Comitatu, quidque Rex ipse haberet terrarum
et pecorum in eo Comitatu ; et quantum Census
annui deberet percipere ex eo Comitatu. Per-*
misit etiam describi quantum terrarum ejus
Archiepiscopi haberent, et Diocesani Episcopi,
ac ejus Abbates, ej usque comites ; et, nelongior
in hoc sira, quid aut quantum unusquisque
haberet, qui ten*as possideret in Anglorum
gente, sive terrarum sive pecoris, quantumque
illud pecunia valeret. Tam diligenter lustrari
terram permisit, ut ne imica esset hyda, aut
virgata terrae, ne quidem (quod dictu turpe^
verum is factu turpe non existimavit,) bos, aut
vacca, aut porcus praeter mittebatur, quod non
is retulerat in censum : omniaque postea scripta
ad eum afferebantur/' *
- - *■ I
> Gibs. Chron. Sax. p. 186.
\
YMTROBVCnOK TO D0M£8D4r. 15
Upon this passage Sir William Blackstone has Fomuitf <m
the following Commeirtary. « We learn,*' he "^^J^^
says,' ^ from the Saaton Chronicle, that in ^^'^"^
the nineteenth year of King William's reign an
invasion was apprehended from Denmark ; and
the miMtaiy constitution of the Saxons being
then laid aside, and no other introduced in its
stead, the kingdom was wholly defenceless :
which occasioned the King to bring over a
large army of Normans and Bretons, who were
quartered upon every landholder, and greatly
oppressed the people. This apparent weakness,
together with the grievances occasioned by a
foreign force, might co-operate with the King's
remonstrances, and the better incline the
nobility to listen to his proposals for putting
them in a posture of defence. For, as soon as
the danger was over, the King held a great
council, to inquire into the state of the nation ;
the immediate consequence of which was the
compiling of the great Survey called Domesday
Book, which was finished the next year ; and
in the latter end of that very year the King
was attended by all his nobility at Sarum, where
all the principal landholders submitted their
lands to the yoke of military tenure, became
the King's vassals, and did homage and fealty
* Commentaries on the Laws of England, edit. 4''.
Oxf.1766. B.ii. p. 49.
16 OPNERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Formation to hls persoo.^ This 8661113 to hav6 be6n the
— aera of formally introducing the feodal tenures
^ aS^^ by law j and probably the very law, thus made
at the Council of Sarum^ is that which is still
extant, and couched in these remarkable words :
** Statuimtis, ut omnes liberi homines fxdere et
Sacramento affirment, quod intra et extra univer*
sum regnum Angtice WiUielmo Regi domino suo
Jideks esse volunt ; terras et honores illius omni
jfidelitate ubique servare cum eo, et contra imnucos
et aUenigenas defendere.*^^ ^* This new polity,
therefore/' says Sir William Blackstone, " seems
not to have been imposed by the Conqueror, but
nationally and freely adopted by the general
assembly of the whole Realm, in the same
manner as other nations of Europe had before
adopted it^ upon the same principle of self-
security. And, in particular, they had the
recent example of the French nation before
their eyes ; which had gradually surrendered
up all its allodial or free lands into the King's
hands, who restored them to the owners as a
beneficium or feud, to be held to them 4md such
of their heirs as they previously nominated to
* Omnes praedia tenentes, quotquot essent notse
melioris per totam Angliam, hujus viri servi fuerunt,
omnesque se illi subdidere, ejusque facti sunt vassalli,
ac ei fidelitatis juramenta prcestiterunt, se contra alios
quoscumque illi fidos futuros."
^ Cone. M. Brit. cap. 52. Wilk. p. 228. See also L. C
Baron Gilbert's Law of Tenures, 8^ Lond. 1796. p. 96.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 17
the King : and thus by degrees all the allodial Fomurtion
estates of France were converted into feuds, and —
the freemen became the vassals of the Crown. ^' o^. "^
The only difference between this change of —
tenures in France and that in England, was,
that the former was effected gradually, by the
consent of private persons ; the latter was done
at once, all over England, by the common con-
sent of the nation.'* *
Sir Martin Wright also supposes that, as this
general Homage and Fealty was done about the
time that Domesday Book was finished, and not
before, the Survey was taken " in order to dis-
cover the quantity of every man's fee, and to
fix his Homage ; because anciently the name
and quantity of the fee, &c. was specified in
the Homage. And this probably," he adds,
" was the reason why almost all the historians
of those times join the account of this Survey
and of the Homage done about that time
together, in such a manner that we must needs
think they took them to have immediate relation
one to the other." ^
On the other hand, Lord Coke, the Judges of
Ireland in the case of Tenures, Mr. Selden,
* Blackst. Comment, ul supra, p. 50. See also
Wright's Introduction to the Law of Tenures. S^'. in
4e Savoy, 1730. p. 52.
* Wright, Ibid. p. 56.
c
18
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Foimation
of the Record.
§ 3. Origin and
ObfecL
Nathaniel Bacon, and others, were of opinion,
that Tenures were not brought into England by
the Conqueror, but that they were common
among the Saxons : and the internal evidence
of Domesday itself bears no reference whatever
to any simultaneous surrender of former tenures
and re-grant of the same as feudal.
§ 4. Mode of
Execution.
1.
Commifrioners
and Heads of
Inquiry.
Worcestershire,
Sect. 4.— MODE of EXECUTION.
1. For the adjusting of this Survey, certain
Commissioners, called the King's Justiciaries,*
were appointed. In folios 164 and 181 of the
first Volume of Domesday, we find them desig-
nated as Legati Regis. Those for the midland
Counties at least, if not for all the districts,
were, Remigius Bishop of Lincoln, Walter
Gif&rd Earl of Buckingham, Henry de Ferers,
and Adam the brother of Eudo Dapifer, who
probably associated to them some principal
person in each Shire. This we learn from the
following curious document in the Register rf
St Mary Worcester, usually called Heming's
Chartulary, preserved among the Cottoniaa
Manuscripts in the British Museum, Tib. A. xm.
<< Indiculum Libertatis de Oswaldeslawes
Hundred que a toto vicecomitatu uuireacestre
> See Mat. Par. They are called by th^ame name
in the Abbreviatio Chronicorum by Ralph de Diceto^
MS. Cotton. Claud. E. in. fol. 59.
OlENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
19
Sacramento iuris iurandi firmata est, Willelmo Formation
of the Record.
seniore regnante.^
' Hearne, in his edition of Heming's Chartulary,
printed in 1728, p. 291. gives the list of Jurors for the
Hondred of Oswaldeslaw in Worcestershire. The leaf
of the Original which should contain this, is gone, and
was probably lost in 1731 at the time the Manuscript
itself suffered material injury in the fire of the Cottonian
Library.
^ Isti juraverunt ex parte Episcopi, Reoland Troke-
mardtuoe, Adam de Lent, Norroanus pincerna Episcopi.
Ex parte Prioris, Willelmus Rupe, Kodbert le Parler,
Ricard de Grimelei. Testes, Algarus canonicus de
Lantona et dapifer Episcopi, qui juramentum suscepit
in loco Episcopi Johannis, Thomas abbas de Persora,
Godefrid archidiaconus, Laurentius prior de Coventre,
Gilbertus prior de ^stlei, Willelmus de Bello campo.
Rand de Lent, et frater ejus, Walterus et Alfred,
Nicholaus de Muttuine^ Adam de Cromb et filii ejus
Thomas et Simd, Willelmus de Edmundscote et filius
gas Sind, Walterus de Dovervile, Garm. de Circhulle,
Willelmus le Brun, Walterus de Ribesford, Fulc. filius
Edwini^ Petrus de Vpetun, Ivo capellanus episcopi,
£broiid decanus, Rodbertus presbiter, Nicholaus Blace,
Willelmus de Lei, Hugo putrer, Alfred de la berte et
filil'ejus Rodbertus et Osbertus, Edricus de timber
hangel, Morice de Ambreslei, Jordanus de Rinhale,
Willelmus de Chereswalle, Willelmus filius Alberti,
Osbernus filius Edwini albi, Hugo filius Lithegrimi et
filius ejus Petrus, Alaard filius WIfrici prepositi, Thurben
le bedel, Ric. de Bimplinton prepositus ejusdem hun-
dredi, Mon^hi, Ric cantor, Andreas, Gervasius, Nicho-
laus, Walterus, Walcelin. de Euesham, Rodbert de
Wuttum, Rod le cint. Rand presbiter de Lei, et
Mauricius filius ejus." ^
c 2
§ 4. Mode of
£iecution.
20 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Formation « Jn uicecomitatu uuireceastre habet sSa
of the Record.
— Maria de uuireceastre unu hundred qd uocat^
n^cution^ oswaldes lau^ in quo iacent ccc. hide, de quil>3
^ eps ipsi^ eccle a constitutione antique^ tepo^
habet omnes redditiones socaru et onis consue-
tudines inibi ptinentes ad dfiicu uictu et regis
seruitiu et suu, ita ut nee uicecomes [nee aliq^
regalis seruitii exactor] possit ibi habere uUa
querela, neq^ in placitis neq^ in aliqu' re, teste uice-
comitatu. Et he pdicte ccc. hide fuert de ipsi^
dnio eccle, et quocuq^ modo prestite fuissent et
€uicumq^ pstite fuissent ad seruiendu inde Epo,
ille qui earn prestita terra tenebat nulla omnino
consuetudine sibimet retinere poterat, n* p epm,
neq^ terra retinere n* usq^ adimpletu tepus qff ipsi
int se constituerunt, et nusqua cum hac se uertere
poterat, nee jure hereditario ea usurpando
retinere aut feudam suam ea clamare poterat, n^
scdm uoluntate epl et scdm conuentione qui cu
illo fecerat Hoc testimonium tot* wcecomitat^
uuireceastre y dato Sacramento^ iurisfurcmdi jfir-
mauitf exhort ante et ad laborante piissimo et
prudentissimo patre dono Wulstano ep'o tem-
pore regis Wittmi senioris, cora principib3 ei^dS
regis, Remigig scilicet Lincglniensi episcopo,
et comite Walt'ig Giffardg, et Henrico de
Fereris, et Adam fr'e eudoni dapiferi regis,
qui ad inquirendas et describendas possessiones et
consuetudinesj tarn regis quxC principu* suor^ in
hac provincia et in pluribus aliis AB IPSO
REGE DESTiNATi SUNT CO tcmpoTc quo tota
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 21
Anglia idem rex describi fee. Vnde super hac FormaUon
n ^ 1.. . ••.• AAA* 'x^'Q of the Record.
re facta ab ipsis, mquisitione et testimonio tota^ —
iiicecomitat^, sacramento firmato, in autentica Execution:
regis cartula hoc testimoniu scribi fecert et regali
suaq^ auctoritate stabilitu deinceps absq^ querela
et caliinia eande libtate firma epo de ipso hun-
dred et tns ad eu ptinentib3 pmanere, rege
annuente, iudicauer. Ad hui^ rei cfirmatione
exemplar ei^ in autentica regis cartula ut p^dixi
scriptu e que in thesauro regali cu toti^ Anglie
descriptionib3 conseruatur/'
The Inquisitors, it appears, upon the oaths of
the Sheri£&^ the Lords of each Manor, the
Presbyters of every Church, the Reves of every
Hundred, the Bailifis and six ViUans of every
village, were to enquire into the name of the
place, who held it in the time of King Edward,
who was the present possessor, how many hides
in the Manor, how many carrucates in demesne,
how many homagers, how many viUans, how
many cotarii, how many send, what free-men,
how many tenants in socage, what quantity of
wood, how much meadow and pasture, what
mills and fish-ponds, how much added or taken
away, what the gross value in King Edward's
time, what the present value, and how much
each free-man or soch-man had or has. All this
was to be triply estimated : first, as the estate
was held in the time of the Confessor ; then, as
it was bestowed by King William ; and thirdly,
as its value stood at the formation of the Survey.
c 3
22
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
CemtbridgcMre
Formation The juiors werc moreover to state whether any
— advance could be made in the value.
E^re^Jum! Such are the exact terms of an Inquim.tion9
accompanied by the names of the Jurors and
the Return of property, in the counties of
Cambridge and HertforDi belonging to the
monastery of Ely ; the following transcript of
part of which, from another manuscript in the
Cottonian Library,* will show more minutely the
description and condition of the Jurors,
*^ Hie subsc'bitur inq*sicio trarum, q"m*?
barones regis inquirunt, uidelicet p sacrameotu
uicecomitis scire, et omniu baronum, et eorum
francigenaru, et toci^ centuriatus, psbiti, ppoti,
VI. uillani uniuscui^q^ uille. Deinde q°m« uocatur
mansio, quis tenuit earn tempe R. E. quis m^
tenet, quot hid, quot carr in dominio, quot
hoi^m, q°t uift, qt cor, quot serui, q'^t libi homines^
quot sochemani, q*ntum silue, q*ntum prati, quot
pascuoru, q**t mot, q**t piscine, q*ntu e additam
ut ablatu, q'^tu ualebat totum simul,^ et q"ntum
m% q^ntum ibi quisq^ lib homo ut socfaemanum
habuit, ut hL Hoc totum triplicir, scil tempe
Regis jEdu'rdi, et qii Rex Witts dedit, et q*m?
sit m"", et si potest plus haberi quam habeatur«
Isti homines iuraverunt,
** In Staplehou Hund Nicholaus de Cheneta^
» MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Tib. A. vi. fol. 88.
« For totum simitl, MS. Coll. Trin. N° 68 R 2. reads,
in a later hand above, " tunc."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 23
«
Witts de Chipenham* homo Gaufridi, Hugo de Farmatioo
Heselinge, Warin de Saham, Rodbt^ Anglicus —
de Fordham^ Ordmar de BilliDgesha/ Alan^ de ^^^^^
Burewelle^ Aluriz de Sneilewelle. Isti homines —
iurauerunt.
^^ In Cauelai Hund iurauerunt scit. Ric
pfect^ hui^ hundreti, jEduardus homo Albici
de uer, Radulfus de Hotot, Witts de Mitra,
Standard ^ de Seuerlaio, Frawinus de Quetelinge,
Carlo de Cauelaio^ Wlmar^ homo Wighen.
<< In Hund de Stanas iurauerunt homines, scit.
Alerann^, I^ogg homo WalPi Giffardi, Ric
pfect^ hui^ hundreti, Farmannus huscarlo de
Suafham^ Leofwin^, Harald^ homo Hard de
Scalariis, * Aluric^ de Wiburgeham, * et alii
omnes Franci et Angli de hoc hudreto iuraue*
runt.
** In Emingeford Hund iurauerunt Wait,
Hunfiidus de Ansleuilla, Hugo Pedefold, Ric
de Morduna, Colsueyn/ Aim eius filius, Turul-
fiis^ Aliuuinus Odesune,® et oms alii Franci et
Angli in hoc hund iurauerunt
*' In Trepeslau Hund iuraueriit homines, scit,
Radulfus p^osit^ hui^ Hund, Witts de Caleis,^
Radulfus de Barentona, Teodbald^ homo Hard,
« *^ Cipeham.*' MS. Trin.
» " Bellincgeham/' lb. ' « Stanhard." lb.
* «^ Herald." lb. * '^ de Escalariis/' lb.
« « Wiborgeham." lb. ^ <( C!olsuuegen." lb.
• *" Alwinus Odesunu." lb. ' « Caleio." Ih.
C 4
24
0£N£RAL INTRODUCIUON TO DOMESDAY.
Formation
of the Record.
§ 4. Modt of
Execution,
Standard de Hauekestune,' Godriz de Fulmere,
Aluric^ de Treppeslau, Sigar dapifer, et otnnes
alii Franci et Angli de hund iurauerunt
*^ In Radefelde Hund. hii iurauer. Manftid^,
Dauid de Belesham, Witts homo Walti, Radulf^
de Cluneia, Adestan de Westuna,^ Grim de
Wrattincge,' Algar de DoUingeham, Rnna de
Belesham^ et omnes alii Angli et Franci de hoc
hund iurauer.
*^ In Flammigedic Hund iurauerunt, Rodftt^
de Histona, Osmundus paruus, Fulcold bo SiVbis
de Ely, Baldeuuinus cocus, .^duuin^ pfer,
Wlfuric de teusa, Syla,^ Godwine de Fulbume.
" In Witelesforda Hund iurauerunt, Anschi-
tellus de Herolfuilla, Paganus dapifer, Hard.
Girardus Lotherensis, Herueus de Salsitona,
Leodiii Wittlesford, Lefo de Dodesuurda,^
Leofriz filius Grimi, Lemarais de Haustitona.
" In Wederlai Hund iur Siurid^ pposit^ Hund,
Radulfus de Bans, Fulcheus homo uicecomitiB,
Rumold ho comitis, Eustachio^ Saward^ de Har-
lestona, Turbert de Orduuelle, Brixcet de bton,*
. . . mar Blacsune et alii omnes . . . . ci ^ et
Angli de hoc Hundreto iurauerunt*
" In Stouu Hund iurauerunt Witts homo
Picoti Vicecomitis, Tehel ppositus abbatis Ely,
» " Stanhard de Hauokestane/' MS. Trin.
« « Westona." lb.
3 «^ Grimus de Waratincge." lb. * '^ Silac.*' lb.
* " Dochesuurda.'* lb. ^ " Bertona." lb.
' " Franci." lb.
OEKBRAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 25
Warinus pbr, Wido homo abbatis de ramesio, Formation
Godriz de crochet, Aluriz p^ositus Eudonis, ^ —
Wlwi de etelaie,* Almar cUt, et offis alii Franci ^Ex^^rf
et Angli de h. H*. iurau. —
" In Pampeworda Hund Rig homo Hard,
Radulf^ de Felgeres, Albert ho Abbatis de
Ramesio, Thehard homo attiis Ely, Leofuuinus
gric^, Osmund^ ho Gillebti de Gant, Briztan ho
Gilleberti de Gant, Goduuin^ pbr, et omnes
alii Angli et Franci de h. Hund iurauerunt
" In Nordstouue Hund iuraueft Wal? de
Cleis, Roger^ Maurini filius, Hugo Farsit, Robt
filius Warini, Godliue, Azor, Godmar^ de Gre-
tona, Waluric^ de Grettona, et os alii Franci et
An^i de b. H'. iurau.
*' In Cestretona^ Hund iuraverunt Rog? de
Cildiaia, Gifiard de Draitona, Gillebt de His-
tona, Stunnidus de Cotenba, Bruning^ de
Cestretona,^ Almar de Gotham, Ledmar^ de
Draitofl, Ermus' de Cilderlaio, et omnes alii
Franci et Angli de hoc Hund iurauerunt.
•* In duobus Hundretis de Ely, q* conueniunt
apud Wichfordam, iurauerunt homines, scit
Rainald^ de Dunham,^ Gostrid^* ppositus hudred
horum, Tanccredus de Suttuna, Osmundus de
Stratham, Gillebtus de Lindona, Gosfiidus
cunestabutius Abbatis, Robtus camerari^, Ber-
» «« Etdaia/' MS. Trin. « ^< Cestretuna/' lb.
' " Ernius." lb. * «« Doneham." lb.
^ «* Goirfridus.** lb.
26
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO D0MS6DAT*
Formation
of the Record.
§ 4. Mode of
Eaecuiian.
Hetifbrdtkire,
nard^ de Monte, Huna de Ely, Alriz Worde-
pund, Alriz Serdere, Osmund de Wicheham,
Alnodd de Suttuna, Ledmar de Wichdford,
Leodmanus pbr, Alfuuinus de Haningetuna.
*^ Hertford. In Wedwines ^ treu Hund
iurauerunt homines, ^cit Radulfus Baiard,'
Raculfus homo epi Limdoniensis, Rodri homo
Episcopi, Huait ^ de Noderes, Godwin^ de
Horemera, Lexius ho abbatisse de Chatriz, Siriz
homo comil Eustachii, Siuuard^ de Horemeda,
et omnes alii Franci et Angli de hoc hundreto
iurauei*unt.
" In duob3 Hund de Bradewatre iurauerunt
homines sclcet Letard^ ho Afefcis, Goisfct^
Beluacensis, Willelm^ de Lanceuuorda, liuet
homo G. de Berc,^ Radulfus de Stepehala,
Hunfrid de Chenebna, Goisfrid de Ciuesfeld,^
Goisfrid de Westbroc, Alward de Merdelaio,
Haldene, Thorchill ^ de Digesuuelle, Alriz de
Winmodeslaio, Alfuuin^ de Weriaio, Alfii de
Westuna, Alward Framward, Alward de Mon-
dena, et omnes alii Franci et Angli de his duob3
Hund iurauerunt
" In Odeseia Hund iurauerunt homines, set
Hugo homo epi baioacensis, Fulcho homo
GoisbtiBeluacensis, Germundus desco Audoeno,
Alfuuinus de Riscedene, Boia homo epi, Wlsi
» ** Edwines." MS. Trin.
' " Huart." lb.
* « Riuesfeld." lb.
« « Baiart." lb.
* " Berch.^ lb.
^ *f Torchill." lb.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
27
de teresfelda. Alb de Samsona/ Wiirar^ de Hore- Futmation
^^ flf the Record.
uuella, et omnea alii Franci et Angli de hoc —
Hundreto iurauerunt." E'xecuHon.
2. The Method generally followed in entering
the Returns was first, to entitle the Estate to
its owner, always beginning with " Terra
Regis.'* ^ The Hundred was next specified;
then the Tenant, with the Place ; and after-
wards, the description of the property.
The writer of the Saxon Chronicle, with
some degree of asperity, informs us, that not a
hyde or yardland, not an Ox, Cow, or Hog,
were omitted in the Census. It should seem,
however, that the jurors, in numerous instances,
frsmed returns of a more extensive nature than
were absolutely required by the King's precept,
and it is, perhaps, on this account that we have
different kinds of descriptions in different
Counties.* In some Counties, when the Ex-
8.
Inquialtioiu.
» « Sansona." MS. Trin.
* No entries under *' Terra Regis " occur in Mid-
dlesex, in Shropshire, or in Cheshire. In Somersetshire,
the names of the Tenants as enumerated at the beginning,
do not answer to the arrangement of the return : and
at the beginning of Cheshire they are omitted altogether.
^ The variation in our old Historians respecting the
nature of the Betums required by the Domesday In-
quest is observable. Ingulphus's testimony is most
consonant with the Precept already quoted from the
Ely Chartulary* He takes no notice whatever of any
return of live stock ; nor is any noticed in the Chronicle
28 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Formation chequei Domesdaj was excerpted from the
! * Rolls, the irrelevant matter appears to have
^jLcwi^^ ^^^^ struck out ; while in others it was probably
retained. The words also of the Rolls were for
the most part given in full, or but partially
contracted ; while, in the transcribed Survey,
an abundance of minute contractions were used,
as if with an intention of compressing the whole
into the form most convenient for the purposes
of a Court of Law.
These conclusions are not drawn from the
Ely Manuscript alone ; the Exeter Domesday
appears to have been another record copied
from the same Rolls from which the first
Volume of the great Domesday was compiled.
In the Ely, as well as in the Exeter return,
the live stock every where occurs ; and there is
the same difference observable in each, in style
and diction, from the Exchequer Survey, in
of Robert of Gloucester. Bromton, Henry of Han-
tingdon, and Knyghton, say a return was ordered to be
made, " quot animalia :" Hoveden, Florence of Wor-
cester, and Simeon of Durham, say <* quot animalia,
imo quantum vivse pecuniae quisque haberet in omni
regno a maximo usque ad minimum." Matthew Parisy
who is followed by Matthew of Westminster^ only says
^^ quot animalia possent sufficere ad unius hydas cal-
turam.'' The testimony of the Saxon Chronicle has
been already quoted. Bromton adds ^< quot Ecclesia^
parochiales :** and Sprott ** quot Ecclesiarum dignitatem''
The sight of partial extracts from the Survey may
possibly have given rise to these variations.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 29
which an uniformity of return from the different Formation
Rolls seems at least to have been intended.
Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, which form the ^Exe^t^^
second Volume of the great Survey, probably
contain Transcripts of the original Rolls ; con-
tracted perhaps in words, but full in respect to
the sense of the Returns.*
In Domesday Book the arrangement of the Ely
property is different from that in the Cottonian
Manuscript ; the irrelative returns not only of
live stock, but of other particulars, even the
names of the sub-feudatarii, or under-tenants,
are omitted ; and there is this still more striking
difference, that an advanced value is occasionally
given to the property. The spelling of the
names both of persons and places likewise varies.
In the Exeter Domesday instead of T. R. E.
(tempore Regis Edwardi), the Words " ed die
qud Rex Edwardus fvit vivus et mortutis ^' con-
stantly occur; and in the Ely Manuscript,
" tempore regis Mdwardi et in morte^** is
several times used. The former of these
phrases occurs more than once in the great
' The Returns of live stock in the second Volame
of Domesday, and more particularly of the Sheep^
induced Blomfield in his History of Norfolk, fol. edit,
vol. ii. p. 61. to hazard a remark which had no founda-
tion in truth. He says, *< The inestimable value of our
English wool was not unknown to our ancestors even
at the time of the Conquest, as appears from Domesday
Book, where the Sheep of every manor are exactly
registered."
30 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Fonnation Domesday itself. Tom. i. fol. 127. under Sti-
— ' benhede, " Hanc tW ten Witts eps in diiio die
^eJ^^ ?* Tex E.Juit uiutis 7 mortuusJ^ Again, foLlGS.
in Devonshire, " Iste mansioSl fixer in firma
regis E. die quaftiit tUuus 7 mortuusJ^ There
are several other instances in the returns of
Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Essex.
The inquisitions having been taken, were sent
by the Justiciaries to Winchester, and were
there methodized, and entered in a Register
such as we now view it
ModM ^' Rating. 3. lugulphus makcs a boast that the posses-
sions of Croyland Abbey were not rated in
their full extent Speaking of the Jurors, he
says, " Isti penes nostrum monasterium benevoli
et amantes, non ad verum pretium, nee ad verum
spatium nostrum Monasterium librabant, miseri-
corditer praecaventes in futurum regiis exac-
tionibus, et aliis oneribus, piissima nobis bene-
volentia providentes.*' * But from tlie Chartulary
of Battle Abbey, founded by the Conqueror
himself, we find that the property of that Mo-
nastery was occasionally over-rated in the
Survey : "In Wasingate die Lib regis quod
eccta lit vna virgata s; fl hi n* dimid.'* " In
Wilminte die Lib regis quod eccta hi sex vir-
gatas sj ii hi n* q'nq^." ^
^ Hist. Ingulpbi. ed. Gale. p. 83.
* Reg. Monast. de Bcllo. MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus.
Domit. A. II. fol. 13 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 31
That there was no oppression in the valuation, FormaUon
even when owners of land reftned to make their — .
own return, is evident from more than one Executkmf
entry.* A remarkable instance of the equity
attaching to the formation of the Survey will
be found in the account of the land at Brun-
felde in Shropshire, belonging to the Church of
St Mary Shrewsbury, torn, i, foL 252 b : * and it
is clear from the Survey itself that the inqui-
^ Under the title of Earl Hugh's land in Gloucester-
shire, torn. i. fol. 166 b. we read, ^^ Ipse com ten. ii. 55
de. nil. bid geldanL 7 ii. hoes e)^ de eo. EInod 7
Lieuuin^ tenurf. T. R. E. Non fuit g^ responderet de
his tri& sed p hoes comitat^ appcian^. viii, lib." So,
in the same County, fol. 164. under Vdecestre, ^^ De
quo 5 nemo Legatis regis reddid. rationem, nee aliquis
eoram venit ad hanc Descriptionem/* <^ Non fuit q^
dehacrra respondet'' occurs again, fol. 170. Of the
biibop of Worcester's lands in Herefordshire it is said,
torn. i. fol. 182 b. *^ Inter totum sunt in Episcopatu
ccc. hidas quamvis de xxxiii. hid. homines Episcopi
rationem non dederint/'
• •^ In hoc 53 T. R. E. erant xx. hidee. 7 totu habelS*
xir. canonic! ipsi^ ecclesiee. Vn^ eor} Spirtes noe
teoeb solus, x. hid. Sed cu fuisset exulat^ ab Anglia •
dedit rex. E. has x. hid. Robto filio Wimarch. sic cano-
nica Robtus u^* dedit eand rra cuida suo genero. Qd
cum canonici indicassent regi t cfesti ^pit ad aecciam
rra reuerti. tantm^ inducians donee ad curia instantis
natalis dni Rofcto juberet ut genero suo rra alia puideret*
Ipse aut rex in ipsis festis diebus obiit. 7 ex eo usq^ nc
aecda tram pdit. Hanc ten. m*^ Robtus de com.
Rogerio. 7 vasta. e 7 uasta inuenta. e. Int to£ tra»
c. Liiii. car.*'
32
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Forma tion
of the Record.
§ 4. Mode of
£xecuHon,
4.
Ckunores.
sitions, in many instances, caused the restoration
of property.*
Under Odintune, in Sussex, tom.i. fol. 16. b.we
read " T. R. E. valebat iiii. lib. et post xl. sol.
Modo IIII. lib. Olira reddidit vi, lib. sed perdu-
rare non potuit :*' and again under Petchinges :
" Dudum fuit ad xx. lib. sed non potuit pati/*
Of certain rents payable from different manors
to the King's superior manor of Axminster in
Devonshire, tom. i. fol. 100. it is said ^^ Hos
denar. jam per plures annos Rex non habuiL"
4. The ClamoreSf or Claims entered in the
Survey, were usually between Norman and
* See a remarkable entry of this kind in the accoant
of the possessions of Robert de Oilgi in Berkshire, tom.i.
fol. 62. <^ Isd. R. tenet una hid. qua Azor dispensator
B. E. tenuit. 7 cu ea ire potuit quo voluit. — Hanc ria
ten. isd Azor de Rofcto. s; hoes de hund. testificanE eti
de Rege debere tenere. qm rex W. ap Windesores ei
reddidit. 7 breue suu inde ei ded. Robt^ u^ ten injaste.
Nemo eni eoi& uidit breue regis uel ex parte ej^ hoem
qui eu inde saisisset. Vat. 7 ualuit. iii. lib. quiuis red-
dat. iiii. lib." In one instance in Berkshire the Com-
missioners referred the right of property to a trials
tom. i. fol. 58 b. ^^ Osbern^ eps ten in dnio Bochdand
de epatu suo ut dicit. Vluric^ chenp T. R. E. ibi mansit.
Vnde judicium h dixer. sed ante regem ut judicet
dimiser/' In the account of two manors held under
Milo Crispin in Oxfordshire^ tom. i. fol. 159 b. it is 8aid»
*^ Has II. terras quas ten Orgar de Milone, de R^;e
deberet tenere. Ipse enim et pater suus et avunculus
tenuerunt libere T. R. E.
GENERAL INTaODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
38
Norman on King William's donation.* In most
counties they occur undej* the respective pro-
perty. Those in the counties of York and
Lincoln are entered by themselves. In Essex,
Norfolk, and Suffolk, there are three titles of
the same import. In Essex, InvasioneSy No. xc :
in Norfolk, De InvasionibuSj No. lxvi : and in
Suffolk, Irwasiones super Regem, No. lxxvi.
Under these heads were comprised such Lands
as were possessed without a Title from the
Conqueror. That is, they that held them were
neither put in possession by the Sheriff with
authority from the King, nor by his legal or
special Commissioner, nor by his Writ or Brief,
and thus they were Invaders or Intruders, and
possessed without Title, and the Lands called
Invasions.'
5. Camden indeed has conjectured that many
parts were left out, ^'quiapensitationibus liberae,"
and Kelham thinks the observation may be well
foimded.* In Worcestershire we are expressly
told, that seven out of twelve hundreds were
omitted in that County : " In ipso comitatu
sunt XII. Hund. ho^ vii. ita sunt quieti sic scira
dicit qd uicecom nichil habet in eis 7 ido sic
dicit in firma multii pdit."^ And it is often
> Kelham^ Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 126.
* Append, to Brady's Introd. to the Old Engl.
History, p. 24.
^ Domesday Book Illustrated, p. 17.
* Tom.l. fol. 172. So, in Sussex, torn. i. fol. 28.
** Ipse Wifis ten Wasingetone. Guerd com tenuit
D
Formation
of the Record.
§ 4. Mode <)f
Execttthru
5.
34 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBf£SDAY.
Formation said that such, or such land, was never hidated,
— and that the Hundred can give no account of
^ExecutionJ it* Nevertheless, in other parts of this great
Return, Lands which did not pay geld are
inserted. Among the possessions of the Church
of Bath we find two out of five hides at Escetone,
'^ a geldo quietae, ccessu E. 7 W. regum.** ^
6. ^ 6. The names of the Hundreds in the respec-
Chanee of Namei '-
and-bividoM. ^^g Counties have undergone a great change.
Lincolnshire is divided into thirty Wapentakes,
or Hundreds, yet there are only about nineteen
which bear any thing like the same names in
Domesday which they do at present; and in
Warwickshire there is not now one remaining out
of the ten there set down.^ In Leicestershire
indeed, they have remained nearly the same,^ as
well as in Cambridgeshire.'* In Bedfordshire the
names of the Hundreds have been altered com-
paratively in few instances, but in many cases the
manors have been transferred from one Hundred
to another.^ The same may be said of Berkshire,^
T. R. E. Tc se defd p lix. hid. Modo n datgeldii :*'
Tom. i. foil 182 b. " Circa portam Herefordiae habuit
Walterus Episcopus terras T. R. E. quae non geldafc. f '
and in Cheshire, fol. 269. ^^ In hoc eod S5. e silua una.
Nun^ geldauit nee hidata fuit."
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 165. col. 2.
* Domesd. Book lUustr. p. 17.
' Nichols' Hist. Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xxxviii.
* Lysons's Mag. Brit, vol.ii. p. 13.
» Ibid. vol. i. p. S. ^ Ibid. p. 166.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. S5
and probably of a very large portion of the Formmtion
Counties in general. Buckinghamshire, when ''^^-
the Survey of Domesday was taken, was divided ExecuUmf
into eighteen Hundreds^ and there are now only
eight which compose separate districts.* In
Middlesex the Hundreds of Osulvestane, Gara,
Heletome, Spelethome, Delmetone, and Hone-
slaw,^ are all enumerated : but in Dorsetshire,
with the exception of Bochelande and Porbich^
DO Hundreds are mentioned ; which renders the
Domesday of that County very obscure.
Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland,
and Durham, are not desciibed in the Survey : nor
does Lancashire appear under its proper name ;
but Fumess,' and the northern part of the county,
as well as the south of Westmoreland, with part
of Cumberland, are included within the West-
riding of Yorkshire ; * that part of Lancashire
which lies between the rivers Ribble and Mersey,
and which at the time of the Survey compre-
hended six hundreds and a hundred and eighty-
eight manors, is subjoined to Cheshire ; ^ and part
* Lyvons's Mag, Brit. vol. i. p. 452.
• Now Islewortb. * West's Hist, of Furoess, p. xiii.
^ SeeDonoesd. torn. i. foL 801 b.
After the Clamores in Yorkshire, at foL S79. a recapi-
taktioD of the number of Carucates under the names of
the di£ferent landowners occurs, as if intended to facilitate
the investigation of the Clamores, under the West,
l^orth, and East Ridings. Upon comparison this will
be foimd to be a mere abstract of the former Returns.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 269 b.
D 2
86
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Forxnsdoii
of the Record.
$ 4. Mode of
Execution,
of Rutlandshire is described in the Counties of
Northampton and Lincoln.^ To which may be
^ Domesd. torn. i. foil. 293 b. 367 a. See also Kelham^
ut supr. p. 3. Morton, in some ^^ Remarks on Domesday
Book concerning Northamptonshire^" MS. Donat. Brit.
Mus.No. 3560. says, ^< Exclusive of the part of Rutland-
shire mentioned in this County, several other places are
comprised in it from adjoining Counties, as Salwebrige,
Berchwelle, and Whitacre from Warwickshire; Fine-
mere, Sildeswelle, Glintone, Oitone, Hortone, Eyforde,
Colesford, Cerlentone, and Scipford, from Oxfordshire;
Farnedis {Famdish), and Potentone from Bedfordshire;
Adelintone (Elton) ^ Terninge {Thuming)^ Cateworde
{Cahx>orth)j and Slabintone (Slibington) from Hunting-
donshire."
Many instances might be cited from the Survey^
where Entries belonging to one coimty, either for con-
venience, or the juxtaposition of the property of a
particular landholder, or some other reason, have been
confessedly placed in another. Lappele in Staffordshire,
belonging to the Church of St. Remigius at Rheims is
entered in Domesday in Northamptonshire. Of a hide
in Lonchelei in Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 61 b. it is said,
" H' tra jacet 7 appciata. e in Gratenton qd e in Oxene-
fordscire. 7 tarn dat scotu in Berchescire." The Manors
of Hanlie and Forhelmentone in Gloucestershire^ with
six Manors in Worcestershire, are entered, fol. 180 b. in
Herefordshire. In Huntingdonshire, fol. 203 b. under
Botulvesbrige, we read, " Ibi pfer 7 ieccta. 7 lx. ac pti.
7 XII. ac siluae pastit in Hantescyre.** Ibid. ^* In Par-
tenhale. hb Aluuin^. i. uirg trae ad gld. Tra dim car.
H' tra. sita c in Bedefordscire. sed gld 7 seruitiu reddit
in Hontedunescyre." Again, fol. 207 b. ^« In Caissot
hb Aluuine. i. uirg trae ad gld cu saca 7 soca. Tra 11.
bou. Jacet in Bedefordscira. s; gld dat in Huntedscire."
In Shropshire, fol. 253. under <^ Membrefelde. cu
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 97
added that, in later times, the two antient Fonnation
Hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan^ deemed —
a part of Cheshire in the Survey, have been ExeaaunL
transferred to the Counties of Flint and Den-
high in the Principality of Wales.* Hereford-
shire, which in the time of the Conqueror
XVIII. bereuuich," " Vna ex his Bereuu Caluestone de
I. hida. est in Wirecestrescire.'* In Lincolnshire,
fol. 386 b. ^^Albt^ una aecctam S. Petri cu. iV^^. manS. 7
dim car tre quae jacet in Rotelande in Hemeldune."
Under Weleve in Hampshire, torn. i. fol. 50. " De isto
ffi abstulit Waleran una v. 7 dim. 7 misit foras comital
7 misit in Wiltesire." In Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 181.
we have another instance of the arbitrary shifting of
land from the jurisdiction of one County to that of
another. ^^ In Niware sunt 11^ hidsB 7 dimid. quas
conueniefe 7 opabanf^ sed Roger^ de pistes T. W. comitis
diuertit illas ad Glouuecestrescire.'' Under Heni in
Essex, tom. ii. foil. 84, 84 b. after the description of the
property it is expressly said, *' Haec terra est in comitatu
de Sudfolc.'*
^ At the end of Atiscros Hundred, tom. i. fol. 269. it
is said, *' Rotbert^ de Roelent ten de rege nortwales
ad firma p XL. lib. pt ilia tra qua rex ei dederat in feudo
7 p? ?ras episcopat^. Isd Robt^ caliiniat' ufi Hund
Arvester. qd ten Rogerius comes. Walenses testificant'
istu Hund. ee. de his nortwalis.'' In a previous part
of the Volume, fol. 186 b. eleven manors are enumerated
** in Marcha de walis." So, before, fol. 183 b. " Inter
tot IX. hidae sunt wastse in Marcha de wales." The
Welsh under-tenants in Shropshire, are frequently men-
tioned as paying rents in money : and, in some instances,
in kind, as tom.i. fol. 255. ^^ Isdem Rainaldus habet
in Walis !!**• fines Chenlei 7 Derniov. De uno fct lx.
sol. de firma. et de alio vni^ vaccas a Walensibus."
D 3
38
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAT.
Formation
of the Record.
§4. Mode of
EsectUion,
appears to have been esteemed almost a Welsh
County, is included in the Return. In the
account of Gloucestershire we find a con-
siderable portion of Monmouthshire included,
probably all between the Wye and the Usk. *
Kelham thinks ^ it probable that the King^s
Commissioners might find it impossible to take
any exact survey of the three Counties northern-
most of all, as they had suffered so much
from the Conqueror's revenge.* As to Durham,
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 162. ^^CastellumdeEstrigboid^
is supposed to mean either Chepstow, or a small Castle,
some remains of which may still be seen on a brow
of the Forest of Wentwood, four miles from Chepstow,
commanding the ancient road thereto from South Wales.
See Williams's Hist, of Monmouthshire, p. 140. which
says, the Cambrians called it Castell Olyn Ystrigul, or
the Castle near the River Ystrigul, which ialls into the
Usk, between Brynbiga and Caerleon. Lamecare {lamr
vair)y Poteschiuet {Portsemit)y and Dinan, are mentioned
in the Survey as Hardeuices, or villages belonging to
Herdmen. The enumeration of sixty-three villagei
follows, without the name of any one being mentiooed.
At the end, it is said, <' hos misit. W. comes ad csuetod
Grifin regis licentia regis W." Caruen {CaerwetU) and
Caldicot are also noticed, as well as Caer-leon. Turstinus
the son of Rolf is said to hold six carucates '* ultia
Huscham," beyond the Usk. In Herefordshire^ torn. L
fol. 185 b. we have " iii. Walenses lege Walensi vivontes.''
* Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 15.
' See Ordericus Vitalis, Lib. iv. p. 514. A.D. 1069.
^^ Spatio centum miliariorum castra ejus diffimduntur.
Plerosque gladio vindice ferit, aliorum latebras evertit,
terras devastat, et domes cum rebus omnibus ooacremat.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
39
he adds, all the country between the Tees ^/^^^^
and Tine had been conferred by Alfred on the —
, "^ § 4. Mode of
Bishop of this See ; and at the coming in of the JBxeaaion.
Conqu^or he was reputed a Count Palatine.*
Nmquam tanta cntdelitate usus est GuiUebmUj hie tur-
piter yicio succubuit, dum iram suam regere contempsit;
et reos innocuosque pari animadversione peremit. Jussit
enim ira stimulante segetibus et pecoribus cum vasis et
omni genere alimentorum repleri, et igne injecto penitus
omnia simul comburi ; et sic omnem alimoniam per totam
regionem trans Humbranam pariter devastari. Unde
sequenti tempore tarn gravis in Anglia latd ssvit peouria,
et inermem ac siraplicem populum tanta famis involuit
niseria^utChristianaegentisutriusquesexusetomnisaetatis
lomines perirent plus quam centum milia*'* Compare
ilso Hoveden, Script, post Bedam, fol. Lond. 1596.
I. 258 b. Brady^ Append, p. 17. without any reference
3 the Historians here quoted, suggests that the Counties
Unded to might be at that time in the hands of the Scots^
r else in such condition as no Commissioners dare
dventure into them to take the returns of Juries and
aake the Survey. So complete however was the Con-
[oeror's devastation, that William of Malmesbury states
hat this district, above sixty miles in length, which had
leen full of towns and cultivated fields, remained barren
ind desolate even to his time. Malmesb. lib. iii. p. 105.
n £[>1. dOl b. of the first volume of Domesday, after the
*oomeration of the names of do less than sixty-one
)laces in Agemundreness, it is said, <^ 0ms hss uiUe
acent ad Prestune. 7 iii. ecctse. Ex his xvi. a paucis
nooluntur. S3 quot sint habitantes ignoratur. Keliqua
mnt wasta. Rog pic¥ habuit.'* We shaft have occasion
to speak again of the Conqueror's ravages in the North.
* Kelh. Domesd. Book lUustr. p. 15. The Bishop's
property, as a tenant in capite, in other Counties is
D 4
40
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Formation
of the Record.
§ 4. Mode of
ExectUUm.
From the particulars which have been stated,
the Survey seems to have been made with as
much exactness as was possible.^ The greatness
specifically mentioned. See Berksh. torn. i. fol. 5S.
Bedf. fol. 210 b. Northampt. fol. 220. Yorksh. fol. S04 b
Lincolnsh. fol. S^O b. Essex, torn. ii. fol. 15 b. The lasl
of these references is to the account of the manor o:
Walham, in which it is said <' LoNDONiic sunt xii
domus pertinentes manerio quae redd. xx. sol. et um
Porta quam rex dedit antecessori Episcopi quae etian
redd XX. sol." There seems every reason to believe thai
BisHOPSGATE is the Gate of London here described.
^ That Charters were exhibited to the Commissioner!
for the Domesday Survey is evident from several passages
as under Niwetone in Devonshire, fol. 101 b. *' De ho(
S ostend Osbn^ eps cartas suas q testanf^ gecctam S* Peti
inde fuisse saisitam anteq rex E. regna/et." So, again
of the Abbey of Evesham in Worcestershire, ** Ips
fieccta ten Ambreslege. Haec antiquitus p in. hid fui
liba sic dnt cartas de a^ccta. sed T. R. E. fuit numeral
p XV. hid." In tom. ii. fol. S89 b. under " TerraB Ricar^
filii Comitis Gisleberti," we read, " H. maneriu dedi
Aluricus fili^ Wisgari Sco Johanni. ?. r. e. concedent
filio suo. et quenda sacerdote Ledmarii et alios cu ill
imposuit. Facta etia carta, ecctiam. et omne loc
Leuestano at^i ad custodiendu cmisit." A large poi
tion of the forged Saxon Charters which at this da
exist are to be referred to the period of the Domes
day Survey. They were fabricated by the Monks i
anxiety to make the titles to their property good whe
the Norman Commissioners came amongst them. Sooi
had even forged Seals^ an appendage of Norman origii
at least as far as the authentication of legal instrumen
by them goes, introduced by Edward the Confessor.
The Seals both of Edward the Confessor and Williai
are frequently noticed in the Survey. Once we ha^
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAV. 41
of the design might of itself be expected to Formation
. . rr«, ..11 of the Record.
occasion some omissions. Ihose m the larger —
districts have been accounted for ; and, in the Executumf
smaller ones, it may be reasonable to suppose
that as some places mentioned in the Survey
have been since quite depopulated, and every
memorial of them lost, so others, which are
now of consequence, did not exist in the time
of the Conqueror. Manors continued to be
created till the statute of ** Quia Emptores,"
which passed in the eighteenth year of Edward
the First, and numerous parcels of land which
now form Manors of themselves, at the time
of the Domesday Survey must have been parcels
of other Manors still in existence.*
mention of the Seal of Odo bishop of Baieux and Earl
of Kent ; unquestionably the earliest specimen in Eng-
land of a Baronial ISeal. An engraving of it will be
found in the first Volume of the Arcbaeologia of the
Society of Antiquaries. Odo is represented on one side
as an E^rl, in armour, on horseback. The earliest lay
Baronial Seal is probably that of Robert de Oilgi,
appendant to a deed of the Conqueror's time, in the
archives of St. John's College, Oxford.
* It may be of service to County Historians to state
here that local enquiries will often ascertain the sites of
places mentioned in Domesday, of which all memory is
supposed to be lost: and that the names of places in
this Survey are not in every instance those of villages,
but frequently of manors, and . sometimes of very small
and insignificant poitions of land. Instances from two
or three counties will be sufficient to put the topographical
antiquary upon the alert in his search. In Surrey for
42 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT.
Formation Carc sccms to havc been occasionally
of the Record. i • ^i
— taken even to enumerate purchases m the
$ 4. Mode of _^
instance, Waletone, torn. i. fol. 30. now Wallington, and
Cisedune^ fol. ^^ b. are places in the vili of Beddington :
the former known at this time, the latter unknown:
Hacheham, fol. S I b. is a manor in Camberwell ; Beige-
ham, fol. 36, is Balham in the parish of Siretham.
Witford, twice mentioned, foil. 31 b. S5 b. was a hamlet
of Mitcham, the only memorial of which is now pre-
served in the name of a lane between Upper and Lower
Mitcham. Aplestede, in Hampshire, tom.i. fol. 45 b.
was in South wick ; its site is alone designated in a charter
of the time of Edward the First, entered in the Bister
of Southwick Priory. In Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 61 b.
Elentone, is Ealingtone or South Elington, where now
stands the Town of Maidenhead. In Middlesex, torn. i.
fol. 129. Hatone will be found in the parish of Bedfbnt;
Ticheham and Coleham, in Hillingdon ; and Chenetone^
is Kempton in Sunbury; Hergotestane^ fol. ISO. is
Haggerston in the parish of Shoreditch ; and lilestoney
Lisson-Green in Paddington.
Among the lands of GeoiFrey de Mandeville in Mid-
dlesex, in the hundred of Ossulston^ we find Eia entered
in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 129 b. Our topographers have
omitted to say where this property stood. From the
Chartulary of Westminster Abbey^ however^ we learn
that close upon the time when the Survey was taken,
Geoffrey de Mandeville gave this manor of Eye, described
as at no great distance from St. Peter's Church, to the
Abbat and Convent of that place. See the Chartulary
of Westminster, MS. Cotton. Faust. A. in. fol. 281 b.
King William the Conqueror's confirmation of the grant
occurs in fol. 57 b. This same manor, with various other
lands, was exchanged by the name of Eyebury, with
King Henry the Eighth, in the 28th year of his reign,
for the Priory of Hurley and various other possessions.
GENERAL INTBODUCTION TO OOMB8DAT*
43
Survey,* and there are various instances of
mortgage.*
by the Abbat and Convent. See Stat, of the Realm,
28 Hen.viii. 15S6. chap. 49, vol. Hi. p. 709. It now
belongs to the Marquis of Westminster, still bears the
name of Eyebury, and is situated toward Chelsea, in the
parish of St. George Hanover Square^ though formerly
in that of St. Martin in the Fields.
' Under Theisescote in Hertfordshire, torn. i. foU 1 37 b.
we read << Honim {sc. hominum) unus terram suam emit
a W. rege novem unc. auri ut hoes de Hund. testantur.
et postea ad Wigotum se vertit pro protectione ;" and
from the context of the entry the quantity of land so
purchased could scarcely have been more than a hide.
In Warwickshire^ tom. L fol. 242. under the land of
Robert de Oilgi . in Merstone, we read, ^< Aluricus
libere tenuit T. R. E. Hanc terram emit ab eo Robertus
licentia regis W. :" and again, fol. 242 b. of ten hides
of land in Bertanestone, *^ Ailmarus libere tenuit. 7
lictia r^^ W. uendidit Aluuino uicecomiti.'' A manor
at Wermelai in Hertfordshire, consisting of two hides
and a half of arable land, with pasture sufficient for the
cattle^, jaad wood affording pannage for a hundred and
fifty hogs, with other appurtenances, was purchased,
after the Conqueror's arrival, for three marks of gold,
torn. L fol. 142. *^ Hoc 93 fuit uenditu iiT* marK auri
post aduentu regis Willi."
^ At tom. i. fol. 170 b. in Gloucestershire, <^ Hardinc
ten in vadimonio de Brictric Witenherst/' Previously,
in one of the manors in Hertfordshire belonging to Peter
de Valoines, it is said, '^ In hoc eodem S quffidam
femina tenuit v. uirg sub Anschil de Waras. 7 uende
potuit pt I. uirg. q posuit in uadim Almero de Belin!.*'
Fonnttion
of the Record.
§ 4. Mode of
Execution,
44 GEKEML INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT.
11— PRINCIPAL MATTERS NOTICED in
THIS RECORD.
Skct. I.— PERSONS.
PrioriH 1. Aftkk the Bishops and Abbats, the highest
Mattcrt noticed
in Chit Rceord. persoHS ill rauk were the Norman Baros.s. In
§ i.~^h«mj. Domesday, the " Barones Regis'* are but rarely
— noticed : and even then, in most cases, we are
to understand the KingVs justiciaries, before
whom the claims on property were litigated.'
From one or two entries, however, there can
be little doubt that the designation was generally
applied to the King's immediate f reeholdera» the
Tenants in capite. In the account of Wareham
in Dorsetshire, it is said, ** De parte S. Wandre-
gisili si ibi. xL.v. dom^ stantes. 7 xvii.sl vastas.
De par it b} alioi^ liaron* si ibi. xx. dom^ staDtes.
7 Lx. si destructa\*' ^ And, in the account of
Warwick, it is said, ^* habet Rex in dfiio sua
I'.xiii. domus. 7 Barones regis h^ni cxii. de quib)
< Under Tlioq) in SuflTulk we read, <' banc tB iniia*
diauit Abbas [S. EJni.] ct Barones Regit. icilioeC W.
epm. Engelricu. 7 Rad. Sulrj pro c*." Atid, agauii
in the same County, u|)on the Bi»hop of Baieox't
property at Aifelda« ^^ he inuener Barones Regit 10
pace inter Roguni bigot 7 Ilugooc comilc/* tonuiL
foil. 367 b. S77.
' I>ome»d. torn. i. fol. 75.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* 45
omib} rex habet geldii suum.*' An enumeration Principal
^ , ^ ,,. - ^ -, Matters noticed
or the persons holding these masures follows ; in this Record.
after which it is said, '* Hae masurae ptiii ad §i.'p^«»m,
tfas q's ipsi barones tefi extra burgu. 7 ibi
appciataB sunt."^ ** Barones regis" occur con-
tinually for Tenants in chief in the Exeter
Domesday.^
2. The Taini, Tegni, Teigni, Teini, or Teinni,
are to be next mentioned, because those of the
highest class were, in fact, the Nobility, or
Barons of the Saxon times. The Thanes of the
Saxon times, says Kelham, were divided into
Thani Regis, Thani mediocres, and Thani
minores. The Thani mediocres were equal to
the lesser Barons or lords of manors, Selden
says to the Vavasors of the Normans. The
Thani inferiores are said to have made up the
lowest class of Freeholders.*
Although the name of Baron appears, in time,
to have supplanted that of Thane, yet, not
merely in the beginning, but to the very end of
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 238. Compare Seld. Not. ad
Eadm. p. 169. Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 197. Note.
* Among the Laws of Edward the ConFessor as con-
finned by the Conqueror we have one, '* 21. De Baro^
nibus qui siias habent curias et consuetudines" See
Wilkins, p. 202. See also the Law of Henry the First,
" De privilegiis Procerum Angliae." Ibid. p. 247.
^ See Kelham, Domesd. Book lUustr. p. 34>3. Com-
pare also Tyrrel, Introd. Hist. Engl. p. 76. Selden^
Tit. Hon. p. 625.
46 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBIB8DAT.
Principal the Conqueror's reign, the title of Thane existed.
Matters nodoed iiiixr -i-iii
in this Record, and was acknowledged/ Nor was it likely that
§ i.lpb^. the use of language could have been so suddenly
altered, that the title of Baron only should
have immediately superseded it Archbishops,
Bishops, and Abbats, as well as the great Barons,
are also called Thanes.^
Sir Henry Spelman^ and Wilkins* seem to
' There are many Charters of William the First,
both io English and Latin, in which they are mentioiied*
The Chartulary of the Abbey of St. Peter Westminster
MS. Cotton. Brit M us. Faust. A. iii. affords numerpus
instances. As at fol. 1 12 b. << Willem Ring gret Bundi
Stallere, and Sawold Sirefen, and alle mine TAegnes on
Oxnefordscire freondlice.'' And again, in the same
folio, ^^ Willem King gret Stigan Arcebiscop and
Eustacies eorll, and all mine Thegnis on Surreya fireond-
lice." In the Latin Charters the word Mimsiri is
frequently used as the substitute.
« Domesd. torn. i. fol. 56 b. *^ Hi subscript! TAINI
de Oxenefordscire habuer tra in Walingeford. Lanfraoc
Archieps. Remigi^ eps. A%. de S. Albano. R. atti
Comes Hugo. Walter^ Gifard. Robt^ de Oilgi. Ilbert?
de Laci. Roger^ F. Seifridi. Orgar. Hugo de Bolebec
Hugo Grando de Scoca. Drogo. RoBt^ ArmeDteres.
Wazo.'* From the << Judicia Civitatis LondoDiss uA
rege JEthektano editcsy* Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 71.
we learn that the Saxons had CDasjje J^ejenej* «j populb
))e;ene]*, Ministri ecclesiastici and Ministri seculares. In
an entry in Dorsetshire, tom. i. fol. 84. ^^ BoUo presbyter
tenet Mapledre. Ipse tenuit cum aliis vii. liberis taints,
T. R. K"
« English Works. Diss, on Feuds and Tenuresi p. 16.
* Glossar. ad LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 428.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 47
make but two kinds of Thanes. ** A Thane/* Principal
__ . fl.T Matters noticed
says Sir Henry^ <^ was (in nke manner with an in this Record.
^) not properly a title of dignity, but of 51. p«wni.
service: SO called in the Saxon of Senian servire^
and in Latin, Minister a ministrando. But as
there be many degrees of service, some of
greater estimation and some of less, so those that
served the King in places of eminency, either in
Court or Commonwealth, were called Thani
majores and Thani Regis ; and those that served
under them in like manner as under Dukes,
ISarls, and other great OflScers of the Kingdom,
and also under Bishops, Abbats, and the greater
Prelates of the Church, were called Thani
ininores, or the lesser Thanes. And, as the
titles of honourable office and service in Dukes,
Earls, &c. became at length to be made here-
ditary ; so this of Thanes descended at last, with
' ^ Consul Eustachius " occurs for Earl Eustace in
the Survey, toin. ii. foL 20 b. but Comes is the more
general name. Tom. ii. fol. 119. we have ^^ Ad op^
csot z. t. ad nuffi." ^^ Consulatus testimonium/' torn. ii.
fblLl4* and 9] • is synonimous with ^* Testimonium scirse/'
Serj* Heywood, upon Selden's authority, says, that the
words Consul and Consulatus^ though frequently used by
writers under the first race of Norman Rings, were
laid aside about the time of Stephen. Dissert on the
Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Govern-
ment, p. 75* Matthew Paris however uses Consul for
Earl, Hist.Maj. edit. 1684. p. 850. under the year 1263;
and it is frequently used by Bromtoni when speaking
of the Earls of the Saxon period.
M GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO OOM£8DAT«
M«aiir!lS!tLfd *^^*^ fathers land, upon their children and
in thtt liccord. |>osterity; and continued thus till after the
f 1. PermmM, Conqucst, as ap{>ears by some writs and charten
of the Conqueror/* " Buchanan/' * Sir Henrjr
S{>elman continues, *^ describing the quality of
their persons, calleth them Pr(efectos Regiomm
sive Nomarcas et Qurvsiores rerum capUaUym^
Governours of places, principal Ministers of
Justice, Chequer-men, Sheriffs, &c* But we
will take them as the Saxons themselves describe
them in the place above mentioned, where it
thus foUoweth, ;^ip Ceopl ;^e5cah )> he heF6e
pulhce pip hyha ajenep lanbe, &c. if a Churi
or Husbandman throve, so that he had fully
five hides of his own land, a Church and a
Kitchen, a HelUhouse, and a Gate-house, a seat
and a several office in the King's hall, then he
was from thenceforth worthy of* the rights of a
Thane : meaning (as I understand it) he was
then one of the greater Thanes or King's Thanes.
For the lesser Thane is by and by described also
in that which followeth, viz. 'Knb jip (Segen
jeJScah, &c. And if a Thane himself so pros>
pcred that he ser\'ed the King, and rid upon
his Message as others of his Court, and then
had a Thane (i. e. an under or lesser Thane)
that followed him, which had five Hides (or
Plough-land) chargeable to the King's expedi*
tion, and served his Lord in the King*s Courtp
* IIi»t. Scot. Lib. 6.
OEM SEAL INTlU>DUCnON TO DOMESDAY. 49
ud had gone thrice upon his errand to the Priod|»i
King: he (this under Thane) might take an iattrisBMtd.
otttb instead of his Lord, and at any great need 1 1.
nipply the place of his Lord. And, if a Thane —
did so thrive as he became an Earl, he had the
rights of an Earl. And a Merchant might
become a Thane, &c.* Mr. Lambard^ conceiveth
this place to discover but three Degrees among
the Saxons, viz. Earls, Thanes, and Ceorls, not
idmitting the Under Thane to be a several
Degree. Tlie words seem otherwise, and the
SftxoQ division before recited maketh four
degrees, Earl, Ceorl, Thcgn, and Theoden or
ttnder Thane. Some therefore distinguish Thanes
into majores and minores, some into majores,
niDores (otherwise called mediocres)and minimi,
whom Canutus in his Forest-Laws calleth Minuti
ind Tinemen. The Saxon division first men-
tiooed, I find to be pursued by Norman terms
in the Laws of Edward the Confessor and
HUliam Conq. delivered by Ingulfus, viz. Count,
Baron, Valvasor, and Villain ; where he placeth
Count instead of Earl, Baron instead of King's
Thane, Valvasor instead of Theoden or lesser
Thane, and lastly Villain instead of Churl ; as
though tlie division both of the Saxon and
Xorman times did hold analogy one with the
* Jtidicim Civiutis LuDdonis. Wilkins, LL. Anglo-
Stx. p. 70. { ult. ei icq.
* Ilio. Cant. p. 509.
£
M GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO OOME8DAT*
Mattilr^icfd *^^*^ fathers land, upon their children and
inUiuKvcord. |>osterity ; and continued thus till after the
f 1. /vrwju. Conquest, as ap{>ears by some writs and chaiten
of the Conqueror/* " Buchanan,'' * Sir Henrjr
S{>elman continues, *^ describing the quality of
their persons, calleth them Pr(ef€cto$ Regionum
sive Nomarcas ei Qufvsiores rerum capiialium^
Governours of places, principal Ministers of
Justice, Chequer-mcn, Sheriffs, &c* But we
will take them as the Saxons themselves describe
them in the place above mentioned, where it
thus followeth, jip Eeopl ^e5eah j> he hepte
pulhce pip hyha ajiMiep lanbc, &c. if a Churl
or Husbandman throve, so that he had fully
Hve hides of his own land, a Church and a
Kitchen, a Hell-house, and a Gate-house, a seat
and a several office in the King's hall, then he
was from thenceforth worthy of the rights of a
Thane : meaning (as I understand it) he was
then one of the greater Thanes or King's Thanes.
For the lesser Thane is by and by described also
in that which followeth, viz. 7i\\b jip fiegen
^etSouh, ice. And if a Thane himself so pros*
pered that he served the King, and rid upon
his Message as others of his Court, and then
had a I'hane (i. e. an under or lesser Thane)
that followed him, which had Hve Hides (or
Plough-land) chargeable to the King's expedi*
tion, and served his Lord in tlie King's
* IlitL Scut. Lib. G.
GENERAL INTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 49
and had gone thrice upon his errand to the Prindpai
King: he (this under Thane) might take an int^iu^.
oath instead of his Lord, and at any great need § i.lp^»nt.
supply the place of his Lord. And, if a Thane
did so thrive as he became an Earl, he had the
rights of an Earl. And a Merchant might
become a Thane, &c.* Mr. Lambard^ conceiveth
this place to discover but three Degrees among
the Saxons, viz. Earls, Thanes, and Ceorls, not
admitting the Under Thane to be a several
Degree. The words seem otherwise, and the
Saxon division before recited maketh four
degrees, Earl, Ceorl, Thegn, and Theoden or
under Thane. Some therefore distinguish Thanes
into majores and minores, some into majores,
minores (otherwise called mediocres)and minimi,
whom Canutus in his Forest-Laws calleth Minuti
and Tinemen. The Saxon division first men-
tioned, I find to be pursued by Norman terms
in the Laws of Edward the Confessor and
William Conq. delivered by Ingulfus, viz. Count,
Baron, Valvasor, and Villain ; where he placeth
Count instead of Earl, Baron instead of King's
Thane, Valvasor instead of Theoden or lesser
Thane, and lastly Villain instead of Churl ; as
though the division both of the Saxon and
Norman times did hold analogy one with the
' Judicia Civitatis LuDdonise. Wilkins, LL. Anglo-
Sax, p. 70. § ult. et seq.
^ Itin. Cant. p. 502.
£
50 a£NERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Priocipai Other, and both of them with ours at this day,
Matters noticed . n -r^ i it^ /»^iTr«i •
in this Record. VIZ. 01 Earls and Barons of the Kingdom, m*
( 1. "^im*. eluding the greater Nobility ; Barons of Towns'
and Manours, including the lesser Nobility or
Gentry; and that of our Yeomen, inclading
the Husbandmen."
At the end of many of the Counties in Domes-
day there is a Title for Thani, Servientes^ and
Ministri Regis ; and it is observable that the
Thani are generally distinct from the Servientes
and Ministri, as seeming to be of a superior
degree, and holding offices of a less servile nature
than the others.^
References to entries in the Survey in which
the Teigni Regis are mentioned will be found
in great abundance in the Index Rerum. We
have also Teigni Reginse, Teigni HeraldiComitis,
* See Spelman's Glossary, v, Baro. The citizens
of London were dignified with the name of Barons from
a very early period, as were those of York, Chester)
and some other places. In Henry the Tliird's duuter
of the liberties of London, we read <^ Baronbs civitatis
London elegant sibi singulis annis de seipsis Maiorem.**
The citizens too bore the title in the inscriptioo upon
their common seal, <^ sigillvm baronum London-
I arum/' SeeStowe's Survey, edit 160S p. S07.
* Compare Doroesd. torn. i. foil. 36 b. 49 b« 69 b.
7Sb. 74 b. 84. 84 b. 98 b. 117 b. 118. 14S. 15$. 160 b.
170 b. 207 b. 236 b. 244. 250 b. 278 b. 292 b. 380 bu
370 b. Tom.i. fol. 143. we have «< Taini Regis et
Elemosinarii." The Relief of the Thane will hereafter
be given from the Saxon Laws. << Famuli R^s " occur
in entries in the Survey, tom. ii. foil. 4 b. 98 b. 110 b«
OENBRAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. dl
iTeigni Stigandi Archiepiscopi, Teigni Comitis Principal
Algan'i Teigni homines Alrici filii Coding, la this ReoorcL
Teigtii liberi) find in one instance " unus francus $ i.~^jorx.
Teignus**** The Taini Scirae, whose testimony ■
appears so often to have decided the Returns
of the Commissioners in the appropriation of
property,* were, no doubt, of the order of
•* mediocreSft^' In the account of the Manor
of Wichebume in Nottinghamshire, it is said
*^ Duas bou de hac rra tenner, v. taini. unus
eof erat seni&r atio)^*^ ^
Serjeant Heywood, in his Dissertation upon
the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon
Gov^nufient) 8<» Lond. 1818, has a chapter " Of
Thanes.'*
& The Vavassores, in dignity, were next to
the Barons and higher Thanes. Selden says,
they either held of a mesne lord, and not imme-
diately of the King, or at least of the King
* Tom. ii. fol. 54 b. The « Teigni liberi" must have
been 8iieh hj tenure, aod not as <^ Ministri."
* Sec the Returns for Wiltshire ; tom.i. foil. 69,70 b.
71.74 b.
^ Tom.i. foL291. Of the Thanes attached to the
escheated f'ee of Robert of Poictou, between the Ribble
and tb^ Mersey, we read, <^ Odis isti taini habneF
Ssuetod redde. ii. oras denario& de unaquaque caruc
Srae. 7 fiusieb p csuetud domos r^is 7 quae ibi ptineb
sic uifii. 7 piacarias. 7 in silua haias 7 stabilituras. 7 qui
ad haec n ibat ^do debeb. ii. sot. emdab. 7 postea ad
op^ uenieb 7 opabat*^ donee pfecl erat. Vn^quisq^ eo^
UDO die in Augusto mitteb messores sues secare segetes
r^ts. Si non i p* ii* sot efiidabat.'
£ 2
52 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal as of an honour or manor, and not in chief.*
Matters noticed -vr i * i i •
in this Record. Vavassorcs, ho wcvcr, are mentioned but twice
5 i.lpt^sons. i^ t^^ first volume of the Survey, at least under
that denomination. At Avicestone in Hampshire
we read, ^* Ibi manet q'da uauassori^ hfis. ii.
uac/' 2 And at Caldecote in Buckinghamshire
it is said, ^^ Ibi sunt ii^ uauassores redd xxxii.
sot. 7 VI. deii/*^ At the close of the account of
Suffolk, however, we find a distinct title of
*' Terra Vauassorum,'*^ the perusal of the con-
tents of which satisfactorily proves that through-
out the greater part of the Survey the title was
sunk in the general name of Liberi homines.
" The Grantees, •' says Sir Henry Spelman,
" that received their Estates from the Barons <h:
Capitanei and not from the King, were called
Valvasores (a degree above Knights), and were
unto their Lords (the Capitanei or Baronea
Regis) as they the Capitanei were unto the
King : and did in like manner subdivide their
Lands among their socmen and military foU
lowers, who in old time were called Valvasini ;
whom I take to be the same at this day that are
the Lords of every Manour, if not those them*
selves that we call Knights, as owners of a
Knight's Fee. For in this, the feodal Law itself
is doubtful and various, as of a thing lost by
antiquity or made uncertain by the di£fering
^ Kelham, p. 354. ' Domesd. torn. i. foL 5$»
^ Ibid. fol. 146 b. ^ Ibid. torn. ii. foL 446.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 58
manners of several nations. Insomuch that Principd
Valvasores and Valvasini grew to be confounded, in this Record,
and both of them at last to be out of use, and $ iTptnonu
no other military Tenures to be known amongst
us than tenere per Baronianij and tenere per
Feodum mUtare. But in a Charter of Henry I. '
it is said : * Si exurgat Placitum de divisione
Terrarum, si interest Barones meos Dominicos,
tractetur in Curia mea ; et si inter Valvasores
duorum Dominorum, tractetur in Comitatu,* &c.
where the Valvasores were also, and the Barons
themselves suitors and attendants.^ Bracton
mentioneth them in Henry III.'s time, to be Viri
magns dignitatis.^ Nor was their memory clean
gone in Richard II.'s days ; as appeareth by
Chaucer. Yet do I not find in any of our
ancient Laws or Monuments, that they stood in
any classick kind of Tenure, other than that we
may account the Baron, Vavasor, and Knight,
to be (as our Lawyers at this day term them)
the Chief Lord, Mesne, and Tenant."**
Fleta, whose Book was written after the thir-
teenth of Edward the First, places the Vavassores
next to the Milites.^ Kelham, from Madox's
Baronia Anglica says, " We read of Vavassours
^ De tenend. Comitatibus. ^ LL. Hen. I. cap. vlii.
3 Bract, lib. i. c. 8* nu. 4.
^ Spelro. English Works. Of Parliaments, p. 58.
Compare also Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 625. and Spelm.
Glossar. ed. 1687. p. 550.
^Kelham, p. 398.
£ 3
54 ^£N£RAL INTRODUCTION TO OOlffiSDAY.
Principal in the time of Henry the First belonging to the
in this R^^d. Barony of the Archbishop of York, to the Barony
§ i."Fb^ of Robert Fossard, and others j but they were
not numerous."*
The Relief of the Vavasor will be hereafter
given. In the Conqueror's Laws it follows that
of the Baron.^
4. The Aloarii, Alodariiy or Alodiarii^ Te»
nants in Allodium, are the next to be mentioned.
" The tenure of Allodium,'* says Kelham,
*^ refers to the tenants and possessors chiefly
before the Conquest. It signifies an hereditary
and perpetual estate, free and in the power of
the possessors to dispose of by gift or sale^ but
subject to the common and constant land-tax of
hidage;^ and, in Kent, the King on the com-
mission of particular offences was entitled to
pecuniary mulcts from all the allodial tenants
and their men. He was also on the death of an
allodial tenant entitled to Relief.*'^ Entries
relating to this tenure are found in the Survey
> Kelbam, p. 354.
« Leges Guil. Coiiq. 22. Wilk. p. 223.
^ As in Hampshire, torn. i. fol. 54. << Soartin teft
Drodintone de rege. Ipse 7 alter lib Iiooio tequer ia
alod de rege. E. T*c geld* p una Itida 7 dim\ t*cia parte
unv* xf minJ^ See other instances, torn. L foil. 22 b. 28 b.
24. 29 b. 39. 39 b. 43 b. 45 b. &c.
^ Ibid. p. 154. Brady's Hist, of Engl. p. 204. Gloss,
p. 1. Compare, also, what relates to the Alodiarii of
Kent. Domesd. torn. i. fol. 1. ^ Allodiarii ut mox
Allodiales. Chartul. Gemetia tom. i. p. 275. ^ Pre»bet
GJE;iiSRAL INT^OAUCTIQ^ TO OOMS80AY. 55
iq Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hampshire, and a Pnndpai
^ ^. . Tfc 1 1 . X^atters noticed
tew times in Berkshire. lothisRcoorO.
One or two entries in Sussex seem to repre- 5 iTFmons.
sent allodial property, at least in England, as of
a more qualified nature than Sir William Black-
stone, who follows the opinions of the feudists
£(broad, is willing to allow. Under Bercheham
it is said " Goduin^ comes tenuit de rege E.
sicut Alodiu,"* At Bristelmestune we are told,
** Tres Aloarij tenuer [vi, hid 7 ufl v] de rege
jE. 7 potuer ire q°libet."^ And in another
instance they occur as under-tenants to Earl
Goduin, at Laneswice in Sussex.^ At Codintone
in Surrey we read, " Leuuin^ coin tenuit T5
se defd p xxx. hid. De q*b} teneb coin xx**.
hid 7 X hid teneb Alodiarij uillse q^ cii suis tns
quo uoleb recede poterant."** At Solafel in
Berkshire we find Alodiarii still existing as
tenants at the formation of the Survey. *^ Ibi
sunt V. Ahdiartj cu 11. car 7 bord uno.** *
Willelmus meo permissu Apostolorum Principi
sex ftcras terrs, atque sex homines liberos qui vocantur
Alodiarii." Du Cange.
'^ Allodium. Gloss, vett. Allodium dicitur hsereditas,
quam Tendere vel donare possum ut mea propria. Item,
AUodiumj id est prsedium. Rhenanus lib.ii. Rerum
Germ, sic dictum Alodem putat, quasi Anlod. Cujacius
quasi sine lode, quasi ejus possessor nemini sit leodes.*^
Glossar. Lindenbrog.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 22 b. > Ibid. fol. 26 b.
' Ibid. fol. 26. * Ibid. fol. 81 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 6S b. Instances of the Tenure of Allodium
occur occasionally in the reign of the Conqueror. In
£ 4
\
56 GENERAL INTRODUCTIOy TO DOMESDAY.
Principal In the ninth and tenth centuries, sajrs
in this Record. Mr. Allen, land of inheritance was said to be
§ i,lp^^. allodial, though held of a lord or superior, and
liable to him in rent and services. It is in this
sense the words Alodium and Aloarius are to be
understood in Domesday.'
Of the description of Allodial Tenants were
the Drenchs or Drenghsy mentioned upon the
lands between the Ribble and the Mersey in
Lancashire. Sir Henry Spelman considers them
as military vassals, " Tenentes per servitium
Militare :'* ^ and, from the few entries in which
they occur,* it certainly appears that the allot-
the Register of the Abbey of Westminster, MS. CottoD.
Faust. A. III. fol. 57. the Conqueror gives to the Monks
the manor of Euereslea in Hampshire, ^^ cum omnibus
rebus et consuetudinibus et legibus siad quatuar soee^
manni de Edwardo rege pro iij. maneriis in AUodio
libere tenueruntP So fol. 58. in a Confirmation of land
at Chelsey — ^^ cum omnibus rebus et consuetudinibus
et legibus tam bene et tam plene sicuti melius et liberius
Turstanus huscarl Edwardi Regis de eodem Rege in
Allodium libere tenuit.**
Brady, Gloss, p. 3. says, according to the particular
municipal Customaries of France there was, in that
country, Alodium Nobile and Alodium Villanum : the
former not obnoxious to feudal service. See Berault,
Coustume de Norm, art 102.
* Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal
Prerogative in England, 8^. Lond. 1830. Authorities and
Illustrations, p.xxxviii.
* Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 184.
^ Viz. In Newetone — " Huj^ ffi. alia ?ra xv. hoes
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* 57
ments of territory they possessed were held as Principal
manors. Sir Edward Coke calls them free 'mt^Record.
tenants of a Manor.' The Dinges, mentioned* 5 ulp^itont.
quos Drenchs vocabant pro xv. S. tenefe. sed huj^ S5.
bereuoich erant.'^
In Hund. de Neweton. — ^* Modo sunt ibi vi. Drenghsy
In Walintone — *^ Ad ipsum S. pertinefe xxxiiii.
Drenghj et totidem 35. babeb. In quibus erant xlii.
carucatae terrae 7 una hida et dimidia." Tom. i. fol.
269 b.
^ See also Somner on Gavelk. p. 124. Kelham^ p. 200.
G)inpare also Wilkins^ LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 287. Spel-
man quotes their origin from a Manuscript History of
the Sharnburne family of Norfolk. << Edwinus [de
Sbarnebume] et quidam alii qui ejecti fuerunt [e terns
suis] abierunt ad Conquestorem, et dixeruntei; quod
nunquam ante Conquestum, nee in Conquesto suo, nee
post, fiiernnt contra ipsum Regem in consilio et auxilio,
sed tenuerunt se in pace, et boc parati fuerint probare,
qaomodo ipse Rex vellet ordinare. Per quod idem
Rex fecit inquiri per totam Angliam si ita fuit. Propter
quod idem Rex prascepit ut omnes illi qui sic tenuerunt
se in pace in forma praedicta, quod ipsi rebaberent
omnes terras et dominationes suas, adeo integre et in
pace, ut unquam habuerunt vel tenuerunt ante con-
questum suum. Et quod ipsi in posterum vocarentur
Drenges,** The autbenticity of the account here quoted
is rejected by Camden in his Britannia, as well as by
Brady in his Introd. pp. 12. 270. It is even inconsistent
with the Accounts of Sharnburne in the Survev itself.
On Drengage also, compare Nicolson's and Burne's
Hist, of Westmorl. and Cumberl. vol. i. pp.21, 22.
The foljowing extract from the Abbreviatio Rotulbrum
Originalium vol. i. p. 70. an. 20 Ed. I. shows the existence
of this tenure in Tyndale at the close of the ISth Cen-
58 0£N£^AL INTHOAUCTIO^ TO pOMfiSIUY^
Frincipia torn. i. foL 298, are supposed to have beeq per-^
Matters noticed ^ ^, , . .
in this Record. SODS ot tbc Same aescnptioiit
5 i,"^«mf, ' 5. MiLiTEs. The term Miles appe^urs not to
have acquired a precise meaning at the time of
the Survey. Sometimes implying a soldier
generally, and sometimes a person of higher
distinction, << Miles Regis dominicus '' occurs
once in the account of Berkshire : ^ and in ano-
ther entry, under Dorsetshire, *« Bricsi miles
Regis Edwardi " occurs.* In fol. 4. of the Sur-
vey, after " Terra Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis,^
we have *^ Terra MiUium ejus^^^ under which
title we find Hamo the Sheriff) and even the
Earl of Ow, holding land.^ In the account of
tury : ^^ Quia Rex accepit per Inquisitionem &c. quod
mulieres post mortem virorum suorum qui de R^^
tenent in dbenoaoio in Tyndal, et qui de Alexandro
quondam Rege ScotisQ tenere solebant, finem seu re-
dempt^ionero pro licentia se maritandi facere debent et
facere cc^ueverunt, mandatum est ThomeQ de Nor-
manvill escaetoi*! ultra Trentam quod accepto secundttm
cansuetudinem partium pradictarum rationabili fine dq
Maria quae fiiit uxor Nicholai de Ragleye pro licentia
se maritandi, licet maritata sit, nichilomii^s eidem
Marise dotem suam quae ad centum solidos extenditur,
et quae occasione bujusmodi finis capta est in manuia
Regis, sine dilatione deliberari faciat.'^ ro. 4.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. S6 h. ^ Ibid. fol. 83.
' Kelham says, << Men that held great estates of the
Earls and Barons of England, as five, six, seven, e^tf
nine, ten, or more Knight's fees, were called by them
their Barcms ; but were not Barones Regni, or Parlia*
mentary Barons. And as the King had, so these Eails
61}$rSBAL INTAO0UCTIOV TO D0JIIJ|8PAT, 59
Wiltshire, at Poterna, among the possessions of ^wv^
the Bishop of Salisbury, it is said, ^< De ^ad tra in i^hu'Eeoor^,
hup ® tea, ij° angli. vi. hid. 7 una v ?rfie. Vn^ § irip^scmi
es; eis e Miles jussu Regis. 7 nepos fuit Her^
minimi epi. -' ^ At Gistelesworde in Middlesex
we have, *^ Francig 7 q^a anglicus. mi. hid 7
sunt MiUtes ;gbati. Sub eis manent int uiti 7
bord. xii/' ^ Another entry which appear to
relate to the Milites of higher fiomequence
occurs in the return o| the Lands between the
Ribble and the Mersqr. *^ In? Ripa 7 Mersham
y|. Hundt Modo tenet Rex 7 hi in dflio xii.
off 7 IX. MiUtes feudu tenentes, Int eos 7 eo^
hoes, sunt cxxv. car. 7 iii. boues. Qd dedit
miHtib3 r' xx. lib. 7 xi. soUd ap^ciatur/'^ The
Barons and greater persons who held under
the Archbishop of Canterbury, were probably
his nUlites in consideration of taking the com-
mand of his soldiers jointly with their own, when
brought into actual service^ Many of the Milites
who held under the Bishops appear to have had
largar allotments of land than under other
tenants in capite.^ Under the lands of the
TTT"
and Barons bad their Dapifers or Seneschalls, Chamber-
laiiis, and other cheers in their households." Domesd.
Book Ulustr. p. 273. Compare also Madox, Bar.
p. laa. Brady, Introd. Gloss, p. 18. Hist p. 201.
■ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 66. * Ibid. fol. 130.
» Ibid. fol. 270.
* Under ^^ Terra Monachorum Archiepiseopi Can-
toar." in Kent, at Edesham^ it is said, << De ^ra huf B
60 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Bishop of Baieux, in Surrey, it is said, " Wadar-
in thirR^rd. dus tcii dc epo Ditone. lUe q* teii de Wadardo r'
§ iTpe^soru. ^'Gdd ei L. sot. J seruitium unP militis.*^ * Cumbe,
also, one of the Bishop's manors in Kent, ap-
pears to have yielded four pounds " 7 seruittU
uniP milkis.** ^ The instances, throughout the
Survey, are very numerous where the MUites
hold a single hide.
Of the entries in which the Milites appear as
mere soldiers, and in which they are sometimes
classed with the inferior orders of tenantry, the
following, taken as they occur in the record,
may serve as specimens. Under the manor of
Wingheham in Kent, belonging to the Arch-
bishop, it is said, " De hoc 33 tefi Witts de
Arcis I. solin. in Fletes. 7 ibi ht in d&io. i. car.
7 nil. uittos. 7 un* miUtS cu i. car^J^ * Under
ten. II. milites de Archiepo. in. solins. 7 ibi hnt in
dnio nil. car. 7 xviii. uitti cii v. herd. hnt. i. car.**
" Qd Milites ten uat. xi. lib. 7 tarn redd xiii. lift.**
torn. i. fol. 5. Id Somersetshire, under ^^ Terra Epi
Wellensis," at Wivelescome we read, ^^ De hac ?fa
huj^ 35. ten. III. milites de epo. ix. hid. 7 ibi biit.
XVI. car. H' tra e de dnio episcopat^ nee potest ab
epo separi. Valet epo x. lib. militib} xv. lib." Ibid.
fol. 89. In Hertfordshire, after the account of thir^
six hides of land belonging to the Bishop of London^ it
is said ^^ Has xxxvi. hid ten eps London 7 sui nuUteSm
7 cu his reclamat. iiii. hid quas teii a1^ de Ely in
Hadam." Ibid. fol. 134.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 82. ^ Ibid. fol. 10 b.
' Ibid. fol. S b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 61
** Terra EccL August. Cant.'* at Tanet, it is Principal
• J T-^ • ?v? ^ •». • » O Matters noticed
said, " De isto CD. ten ///. nuUtes tant de tira in this Record,
villano^. q*d uaV ix. lib* quando pax e* in ilra. 7 § iTpI^.
ibi Vnt. III. car^**^ At Meldone in Surrey,
among the lands held of Richard Fitz Gilbert
by Robert de Watevile, we read, "De his hid
te3 un^ miles i. hid 7 una v. 7 ibi hi. i. car. 7
I. uiihn. 7 uii bord. 7 i. acram prati."^ At
Heortha, in Wiltshire, under " Terra Hugonis
Comitis," " Ibi i. miles. 7 iii. coscez. 7 v. ac
>ti.*'^ In Devonshire, at Ratreu, " De hac
TO tefi. II. milites una v trae." ^ The Milites
belonging to the Abbey of Westminster, in Mid-
dlesex, appear to have resided on the demesne
of the Monastery, " in Villa ubi sedet aeccta
S. Petri *' " Silua c. pore. 7 xxv. dom^ miUtum
AbVis 7 alio^ houm. qui reddt viii. sot. p
annu.*' * At Hichetone, in Hertfordshire, it is
said, " In ead uilla teii 11. milites de comite
[[Eustachio] xx. acras." ^ Among the Bishop
of Worcester's lands at Crumbe in Rippel, in
Worcestershire, we find a singular entry. " Hanc
rra tenuit Sirof de epo T. R. E. quo mortuo ded
eps filia ei^ cu hac rra cuida suo militi. qui et
matre pasceret 7 epo inde seruiret" ^ On the
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 12. ^ Ibid. fol. S5.
« Ibid. fol. 68. * Ibid. fol. 111.
» Ibid. fol. 128. « Ibid. fol. 178.
^ Ibid. fol. 178. We learn by this, says Dr. Nash,
that in the manor of Ripple the bishop had the power
of marrying his tenants daughters to whom he pleased^
62 OfiMERAL INTBODUCriON tO DOME8DAT.
Principal lands of Turchil de Warwic at Cestreton, in
In this Reeoni. Warwickshire, we find, " v. milil Angli htiteli
S \7pt^ nil. car 7 dimid.** * At Saint Edmundsbury, In
Sufiblk, we find, " xxxiii. milites in? Vf. 7
Angli8. 7 sub eis xxii. bord.*** The word
Milites, as used by Matthew Paris in his account
of the Survey, must undoubtedly be understood
as of Soldiers. Among the customs of Berk-
shire, we have a passage which clearly proves
this. It relates to their pay. " Si rex mitteb
alicubi exercitu r' de v. hid tan! un^ miles ibat
7 ad ej^ uictu t stipendiG de uHaquaq^ hida
dabant^ ei. iiii. solidi. ad 11. menses. Hos uero
denar Regi ii mittebant' sed militib^ dabanf.***
In the account of Colchester, in Essex, the
word Soldarii is used as a substitute for Milites.
*« Est autem consuetudo unoq**q^ anno quinto
decimo die post pascha reddunt burgenses regij
duas marcas argenti 7 hoc ptinent ad firm&
regis. H ea de unaquaq^ domo p annum, vi.
denarioB. quae redde potest ad uictU soldariof,
regis, vt ad expetitionS Prae ut maris ; & hoc
fl. g. ad firm^ Et hoc sit si rex soldariM
and upon conditions which he dictated ; as here^ that
the husband should maintain her mother. Oba. on
Domesd. for Wore. p. IS.
^ Domesd. ton), i. foL 241 b.
* Ibid. tom. ii, fol. S72. " iiii. Jranci§. miiiies **
occur on the lands of St. Augustine Canterbury, at
Cistelet in Kent tom. i. fol. 12.
' Ibid. tom. i. fol. 56 b.
oxKs&AL imrftcmimioii to domuiut. 63
habuefit u) expeSl&ai^ fecent £t propi hos , ^i^^v^
^ '^ '^ Matters noti00d
vi. denados tdta ciuitas ex oifiib) debitis redde- in this luoord.
bat tepr. r% e^ xv. lib. 7. v. sot. 7. iii. d. in unch $ u p^rmmi.
quoq^ 3,tlA6k** '
6. JUberi homines appears to have been a
tenll of considekable latitude; signifying not
Merely the freemen or freeholders of a manor,
but occasionally including all the ranks of
society already mentioned, and indeed, all per-
sons holding in military tenure. Many of th^
liberi homines were tenants of the King in
capite. We find the same latitude of expres-
sion in the Conqueror's laws : ^ and the term is
Used in a sense equally general by William of
Malmesbury, even at a later period.®
The ordinary freemen, before the Conquest,
says Kelham, and at the time of compiling
Domesday, were under protection of great men ;
but what their quality was, further than that
' Domesdi torn. ii. foK 107*
• LL. Will. Conq. 66. 58. 59. Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax.
pp. 228. 229.
' In his account of !Ftenry the First, it is said,
<< Filium habuit rex HenriCus ex Matilde nomine Wil-
Idmom duici spe, et ingenti cara ih sucCessionem edu-
catum, et provectom. Nam et ei, vix dum xii. annorom
esseti omnes liberi homines AnglisB^et Normanniae,
cujuscunque ordinis et dignitatis^ cujuscunque domini
fideles, roanibus et sacramento se dedere coacti sunt.''
Malmesb. ed. Savile. fol. Lond. 1596. fbl. 93. In
Domesday, torn. ii. foK 204 b. <^ lib h5 teinn^ '' occurs.
64 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal their persons and blood were free, that is, that
Matters noticed
in this Record, they were not nativi or bondmen, it will give a
5 iTp^itofu, knowing man trouble to discover to us.^ These
freemen under protection, are called in the
Survey Libert homines cammendati. They ap-
pear to have placed themselves by voluntary
homage under this protection; their Lord or
Patron undertook to secure their .estates and
persons; and for this protection and security
they paid him an annual stipend, or performed
some annual service.^ The great similarity of
this bond of homage to that of the Patron and
Client among the Romans, will not be over-
looked by the most ordinary reader. The origin
of this " Commendatio " is unquestionably to
be sought for in the Roman civil law.
According to the Returns of the Survey,
some appear to have sought a patron or pro-
tector for the sake of obtaining or establishing
their freedom : such, the Liberi homines com-
mendaiione tantum may be interpreted. Ac-
cording to the Laws of the Conqueror a quiet
residence of a year and a day, upon the King's
demesne lands, would enfranchise a villein who
had fled from his lord. " Item si Servi per-
manserint sine calumnia per annum et diem in
Civitatibus nostris vel in Burgis in muro vallatis,
vel in Castris nostris, a die ilia liberi efficiuntur
* Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 254.
« Ibid, p. 178. Pref. to Brady's Hist. p. 56i
6EKERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 65
et liberi a luffo servitutis suae sint in perpe- ,^ Principal
Jo r r Matters DoUced
tUUtn/* * in thi3 Record.
The Cdmmendati dimidii^ says Kelham, were § i. Penom.
• LL. Will. Conq. 66. Wilk. p. 229. Blomefield,
in bis History of Norfolk, vol.i. p. 657. fol. edit, quotes
a remarkable instance of the Appeal to this Law. Sir
John de Clavering, in 1312, sued William Fiz and
seventeen others, villanes of his Manor of Cossey, for
withdrawing themselves, their goods and chattels^ out
of his manor, and dwelling in other places, to his and
the King*s prejudice, upon which a writ was directed to
force them to come and dwell in the Manor, and bring
all their goods with them; upon execution of which, six
of them pretended to be free-men, and came to their
trial, and pleaded that they came by their freedom in
this manner, viz. by being citizens of the City of Nor-
wich, having lived there, and paid scot and lot for above
thirty years with the free citizens there ; and two of them
pleaded they were born in the walls of the City, and, as
such, produced the Conqueror's Charter, in which it was
contained that if any Servants or Villanes lived without
claim of their Lords, (i. e. without paying Chevage, or
a fine for licence so to do,) for a year and a day, in any
of the King's Cities, walled Towns, or in the Camp,
from that day they should be free-men, and their pos«
terity for ever; upon which these six were declared
Free-men and an Appeal from the King's Charter was
not admitted : and two more pleaded and obtained their
freedom, by proving that Edward L granted their
Fathers houses and lands in Norwich, to hold of him
and his heirs, according to the custom of the City, and
that they were their fathers heirs : but all the rest were
forced to return and live in Villenage under their Lord.
The original of this case is on the Placita Roll. Term.
Pasch. 6 Ed. IL
66 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO P0MS8DAT*
Principal persons who depended on two several lords.
Matters noticed •■■ /» i •
in this Record, and wcFC to pay half their annual rent for their
§ 1. Persons, piotection to one, and half to the other. Sulh
Commendati were such as, like under-tenants,
were imder command of those who were them-
selves depending on some superior Lord. Sub^
Commendati dimidii were those who were under
the Commendati dimidii, and had two patrons
or protectors, and the same as they had. ^ Libert
homines integri are occasionally mentioned as
those who were under the full protection of one
lord, in contradistinction to the Libert homines
dimidii, whose homage was divided. Under
Vluestuna in Suffolk, we have a singularly
minute division of the Commendatio. " Aluin^
pfcr. lib. ho. 7 sea^ta pars cdMdatiorus sua: erat
cuidam Commendato.*^ ^
This Commendatio appears in the Domesday
Survey under different forms, most frequently
in the second Volume, and principally in the
Descriptions of Norfolk and Suffolk.* From
numerous entries it is clear that it existed in the
> Kelbam, p. 178. In SufFolk, torn. ii. fol. 442, we
find, *^ Hardekin liber homo commend. Durandi hom.
Edrici dim. et dim. fleroldi."
' Domesd. tom. ii. fol. S76 b.
3 In Norwich, it is said, tom. ii. fol. 116.^^ Sup i« [bar-
genses] habebat Stigand^ soca 7 saca 7 cdmendatione &
sup XXXII. habebat herold^ soca 7 saca 7 cdmendattoaS.
Quo^ un^ erat ita ei dnic^ ut n poss& recede nee
homagiu facere sine licentia ipsius.'^
GBNERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 67
time of King Edward the Confessor.^ It is Principal
, , Matters noticed
possible that it might have fallen into disuse in this Record.
I § I. Persuru.
» See foil. 139. 182. 185. 187. 287. At Grundesburh
in Suffolk, fol. 300. we have, *< i. lib. bd. co&datus
heroldi. t. r. e. 7 uxor eius coihd baldein [tenentes] lx.
ac rrs. p i. m. m^. tenent iiii. libi." At DerSIa in the
same county, among the lands of Robert Malet *^ i. Ub
ho. Edric^'* occurs: " Hie Edric^ comdat^ fuit Edrico
de Laxefelda antec Rotbti Malet pri^q. rex. E. obiss&.
P^ea udlagauit E^ric^ ; Rex. E. saisiuit tola sua Wam.
P^ea conciliat^ est regi. E. 7 concessit ei tra sua. dedit
etia breue 7 sigillu ut quicHq^ de suis libis cmd bominib3
ad eu uellent redire. suo concessu redirent; Hunc
Edricu saisiuit. R. E. in sua manu p^ea n uidit Hundret
ut ad Edricum dnm suu redir& S3 Inc ipse dicit 7 offert
iuditiu qd rediit. et libos hoes quos bl sub se comd tenet;
et ex eis reuocat Robtu Waranu" torn. ii. fol. 310 b.
311. At fol. 401 b. we read *^ Aluenelega ten brungar
lib ho Rotbti comd tantum. t. r. e. p man." *^ Sup banc
habuit. scs. e. soc et saca. t. r. e. 7 Rodbtus fili^ Wimarce
7 paf sueni. comd tantu. Eode tpr fuer furati equi
inuenti. in domo istius brungari. ita qd abbas cuius fuit
soca 7 saca & Rodbt^ qui habuit comdatione sup istu.
uener de hoc furto ad placitu 7 sic H. testat^ discessef
amicabiliE sine iuditio qd uidissed hundrt." Du Cange,
quoting two extracts from this part of Domesday, says :
^ Ex quibus patet Commendatos fuisse liberos homines,
quibus licitum fuit cui vellet sese commendare. Ran-
fredus Jurisconsult, qui vixit sub Frederico II. in Ordine
judiciario, tit. de Villanis : ^ Recommendati dicuntur,
qui veniunt sub alienis partibus, et habitare volunt in
civitate tua, elegit patrocinium tuum, et dicit, Domine,
Tolo esse tuus Recommendatus, ut habeamus tuam
defensionem annis singulis, et serviam in Pascha vel in
Katali duas gallinas, vel libram piperis, vel aliquid aliud«
F 2
6B GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal aftcF the Coiiquest as a separate and distinct
Matters noticed , '' n \ i
in this Record reciprocal duty, in consequence of the prevalence
5 i."^«m*. of military tenure : but it seems not unlikely
that some of our present existing manorial rights
may be traced, for their origin, to the Commen-
datio of the Survey. Commendatio sometimes
signified the annual rent paid for the protection.
Libert homines ad nullam Jirmam pertinentes
were those who held their lands independent of
any lord. Of others it is said, ** qui remanent
in manu regis.*' *
In a few entries of the Survey we have Libbrje
FEMiN^ ; ^ and one or two of tiberce femince ccm-
mendatce. At Aspeleia in Bedfordshire it is
said, ** Hoc CB. tenuit Leueua comdata Wallef
comitis 7 quo uoluit cu terra sua recedere
potuit."^
7. The SocHEMANNi, or SocmenSj says Nichols,
were those inferior land-owners who had lands
De istis multos invenies apud Neapolim, in villis eorum
et Bononiae. Isti de jure nihil aliud debent conferre ;
sed NeapolitAni ab illis niulta exlgunt, et fere omnia
quae exigunt Domini a vassallis." Glossar. tom.ii;
col. 849.
* See Kelfaam, pp. 253. 254. Of two ^ liberi bo-
mines ' upon the manor of Bertune, belonging to the
King in Gloucestershire, tom.i. fol. 162 b. it is said,
*^ Ipsi se non possunf, nee terram separare, a manerio."
* In the Laws of ^thelberht we find the term fpipif
used. LL. ^ihelb. 72.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 213. In Surrey, torn. i. foL
32 b. we read ^^ Rainald^ ten una hid in Aissela de ipsa
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 69
in the Soc or franchise of a great baron ; privi- Pnndpai
I 1 1 , . Matters noticed
leged villans, who, though their tenures were in this Record.
absolutely copyhold, yet had an interest equal 5i."^oim.
to a freehold. Their services were fixed and
determinate. They could not be compelled to
relinquish these tenements at their lord's will,Bor
against their own : et ideo, says Bracton, de-
nominantur liberi.^ It seems idle, Nichols adds,
to suppose that they took their name from the
soca or plough ; ^ for it no where appears that
they held by plough service. Such men were
actual freeholders, and a certain number of them
were necessary in every manor to hold the pleas
of the Manor Court. Socmen were, of conse-
quence, those who owed suit and service to the
lord's court ; and it is from the word Soc, which
gave them their name, that we must derive our
tenures in free and common socage.^
Domesday, however, exhibits different con-
ditions of Socmen ; sometimes enjoying the
usu-fruct within the soke freely, and sometimes
performing certain inferior services of hus-
bandry. On the manor of Bochetone in York-
shire, it is said, *^ In hac uilla e soca de xii.
carucatis 7 vi. bouatis ad gld. Ibi sunt nc vii.
Abbatia [de Certesyg] 7 p xv. acris ded geld. Queda
femina tenuit T. B. E. 7 potuit ire quo voluit. s; p
defensione sub Abbatia se misit"
' Compare also Blackst. vol.ii. p. 100.
' See Blomef. Hist Norf. fol. edit. vol. iii. p. 5S9.
' Hist. Leic. introd. vol. p. xlvL
F 3
72 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY*
Mattelstodccd appear rather like exceptions from the general
in this Record, conditioii of the Socmen.
§ 1. Persons. The foUowing entries afford proofs that the
Socmen sometimes performed services of Hus-
bandry : " In Soca de Walecote," in Lincoln*
shire, it is said, " Ibi. i. soclis arat. ii**^*. bob3.'**
On the manor of Brochelesbi in the same county,
it is said, " Ibi Nigellus ho luoii hi ii. socli cu.
II. bob^ arantes."^ And in Tavelesbi in the
same county, we find, ** iii. soch arantes v.
bob5." «
In one entry of the Survey we have a Soc-
woMAN, Suff. tom. ii. fol. 325 b. " Una Soclte-
manna femina leua commend. Edrici."
8. Of this description of tenantry also were
the Rachenistres or RadchenistreSj who appear
likewise to have been called Radmanni, or Rod-
mans. From the following, which appear to be
the principal entries relating to the Radchenis-
tres, it will be seen that like the Socmen some
were less free than others. At Gosei in Berk*
shire, " i. Racheneste cu sua car."^ is mentioned.
At Berchelai in Gloucestershire, ^^ xix. libi hoes
Radchenisl hiites. xlviii. car cu suis hoib}.***
At Teodechesberie, " Ibi erant uitfi. xxi. 7 ix.
Radchenist hiites. xxvi. car 7 v. colibti 7 un^
bord cu v. car. Hi Radchenisl arabant 7 her-
ciabant ad curia diii."® At Derheste in the
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 345 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 350 b.
' Ibid. fol. 352. * Ibid. fol. 59.
' Ibid. fol. 163. ^ Ihid.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 73
same county, on the land of Saint Peter West- Principal
• • • "I Tx 1 -o ;S Matterg noticed
minster, it is said, " De terra huj-^ CD teneb in this Record.
Radcheii id est libi hoes T. R. E. qui tain oms § i.^^wu.
ad op^ dfii arabant 7 herciabant. falcabant 7 —
metebant.** * In Herefordshire, upon the King's
manor of Maurdine, we read, " Terra W. filij
Norman, tenner, in. Radchenist nee poterant
de hoc 53 separari." ^ " Radcheii [de Leof-
minstre T. R. E.] dabant xiii. sol. 7 iiii. denaf
7 III. sexl melt." ^ Upon a manor in the Hun-
dred of Tomelais in Herefordshire, we read,
" Ibi fuer 7 sunt iii. Radcheii cu. iii. car. 7
seruiunt dflo."^ Of the Radmanni at Long-
dune in Worcestershire, on land tenanted from
St Peter Westminster by Roger de Laci, it is
3aid, ** De eo teK. i. Radman Lefric una hid 7
una V. 7 ibi hi i. car. 7 in. uitt. 7 viii. bord.
cu. nil. car."* In Poiwic in the same county,
belonging to the same abbey, " Ibi fuer.
vni. Radmans. Ageluuard. Eduuard. Brictmer.
Saulf^. Aluuin^. Godric. Aluui. Ketelbert. hfites
inter se x. car. 7 plures bord. 7 seruos. cu vii.
car. Qd teneb ualb. c. solid. Ibi Radmans
secabant. i"*. die in anno in p*tis diii. 7 ome
seruitiu qd eis iubebat' faciebant"^ In one
instance we find the transfer of two Radmen to
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 166.
« Ibid. fol. 179 b. So under Malpedresham in Hamp-
shire, ^^ Duo rachenistre tenuer. nee alicubi recede
potuerunt."
' Ibid. fol. 180 b. * Ibid. fol. 187.
5 Ibid. fol. 174 b. . « Ibid.
74 GENERAL INTRODUCflOH ^X> DOMESDAY.
Frineipai another manor. At Merlie in Herefordshire.
Matters noticed
in this Reeord. ^^ Ipse Comes deft Raddfo de bemai. n. Rad-
§ 1."^^^ mans. 7 mint eos extra hoc ^. cu rra qu&
teneb. Hi hnL 11. car.'* * Dr.Nash conjectured
that the Radmanni and Radchenistres were pro*
bably a kind of freemen who served cm Horse-
back. ^
9. ViLLANi. The clearest notion of the
tenure of the Villani is probably to be ob-
tained from Sir William Blackstone*s Com-
mentaries. <^ With regard to folk-land^" says
that learned writer, <^ or estates held in Villenage,
this was a species of tenure neither strictly
feodal, Norman, or Saxon ; but mixed and
compounded of them all : ^ and which also^ on
account of the Heriots that usually attend it,
may seem to have somewhat Danish in its com-
position. Under the Saxon government there
were, as Sir William Temple speaks/ a sort of
people in a condition of downright servitude,
used and employed in the most servile works,
and belonging, both they, their children and
their effects^ to the lord of the soil, like the rest
' Domesd. torn. L fol. 180.
* Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. pp. 9. 10. Rab-cnihx;
is usually iuterpreted by our Glossarists Equestris homo
aive Miles ; and Rab-bepe Equestris exercitus.
^ See Wright, p. 2 15. <^ A Tenure of a mixed nature,
advanced upon the Saxon bondage^ and which gradually
superseded it.'*
^ Introd. Hist. Eng. p. 59.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 75
of the cattle or stock upon it These seem to Wna^
Matters notioed
have been those who held what was called the in this Reeont
folk^Iand, from which they were removable at $ i.*j^^^
the lord's pleasurew On the arrival of the
Normans here, it seems not improbable that
they, whawere strangers to any other than a
feodal state, might give some sparks of ! enfran-
chisement to such wretched persons as fell to
their share, by admitting them, as well as
others^ to the oath of fealty ; which conferred
a right of protection, and raised the tenant to
a kind of estate superior to downright filai»jr,
but inferior to every other oooditionJ This
they called Vilienage, and the tenants Villeins,
either from the word vilis, or else, as Sir
Ed w. Coke tells us^ a villa ; because they lived
chiefly in villages, and were employed in rustic
works of the most sordid kind.
^* These villeins^ belonging principally to
lords of manors, were either Villeins regardant^
that iSy annexed to the manor or land ; or else
they were in gross, or at large^ that is, annexed
to the person of the lord, and transferrable by
deed from one owner to another/ They could
not leave their lord without his permission;
but, if they ran away, or were purloined from
him, might be claimed and recovered by action,
like beasts or other chattels. They held, in-
deed, small portions of land by way of sustain-
* Wright, p. 2 17. * 1 Inst 116. ^ Litt. $ 181-
76 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
ivindpai ing themselves and families, but it was at the
in this Record, mere will of the lord, who might dispossess them
5 i.~j^iwn#. whenever he pleased j and it was upon villein
services, that is, to carry out dung, to hedge
and ditch the lord's demesnes, and any other
the meanest offices:^ and these services were
not only base, but uncertain both as to their
time and quantity.^ A villein could acquire no
property either in lands or goods ; but if he
purchased either^ the lord might enter upon
them, oust the villein, and seize them to his
own use, unless he contrived to dispose of
them again before the lord had seized them;
for the lord had then lost his opportunity.
In many places also a fine was payable to the
lord, if the villein presumed to marry his
daughter to any one without leave from the
lord ; ^ and, by the common law, the lord might
also bring an action against the husband for
damages in thus purloining his property.^ For
the children of villeins were also in the same
state of bondage with their parents; whence
they were called in Latin nativi, which gave
rise to the female appellation of a villein^ who
was called a neifeJ' In case of a marriage be-
tween a free man and a neife, or a villein and
a free woman, the issue followed the condition
of the father, being free if he was free, and
» Litt. § 172. * Bracton. 1. iv. tr. i. c.28.
5 Litt. § 177. . * Ibid. } 202. * Ibid. § 187.
I
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 77
villein if he was villein ; contrary to the maxim Principal
r» ^T_ • •! 1 ^i_ .L . '^ ^ Matters notieed
01 the Civil law, that partus seqmtur ventrem. in this Record.
But no bastard could be bom a villein, because § irp^smu,
by another maxim of our law he is nuUiusJiUus;
and as he can gain nothing by inheritance, it
were hard that he should lose his natural free-
dom by it.^ The law, however, protected the
persons of villeins, as the King*s subjects,
against atrocious injuries of the lord/*
** Villeins," continues Sir William Blackstone,
** might be enfranchised by manumission, which
is either express or implied : express ; as where
a man granted to the villein a deed of manu-
mission : ^ implied ; as where a man bound him-
self in a bond to his villein for a sum of money,
granted him an annuity by deed, or gave him
an estate in fee, for life, or years : ^ for this was
dealing with his villein on the footing of a free-
man ; it was in some of the instances giving him
an action against his lord, and in others vesting
an ownership in him entirely inconsistent with
his former state of bondage. So also if the
lord brought an action against his villein, this
enfranchised him ; * for as the lord might have
a short remedy against his villein, by seizing his
goods, (which was more than equivalent to any
damages he could recover,) the law, which is
always ready to catch at any thing in favour of
> Litt. 5 187. 188. « Ibid. § 204.
* Ibid. § 204. 205. 206. * Ibid. § 208.
78 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOKESDAT.
PHndpai liberty, presumed that by bringiiig this action
Mttters noticed . i • -ii • i /• •
in this Record, he meant to set his villem on the same footing
$ i.~Amif. with himself, and therefore held it an implied
— manumission. But, in case the lord indicted
him for felony, it was otherwise ; for the lord
could not inflict a capital punishment on his
villein, without calling in the assistance of the
law.
<< Villeins by this and many other means, in
process of time, gained considerable gr6und on
their lords ; and in particular strengthened the
tenure of their estates to that degree, that they
came to have in them an interest in many places
full as good, in others better than their lords.
For the good-nature and benevolence of many
lords of manors havmg, time out of mind, per-
mitted their villeins and their children to enjoy
their possessions without interruption^ in a
regular course of descent, the common law^
of which custom is the life, now gave them title
to prescribe against their lords, and, on per-
formance of the same services, to hold their
lands, in spite of any determination of the
lord's will. For though in general they are
still said to hold their estates at the will of the
lord, yet it is such a will as is agreeable to the
custom of the manor ; which customs are pre-
served and evidenced by the rolls of the several
courts baron in which they are entered, or kept
on foot by the constant immemorial usage of
the several manors in which the lands lie.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOM£8DAY« 79
And as such tenants had nothing to shew for Principal
. . Matters noticed
their estates but these customs, and admissions, in this Record.
in pursuance of them^ entered on those rolls, or $ i.l^Ams.
the copies of such entries witnessed by the
steward, they now began to be called tenants by
^^^ ^ court roUj and their tenure itself a
copyhold. ^
" Thus copyhold tenures, as Sir Edward Coke
observes,^ although very meanly descended, yet
come of an antient house ; for, from what has
been premised, it appears, that copyholders are
in truth no other but villeins, who, by a long
series of immemorial encroachments on the lord,
have at last established a customary right to
those estates, which before were held absolutely
at the lord's will. Which affords a very sub-
stantial reason for the great variety of customs
that prevail in different manors, with regard both
to the descent of the estates, and the privileges
belonging to the tenants. And these encroach-
ments grew to be so universal, that when tenure
in villenage was abolished (though copyholds
were reserved) by the Statute of Charles 11.
there was hardly a pure villein left in the nation.
Por Sir Thomas Smith testifies,^ that in all his
time (and he was Secretary to Edward VI.) h^
never knew any villein in gross throughout the
realm ; and the few villeins regardant that were
" F. N. B. 12. • Cop. § 32.
' Ck>ininonwealth. B.iii. c 10.
80 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal then remaining were such only as had belonged
Matters noticed ^ , . , . . , i_ i • - • i
in this Record, to Dishops, monasterics, or other ecclesiastical
S i.l^iara. corporations, in the preceding times of popery."^
' There are, however, numerous entries in the
Domesday Survey which indicate the Villani of
that period to have been very different from
Bondmen.^ They appear to have answered to
■ Blackst. Comment, edit. 4''. Oxf. 1766. vol. iu
pp. 92-96.
' At Chingestune in Surrey, torn. i. fol. 80. it is said,
<< De uittis buj^ uiilas babuit 7 b{ Hufrid^ camerarios
unu uillan in custodia* causa codunandi lanam regin«.
De ipso etia accep. xx. soi. in releuam cu par ej^ fuit
morL" At Merchelai in Herefordshire, Ibid. fol. 1 79 b.
We read, " In dnio sunt iiii. car. 7 xxxyi. uitti. — hi
ui&i arant 7 seminant de pp'o semine q*r xx. acras fruffiti.
7 totide ad aucnas pter. ix acras." In Leofininstre^
Ibid. fol. 180. ^^ Vilti arabant. cxl. ac's ¥rffi dni. 7
seminab de pp'o semine frumti. 7 dab de csuetud. nu
lib. 7 Lii. den." In Shropshire, " uillani integri" occur^
Ibid. fol. 252. : and, in different entries ** uitti arantes"
and ^^ uitti n arantes." Archbishop Lanfranc had no
fewer than two hundred and nineteen villani on his
manor of Mellinges in Sussex, tom. i. fol. 16. At Page-
ham in the same county, he had, ** de Herbagio. un.
pore de unoq^c^ uilto qui. h{. vii. porcos." Ibid, fol.16 b.
In Hampshire, under Cilbodentune, we read, *^ de rra
huj^ S Ricard^ Sturmid ten alias hid. Quida pfect?
tenuit. 7 n potuit ire q'^libet. 7 11. hid ex his habuit
quasi uill^s." and again, in Crundele, <^ De eod 5. ten.
Wilts. III. ^. de epo in Beddeleie. Aluric^ tenuit de epo
qtiasi uilla7i^J* Ibid. fol. 41. There is a remarkable
entry in the first page of the second volume of Domes-
day, under Benflet, respecting the Villantis. It refers to
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 81
the Saxon Eeopls while the Send answered to ^^^t^ie^
the Deopap or Gpnen. By a degradation of *" this Record,
the Eeopls and an improvement in the state ^ *• ^''■«»««-
of the 6pnen, the two classes were brought
gradually nearer together, till at last the military
oppression of the Normans thrusting down all
degrees of tenants and servants into one common
slavery, or at least into strict dependance, one
name was adapted for both of them as a generic
term, that of Villeins regardant.
It has been already noticed that six Villans
of each vill formed a part of the Jury or Inquest
who made the Domesday Returns. * The Relief
of a Villan will be noticed in a future Section.
The Dhnidii Villam appear to have been persons
who held moieties only of villenage tenements : *
or who were half liberi and half villani.
the time of Edward the Confessor. <^ In hoc manerio
erat tc teporis quida lib homo de dimidia bid qui mo
effect i? unus de uiUanis" He was a yeoman and
became a tenant*
Id Hampshire there is an Entry under the land of
Hugo de Forth, whicli contrasts the villans with the
free-men : ^^ Ista tra calumniate Wilts de chernet. dicens
ptinere ad 5 de Cerdeford feudu Hugonis de Port :f p
hereditate sui antecessoris. 7 de hoc auu testimon addux
de melioribus et antiq^s hominibus totius comitat^ 7 hund.
7 Picot contraduxit suu testimoniu de uillanis et uili
plebe, 7 de prepositis qui uolunt defendere p sacramentum
aut p di judicium, qd ille qui tenuit tra lib ho. fuit»'' &c.
Tom. i. fol. 44 b.
' ^' vj. uillani uniuscujusque villae." See p. 22.
« Kelham, p. 361.
6
82 GENERAL^ INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
PrindiNa 10. The Bordarii of the Survey appear at
Matters nodeed . . ^ , . , ^ . ^ ^
in this Record, various times to have received a great vanely ot
§ i.lpmofu. interpretations. Lord Coke calls them " boors
holding a little house with some land of hus-
bandry, bigger than a Cottage.'* * Some have
considered them as cottagers, taking their name
from Uving on the borders of a village or manor ^
but this is sufficiently refuted by Domeedaj
itself, where we find them not only mentioned
generally among the agricultural occupiers c^
land^ but in one instance as ^* circa aulam
manentes,** dwelling near the manor house;
and even residing in some of the larger towns.
In two quarters of the town of Huntingdon^ at
the time of forming the Survey as well as in
King Edward's time, were a hundred and sixteen
burgesses, " 7 sub eis ** it is said *^ sunt c. bor-
darii qui adjuuant eos ad persolutione geldi.'* *
In Norwich there were no less than four hun-
dred and eighty bordarii, " q* ppt pauperi&
nulla reddnt csuetudine/* * And of twenty
bordarii in Thetford it is said, " De sup^dictis
bord. hab& rex scotu de suo capite tantu.*' •
Bishop Kennett says << The Bordarii often
mentioned in the Domesday Inquisition were
distinct from the Servi and Villani, and seem to
be those of a less servile condition, who had a
^ Inst. lib. i. sect. 1. fol. 5 b. fol. edit 1628.
* See Nichols's Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xliv.
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 20S. * Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 1 16 b.
* Ibid. fol. 173.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 88
bord or cottage with a small parcel of land Principal
allowM to them, on condition they should supply in this R«eord.
the Lord with poultry and eggs, and other small § i.Tenont.
provisions for his board and entertainment.'**
Such also is the interpretation given by Blome-
field in his History of Norfolk.* Brady says
'* they were drudges, and performed vile ser-
vices, which were reserved by the lord upon a
poor little house, and a small parcel of land,
and might perhaps be domestic works, such as
grinding, threshing, drawing water, cutting
wood, &c.'*^
Bopby as Bishop Kennett has already noticed,
was a Cottage. In a Charter of King Edgar,
printed in the Monasticon, we read <^ quinque
videlicet mansas cum xv. carucis terras, cum
XVIII. servis, et xvi. villanis ; et x. Bordis cum
Lx. acris prati.'* *
Bordarii, it should seem, were Cottagers
merely: and in the Ely Manuscript, we find
bordarii where the Breviate of the same
entry in Domesday itself reads Cotarii. Their
condition was probably different on different
manors. In some entries in the Survey we have
<< Bordarii arantes.'' At Evesham, on the abbey
demesne, we have <^ xxvii. Bordarii servientes
> Gloss. Par. Antiq.
^ See also Morant, Hx&U Essex, vol. i. p. xxvii.
> Brad- Pref. p. BO.
^ Mon. Angl. last edit. tom. i. p. 209.
G 2
84 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal curfae/' ^ On the demesne appertaining: to the
Matters noticed ^ n^ i ^
in this Record, castle of Ewias were twelve Bordarii " opantes
Si."ftl^ una die ebdomad/'^ At St Edmundsbury in
Suffolk the Abbat had a hundred and eighteen
" homines/' " 7 sub eis lii. bord. a q*b3 aVb
potest hafee aliq^d adjutorii/' ^
Serjeant Heywood, in his Dissertation on the
Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon
Government, p. 301. 310. treats both of the
Bordarii and Coscets, but throws no new light
upon their history.
The CoscETs, Coscez, Cozets, or Cozez, were
apparently the same with the CoxxARn aiul
CoxM ANNi ; cottagers who paid a certain rent
for very small parcels of land : although, torn. i.
fol.71. they are named separately: "xin. coscez.
7 II. cotar^J* The shade of difference however
is undiscoverable. At Tateshale in Yorkshire^
" XVI. CoxERi " occur. ^
Bishop Kennett says^ ^^Spelman andDuFresne
make Cotarius and Coterellus to be both servile
inhabitants. But I think in the Domesday Re-
gister and other antient Manuscripts there does
appear a distinction, not only in their name, but
* Domesd. tom.i. fol. 175 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 186. See also Du Cange.
3 Ibid. torn. ii. fol. S72. Bordmen occur in the Ab-
breviatio Placitorum, vol. i. p. 211. ^^ Tenentes sic
vocati in manerio de Wyham ; servitia multom senrilia
facere debent." Pascb. 14 E. I. Kane, rot 19.
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 816b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 85
in their tenure and quality. The Cotarius had Prfaapai
n J -J /? ^ Matters noticed
a tree socage tenure, and paid a nnn or rent in this Record.
in provisions or money, with some customary j^xTpZwu,
service. But the CotereUus held in absolute —
villenage, and had his person and goods dis-
posed at the pleasure of the lord." * CotereUus^
however, does not occur in Domesday. In a
solitary instance, at Stoches in Shropshire, " ix.
FenrnuB Cotar^ " occur. ^
11. The BuREs, Buri, or Burs are noticed in
the first Volume of Domesday itself as syno-
nimous with Coliberti. In an entry relating to
the manor of Dene in Hampshire, fol. 38, ** 1
Bures** is an interlineation, in a coeval hand,
above the word Colibti.^
The name of the Coliberti was unquestion-
ably derived from the Roman Civil Law. They
are described by Lord Coke as Tenants in free
socage by free rent.'* Cowel says, they were
certainly a middle sort of Tenants, between ser-
vile and free, or such as held their freedom of
' Glossar. Par. Antiq. *^ Cotarii debent taliiari ad
volantatem Domini ; facere servitii^ incerta ; nihil dare,
nihil vendere, nihil proprium habere} nee possunt acqui-
rere, nbi ad promotionem Domini sui. Ex Lib. irrotul.
Eccles. Christ! Cantuar. fol. 211." Nash, Obs. on
Domesd. Wore. p. 14.
^ Domesd. torn. i. foL 260 b.
^ Lambard in bis Gloss. LL. Anglo-Sax. ed. Whel'.
p. 218. says, ** Colonus. Sax. ;ebupe; villicus ad certum
censum singulis annis pendendum ascriptus."
^ Inst. edit. 1628. lib. i. sect. i. fol. 5 b.
G 3
86 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal tenure under condition of such works and ser-
in this Record, vices ; and were therefore the same landholders
$ i."ptei«m#. whom we meet with [in iiflter times] under the
name of Conditionales.^ In Du Gangers Glos-
sary the tenure of the Coliberti is discussed at
considerable length.^
12. Servi. It is observed by Bishop Kennett,
and by Morant after him in his History of Essex,
that the Servi and Villani are, all along, in
Domesday, divided from each other ; but that
no author has fixed the exact distinction between
them. The Servi, Bishop Kennett adds, might
be the pure villanes, and villanes in gross, who
without any determined tenure of land were at
the arbitrary pleasure of the lord appointed to
servile works, and received their wages and
maintenance at the discretion of the lord. The
other were of a superior degree, and were called
Villani, because they were Villae et glebas ad-
scripti, Le., held some cottage and lands, for
which they were burthened with such stated ser-
vile works as their lords had annexed to them.'
" Our Northern Servi,*' says Bishop Kennett,
^^ had always a much easier condition than the
Roman slaves. ^* Servis nolj* ^ nostrum morem
descriptis per familiam ministeriis utuntur.
Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Fni-
* Law Interpr. in voce. See also Kelham, p. 176.
« Gloss, t. COLLIBBRTI.
'^ Kennett Gloss. Par. Antiq.Morant's Hist, of E&seXf
vol. i. p. 27.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 87
nenti modum DominuSy aut pecoris, aut vestis, Prindpai
.n)loiK>]x^uiigit,et8erviishactenusparet.'' Tacit in this Record,
de Morib. Gennan. which plainly describes the j i.lp^safu.
condition of our Saxon and Norman Servants^
Natives, and Villanes."
The Saxon name for Servus was 6f ne. The
amelioration of the Servi from any thing like
absolute slavery, forms a strong feature in the
Anglo-Saxon laws : and we have the authority
of Bracton, at a later period, for asserting, that
however unhappy the condition of the Servi was
in other respects, yet their lives and their limbs
were under the protection of the laws ; so that
if the master killed his bondman, he was subject
to the same punishment as if he had killed any
other person.*
The form for emancipation of the Servi is
minutely described in the laws of the Conqueror.^
And we have one instance, at least, in Domes-
day, where such an emancipation took place.
** In Terra Willi Levric," at HeUe in Gloucester-
shire, it is said, " Ibi erant xii. serui qtios WilPs
Uberos fecit.** ^
The ANCiLLiE of the Survey were females
' Bract lib. i. c 9.
• LL. Will. Conq. 65. Wilk- p. 229. By Servi,
bond-men in general seem here to have been intended.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 167 b. In many cases, Nichols
observes, in Leicestershire, the Servus seems to have
been like a bailiff or steward, to direct the rest of the
tenants, farmers, and labourers. There is frequently no
more than one at a place, and he is then always named
G 4«
88 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal undcF clrcumstances nearly similar to the Servi,
in this Record. They Were disposed of in the same way at the
5 i.^jonj. pleasure of the lord. The laws, however, pro-
tected their chastity ; they could not be violated
with impunity even by their owners.
At Witelavesford in Warwickshire, the Abbey
of Evesham is said to have had " v. seruL 7 n.
ancillae 7 iiii. uillani in dflio." ^
13. Censarii, Censores, or Censorii, were
also among the occupiers of land. They appear
to have been free persons censum reddentes}
The Relief of such persons is noticed in the
Conqueror's Laws.*
14. PoRCARii. Although in one or two in-
stances in the Domesday Survey, mere Swine-
herds seem to have been intended by Porcarii^*
before the Villani and Bordarii. Hbt. Leic Introd.
Vol. p.xliii.
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 289.
« Tom. i. fol. 287. we have " 11. bord. 7 11. censor.
hntes. III. car." Fol. 299 b. ^ iiii. censores q^ rediv
XXX. sot." Fol. 302 b. *^ xv. censores hntes vii. car.*'
Fol. SSI. ^^ Ibi II. censores A'n/ ix. uilCi of lii. caf.^
Fol. S 14. *^ III. censarios. 7 alios xiiii. uilVos. Fol. S7i.
<^ I. censorium cum i. car. de iiii. solid." Tooi. ii.
fol. 15. ^^ XX. censarii" occur upon the Bishop of Dur-
ham's lands in Essex. Du Cangc explains Censarii,
<< yillani censui obnoxii, qui censum praestant." Gloss,
ii. 489.
5 See hereafter, under " Heriots and Reliefs."
^ As in Herefordshire, torn. i. fol. 180. *< Ibi molin
de VI. solid. 7. I. porcari^ 7. i. uacarius:" and among
the lands of the Church of Evesham in Worcestershire,
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 89
yet in the generality of entries in which they w_5^*^^.^.
are mentioned they appear in the rank of free m this Record.
occupiers, who rented the privilege of feeding § i. Penons.
pigs in the Woodlands, some for money,* and
some for payments in kind.^
15. The Homines, who are so frequently
mentioned, included all sorts of feudatory te-
nants. They claimed a privilege of having their
causes and persons tried only in the Court of
their Lord : ' to whom they owed the duty of
submission and professed dependance.^
tom.i. fol. 175 b. <' In Oleberge sunt. xii. acrse ^rse. 7
ibi 80Dt II. rusticL porcarii.^'
^ In Devonshire, at Otrei, *^ Ibi v. porcarij redd.
XXX. sot. 7* XV. den." torn. i. fol. 104.
* At Cadeberie in Somersetshire, ^* un^ porcarius
redd. XII. porcos p ann." torn. i. fol. 97 b. At Lideford,
<< una leii silute in Ig 7 laf . 7 porcarius redd x. porcos."
Ibid. fol. 99. At Peintone in Devonshire, <^ Ibi v. por-
carij redd. L. pore." At Nimetone *^ xvii. porcarij
redd q*?. xx**. 7 x. porcos." Ibid. fol. 102. In Here-
fordshire we find a porcarius who had held half a hide
in the time of the Confessor : <^ Isd. I^og. [de Luci] ten
dimid hid qua tenuit un^ porcarius T. R. E." At Write-
lam in Essex, tom. ii. fol. 5 b. ^ in tepr haroldi fuit i.
5orcari^ reddens consuef huic manerio sedens sup. i. uirg
rae. 7 xv. ac. S3 Rob grino p^q rex venit accepit eum
de manerio. & fee foristariu de silua reg."
^ Kennett, Par. Antiq. p. 152. and Glossar.
^ Consult Du Cange v. Hominium. Homage. In
Hertfordshire, tom. i. fol.lSS. under Daceuuorde^ among
the lands of the See of Canterbury we read ** Hanc
terram tenuit Aluric Blac de abbate Westmonasterii
tempore Regis Eduuardi nee poterat earn ab aecclesia
90 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMB8DAT.
Frinapd That the tenure of a Manor was not incom-
in thk Record, p^tible with the service of a homoy may be seen
§ iTp^iwnt, ^ ^^ entry in the account of Huntingdon.
- ** Dicunt [homines qui juraverunt in Hunte-
dune] rra Wluuini chit de Westone p se fuisse
maneriu. 7 non pertinuisse ad Kenebaltone. sed
tarn eu fuisse hoem haroldi comitis." ^
1 6. AngU and Anglici occur frequently in the
Survey among the under tenants, holding in
different capacities. At Hanlege in Dorset-
shire we have ** duo Angli liberL*' ^ " Angli
liberi homines '^ likewise occur at Dorchester in
Oxfordshire. The Angli and Francigense were
alike called upon in the valuation of property
before the Conqueror's Commissioners, as we
learn from the Ely Inquest At Newentone in
Wiltshire, among the possessions of Alured de
Merleberge, we read of certain land held by
Girardus. " Valuit x. life. modo. xviii. life. Ab
anglis appciat' xii. life."* The " Angligense
separare ut Hundred testatur sed pro aiiis terris Homo
Stigandi arcbiepiscopi fuit;" and in the same volome,
fol.225b. in Northamptonshire, among the lands of
William Pevrel, ** Socbi de Risdene 7 Irencestre
7 Rande fuerunt homines Burred et iccirco O* eps
clamat hominationem eorum.^'
In the Abingdon Chartulary, MS. Cotton. CUod.
C. IX. fol. 140. we have this explanation of homo;
^^ Abbas Picotum in bominem, id est bomagium, sus-
cepit, eo tenore nt militis unius servitium ab eo ubique
ecclesiae debitum inde exhiberet."
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 208. * Ibid. fol. 78 b.
» Ibid. fol. 70.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 91
burgenses'' of Shrewsbury will be hereafter Principd
- Jutten Dotio6d
noticed. in thii RfioonL
Such are the different descriptions of Te- ^i.Ta^nM.
nantry, and their rights^ more particularly noticed ^
in Domesday.
17* Among the Offices attached to names
we find Accipitrarii or Ancipitrarii, ArbaUstarii
or BaUstarii, Arcariij Biga^^ Camerarii,^ Campo^
Cod (Joqtd or Kocit^ Constabularius,^ Cubicularitis,
Dapifer^ Dispensatory Eqimrius,^ Forestarii,
HuscarUf'' Ingeniator^ Interpres, Lagemamu^^
Latmaritts,^ Legatus^ Liberatores, Marescal or
^ An Officer appointed to pronride Carriages^ &c. for
the use of the King. See De Bigariis capiendis. Rym.
Foed. ToLix. p. 261. Kelham, Domesd. Book. Illustr.
p. 16S. « Tom.i. fol. 151 bis.
^ Oloac. torn. i. fol. ] 62 b. << Hanc [dimid. hidam]
dedit W. com. cutdam Coquo silo.** Tezelinus coquus, at
Addington in Surrey) is supposed to have originated the
tenure of the dish of Malpygurnon, produced by the
owner of that manor at the coronation-banquet of our
Kings. See Lyson's Environs of London^ in loco,
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 151.
* ^ Ivo Dapifer Hugonis de Orentemaisnil.'' Tom. i.
fed. 218.
* <* Quidam equarius regis.'' Tom. i. fol. 218 b.
^ These were domestic Servants, although among
them we find Thanes, and some of the higher tenantry.
^ Huscarle regis E." is not an uncommon entry. Hus-
carles, however, were not confined to the King. Tom. i.
fol. 218. we have Auti ** huscarle comitb Algari."
" Lagemanni. Law-men, or lesser Thanes.
9 Latimer had the same meaning. *' Gilbertus Late-
mer, id est interpres.^' Reg. Mon. Abingd. MS. Cotton. ^
Claud. C. IX. fol. 139 b.
92 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY*
Principal MoTescalcus, Mcdicty Monitor j^ Pincema^ Pres-
Mattel's noticed
in this Record, bjfter R. jE.^ RectOT navis Regis^ Scuhdanm^^
§ \7p^iwn», St air e^^ Stirman or Stiremannus Regis ^^ Thesaw-
— rariuSf and Venator es^ of a higher description.*
Offices of an inferior description^ and Trades,
are, Aurifabrif Carpentariif^ CementarU, Cer^
visiarii, Fabri,^ Ferrariif FiguU, Fossarii, Fos-
' Domesd. torn. iL fol. 104 b. * Tom. i. fol. 151.
» Tom. i. fol. 85.
* Kelham, p. SS9. says <* Ma&ter of Horse, Constable,
Standard-bearer." He quotes Seld. Tit. Hod. p. 612.
In a curious Manuscript enumerating the possessioof,
relics, abbats, &c. belqpging to the monastery of Wal-
tbam in Essex, I find the following interpretation of
Stalre. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. S776. " Esgarus regm
Procurator Aulse, qui et Anglice dictus stalre, id est
Regni Vexillifer.'' Bondi stalrus occurs, Domesd. tom.L
fol. 218 b.
* Vifech Stirman regis E. Tom. i. fol. 217 b.
^ The officers of the ELing, it is to be observed, had
great deference paid to them, and the meanest situatioDs
about the court entided them to a high degree of pre-
eminence. When Hardicnute sent persons to dig up
the body of Harold, he appointed for that purpose
^Ifric archbishop of York, Oodwyn the eorl, Styr
master of the household, Edric the steward, Troubd his
cook, AND OTHERS of high Dignity* See Sim. Dunelm.
col. 180.
7 Tom. i. fol. 202. we have, << Duo Gtrpentarii
R^is," among the tenants in chief in Cambridgeshire.
* Faber s Kelham says, <^ a Smith, also a Carpenter."
In the account of Herefordshire, however, torn. L
fol. 187. these are distinct persons ; ** Ibi pposit^ if^
7 carpentar^'^ In general the Fabri seem to have
been Smiths ; though in one or two instances the men
aENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 93
satOTf GranetariuSj HostiariuSj^ Inguardif Joctu- Principal
, , Boatters Dotiocd
latar Regis, Joculatrix,^ Lauatores^ Loricatiy in this Record.
Lorimarius^ ^ Loripes, Mercatores^ Missatict, § i."pbim«.
JMonetarii,^ Farcher^ PamCt, Piscatores, Pis- —
tareSf Portaritis, Potarii^ or Poters, Prebend-
arii,^ Prrfecti, Prepositi,^ Satinarii,^ Scutu-
larhis^Servientes, Sutores, Tonsor,^^ and Vigilantes
homines.
Among ecclesiastical Offices, we have CapP'
ceritis Mcc\. Winton. the Sacrist ; and Matri-
employed in fusing and working iron ore are cer-
tainly intended. Dr. Nash, Obs. on Domesd. for
Wora p. 16. remarks, " A person who could shoe
horses and work in iron was a valuable appendage to a
manor."
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 98 b.
* Joculator and Joculatrix were minstrels. <^ Bardic
jocu/a/or Regis,^' torn. i. fol. 162. Under CJadford in
Surrey, torn. i. fol. 38 b. ** De isto manerio tenet Abbas
de Lire iii. virg. terrae et decimam villse et Adelina
joculatrix unam virgatam quam Rogerus Comes dedit ei/'
5 Tom.ii. fol. 117.
^ See the section upon '< Moneyers and the Liberty
of Coinage,'' hereafter.
» Tom. i. foL 98 b.
* Tom. i. fol. 65. ^^ Ibi potarii reddt. xx. soi. p
anno.''
' Purveyors. " Vluard prebendarius Regis," tom. i.
fol. 74. << Quidam prebendarius Regis Vlsi^'' tom. i.
foL 218.
* ** Prefect! " and ** Prepositi ** were synonimous*
See Domesd. tom. i. fol. 218 b.
9 Com. Dors. tom. i. fol. 80. "xvi. Salinarii."
'° Durandus tonsor. tom. i. foL 49.
4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Pri^iMi adarius ^ccL S. Johannis Cestriae. Buzecarh
MittCTg notiood
in this Record, wcrc Mariners : ^ HospiteSi occupiers of Houses.
§1. Pmoiu. 18. Among the Assistants in Husbandry
~' we find Apium custos^ Arantes hcymines? BeV"
quarUf^ Bwarii^^ Caprarum mediatory^ Data^
Granatarius^ MeUitariiy^ Mercennarius,^ For*
carii,^ and Vacarim.
> Under Malmesberie in Wiltshire, << Q'do rex ibat
in expedition i ?ra i mari i habeb de hoc burgo ant X2.
solid ad pascendos suos buzecarr. aut unu homine daceb
secu p honore. v. hidaru.^ When Earl Tosti was drifen
from the Humber^ where he had arrived with sixty
ships, by Earl Edwin^ it is said in the Saxon Chrooide
p. 172. ]7a Butpe-caplaf hme fopfocan. His sailors left
him.
* Domesd. torn. ii. foL 176 b.
' A corruption or rather abbreviation of Berbicarii.
Shepherds. See Du Cange, pp. 1128. 1129. IIBO.
* Neat-herds.
* Hantesc. Domesd. torn. i. fol. 47* in Neteham hiuidr.
<< Wi& de Braiose ten de rege dim hidS. Weoesi
tenuit de rege E. ad csuetud sic ej^ antecessor terniit qui
fiiit mediator caprarum. Non potuit se vertere ad alia
dnm.^' One who attends the she-goats. A goat-herd,
a keeper^ or feeder of Goats. Kelham, p. 270.
* Tom. i. fol. 65. ** xxiii. bord 7 ix. mellitarij.*
7 Tom. ii. foL 26 b. A hired servant Kelham.
* See p. 89.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfBSDAY. 95
IVindpal
Sect. 2. — LANDS. Matters notioed
in this ReooitL
1.— jTAeir Denominations. j 2. Landu
In the Domesday Survey, four principal
descriptions of Land are mentioned : Terra ;
Sitoa ; Pastura; and Pratum.
Tkb&a^ put simply, uniformly signifies arable
land, as distinct from wood, meadow^ and com-
mon pasture. ^
« Cultura Terrae," " Frustum Terrae,"
•^ Lucrum Terrae, '* ** Membrum Terrae, "
** Particula Terrae/* and " Parum Terrae," were
names for inferior parcels or slips of land.
Among the King's lands in the Isle of Wight,
it is said, tom. i. fol. 39 b. ^^ In insula hi rex
ufl frustu trae. unde exeunt vi. uomeres.*'
** Haa," " Planum,'* or '' Plana ?ra," was plain,
or open ground, opposed to woods and cop-
pices. In Worcestershire, tom. i. fol. I76 b. it
is said, " T. R. E. fuit numerata pro xv. hid.
inr Mia 7 planu.^*
In folio 8. of the first volume of the Survey,
'we read of *^ il Mansurae rrae in Cantuaria de
^ See Kennett, Glossar. Par. Andq. Tena arabilis,
liowever, is nevertheless occasionally mentioned ; several
times in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and once in Essex.
Xn one or two entries in the first volame of the Survey,
* terra arabilis duplex" or ^^ ad duplum'' occurs ; and
once, ** terra duplicil ad arand." Once the phrase
occurs ^^ XLi. ac. de aratura." tom. ii. foL 2 b. Tom. i.
fol. 306. we have ^^ campus arabit.'^
96 OENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal XII. dena?.*' as appertaining to the manor of
Matters nodoed ^^ , tt i i
in this Record. Utnngdene. Hasted says that these were
§ 2. Lands, picces of land of no determined size. Thorn,
Script. X. Twysd. p. 180 b. speaks as if the
Solidata and Mansura terras were the same, sub
ann. 1144. ^'Illas uero tres solidatas terrse quas
monachi in curia Romana conventionati sunt
reddere, sicut exitus ipse probat, prasdicti abbas
et monachi de proprio jure suo dederunt prae-
fato Archiepiscopo et Ecclesiae suae extra aqui-
lonalem portam civitatis Cant, tres videlicet
Mansuras simul conjunctas contra scilicet aus-
tralem angulum cimiterii Sancti Gregorii juxta
magistram viam a dextris sicut itur in civi-
tatem."
SiLVA and Nemus are the usual terms in the
Survey for wood : and in a few entries Silvula.
The woodland appears to have been every where
carefiilly entered. " Not that the timber was
at that time of great value,'* says Nichols, " but
principally on account of the acorns and beech
mast, which, when the country was in a very
imperfect state of cultivation, had a degree of
importance of which we can form a very in-
adequate idea at this time." *
At Broteham in Kent, tom. i. foL 3. we have,
" Silua qdo fructific. q*ngenl por8." At Mft.
rovrde in the same county, fol. 14. " tanl
> Diss, on Domesday Book. Introd. VoL Hist Leic.
p. xliii.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 97
siluae unde exeunt lx. pore de pasnag/* At Principal
Seneorde in Hampshire, foL 44 b. '^Silua de in this Record.
iiii. pore, maxima pars ej^ uento corruit'* Of § ^IZndu
the manor of Adelingham in that county,
foL 50. it is said, '' De isto CD. e. una hida in
foresta regis. 7 tantu si] us unde exibant. xx.
porS de pasnag." At Fuleham in Middlesex,
foL IS7 b. on the land in the Bishop of London's
demesne, '* Silua mille pore " occurs ; and on
the tenemental land of the See held by Ful-
cheredus on the same manor, ** Silua ccc. porS.'
At Totehele in the county of Middlesex, we
have, ** Silua cl. pore;" and at Westminster,
" Silua c. pore." Ibid. 127 b. 128. At Mun-
dene in Hertfordshire, " Silua cl. porS. 7 altera
SiJua unde. cc. pore, pascerent'.'* At Cestre-
hunt in the same county, "Silua mille cc^'
pore 7 XL. denar.*' Ibid. fol. 137.
Pasnagiunit or Pannage, had a double accep-
tation in the Survey. It meant first the running
and feeding of Hogs in the Woods, and, in
a secondary sense, the price or rate of their
running. In one or two entries it is termed
Pastio.
In Huntingdonshire, under the possessions
of Thomey Abbey, the abbat of Bury is stated
to have held of that monastery a fishing vessel,
two fisheries, two fishermen, and a virgate of
land, " 7 p his dat pastionS sufficients cxx.
porcis. 7 si pastio deficit:^ de annona pascit &
H
^ CKItEK^f. INTJEtOIHfCTlOK TO DOMESDAY.
^naOpti imping^uat lx. porcos :" ' and at Stanlei in War-
Matters noticed / f. , - ^ « .* «,,. o
in this Record. wicKshiTe wc have *^ post ad ir mil pore. *
Ssfxlndf. Among the rents of Patricesy, belonging to
the abbey of Westminster, it is said ** De uifto
habente x. pore, uii porc^. si min^ nil dat.**'
And again at Leofminstre in Herefordshire,
<< Quisq^ uillanus hfls x. porcos dat uii porcu
de pasnagio/* ^ Under Cedesfelle in Sussex, we
have ** Silua iii. porS. 7 herbage v. porS." * So
at Cherchefelle in Surry, " Silua cxl. por8 de
pasnag. 7 de herbagio rf xLin. por5/* • and in
numerous other instances. Under Wochinges
in Surry, it is said, " Istud W habet 7 habuit
csuetudine in silua regis de Wochinges hoc e
qd d&s uillas huj^ potest habe in ipsa sUua cxx.
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 205.
a Ibid. fol. 2S8. ' Ibid. fol. S2.
^ Ibid. fol. 180. Bishop Kennett says, << In Scot-
land the tithe or tenth hog was paid for pannage ; as
in those forest laws — ' Iste autem est modus pannagii,
videlicet de qualibet cindre^ id est de decern pordsi
Rex habebit meliorem porcum^ et forestarius unom
hogastrum.^ This custom," he adds, *^ obtained in
England, and was here called Tack. < Dabit panna-
gium vocatum Tack, videlicet, pro decern porcis unam
porcum meliorem, et si non habet decem, dabit Domino
decimum denarium porcorum suorum cum app^redati
fuerint per vicinos suos.' Ex Lib. Baronias de Sher-
born. MS." Gloss. Par. Antiq.
* Domesd. tom. i. fol. 18.
6 Ibid. fol. 30.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 99
pore sine pasnagio" ^ In the Second Volume PHneipd
of Domesday, Suffolk, fol. 433 b. *^ In Brictrices m^STi^ord.
haga est silva qua poterant pasci xvi. por5. 5 sTiInds.
Tempore Regis Edwardi. Modo iiii."
'* Silua infructuosa,*' " SUua inutilis,'' " Silua
ad ignem tantum," << Silua nil reddens," and
" Silua sine pasnagio,'' are terms of frequent
occurrence in the Survey, indicating that the
woods so described afforded nothing that could,
comparatively speaking, become an object of
attention. The Saxons, Nichols observes, even
estimated the value of a tree by the number
of Hogs that could lie under it^ In the laws
of Ina, it is said, '< Si quis autem detruncet
arborem sub qua triginta porci consistere que-
unt, et fiat convictus, solvat sexaginta solidos." '
Even trespasses on the woods were punished
with severity. " Si quis in querceto suo porcum
■ Domesd. torn. i. fol. SI. Of payments in money for
Pamiage, the following may serve as instances. In
Hampshire, at Rincvede, *^ Silua de c q^ter xx. 7
IX. pore, de pasnag. Hoc qd rex h{ Y ualet vii. lib.
7 X. sot numero.'^ tom. i. fol. 39. In Oxfordshire,
at Cherielintone, we read, ^' De p^tis 7 pascuis 7 pas-
nagio 7 aliis consuetud viii. life." Again, under
Seiptone, ^* De p"tis 7 pasnagio 7 gablo 7 aliis csuetud
XII. life. 7 xvii. solid:" and at Blochesham and
Edbvrgberie, <^ De pasnagio xxiiii. sot 7 vii. den. 7
XL. pore cu onerat:' 7 ali^do lxvi. pore." Ibid,
fol. 154* b. Compare Manwood's Treatise of the Laws
of the Forests, 4^ Lond. 1665. chap. x. p. 195.
* Hist. Leic. ut supra. ^ LL. Inas. 44. Wilk. p. 22.
H 2
100 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAT.
Principal absque Domini venia inveniat, sumat tunc sex
Matters notieed ,. - . , . o« m • y» • -
in thia Record, solidos pignoHS pretium. Si iDi uou fuenut
§ 2."x^ plus una vice tunc unum solvat solidum propiius
ejus Dominus, et confirmet per capitale suum,
quod amplius non sit intraturus ibi. Si duo ibi
fuerint, solvat duos solidos. Si pasnagium a
porcis sumatur, de tridigitali tertius, de duo
digitali quartus, de pollicis crassitudine quintus
porcus sumatur/* ^ The laws of Hoel Dha,
which were written not long before the time
of the Survey, afforded similar protection to
WoodJand.
It must not however be passed over that
wood, such as might be useful, even for domestic
purposes, is occasionally particularly specified
in Domesday. ^^ Silua ad clausuram," for mak-
ing fences, is commonly noticed : as well as
" Nemus ad sepes reficiendas.*' " Nemus ad
sepes et domos," " Nemus ad domos Curiae,^
and ^* Silua ad faciendas domos,'' also occur.,
"Silua in defenso," or " in defenso Regis,*'
implied that it was fenced in to secure its
growth. ** Silua minuta "or " modica " was
underwood or coppice. Once we have " Ris-
palia ad sepes.'* ^ And in a few entries ^* Broca**
or brushwood,' and '* Grava*" ^ ** Alnetum "
^ LL.Inffi.50.WiIk.p.22. « Domesd. tom.i. foLl40b.
* In Dorsetshire at Lichet ^' Brocae i. leu id Ig 7
lar' occurs : torn. i. fol. 80 b. and at Bortone in Lindesig
we have " Lxx. ac brocae." torn. i. fol. 847.
« See torn. i. foil. 155 b. 156. 157. 157 b. 158 b. 159.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 101
occurs several times, and at Spall inge in Lin- principal
colnshire, " Silua alnorum.'' * " Fraxinetum/' ^"thiriui^rd.
a grove of Ash trees, a furlong both in length ^ ^Tilnds.
and breadth, is mentioned at Langeport in - .
Northamptonshire.* " Querci,*' Oaks, are men-
tioned by name but three times : yet the great
encouragement which the cultivation of the oak
received is not proved merely by the entries
already quoted concerning pannage : in Dorset-
shire, under Bridetone, it is said *^ Boscus tefl
Havocumbe. ptiii ad Bridetone. ita qd T. R. E.
duae partes ej^ erant in firma. regis tcia u"* pars
t tlcia quercus erat Edwini comitis quae m° ptinet
ad Frantone S S. Stefani CadoBisis." * At
To vetune in Nottinghamshire we have "paruum
Salictum,'* and in Ciluuelle in the same County
" iiii. a5 Salicti : '' plantations of Osiers.^ ** Spi-
netum'* occurs several times/ according to
Kelham for thorney ground,* or perhaps for a
Spinney, as it is provincially called, or young
plantation/ In two entries we have " Virgul-
tum :'* and once, " x. ac Runceti.*'® " Dena
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. S5I b. « Ibid. fol. 226 b.
» Ibid. fol. 75. * ibid. foil. 287 b. 289 b.
* Tom.i. foil. 156. 158.
^ Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 838.
7 Nichols's Dissert, on Domesd. ut supra.
• " Roncaria, or Runcaria," says Lord Coke, " signi-
fieth land full of brambles and briers, and is derived o.
Roncier, the French word, which signifieth the same."
BuncaliSy Roncalis, Roncaria^ ager incultus, runcandus
H 3
103 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal siluffi/' a Valley or low ground of wood, occurs
in this Record, in different entries in both volumes of the Sur-
§ siTunds. vey. At Tarentefort in Kent we have " de
Silua VIII. denae parus 7 in. magn©."^ We
have also ^^ Silua pastilis per loca/' in many
instances, where the woods appear to have been
mixed with pasturage. Once the word *^ Lucus**
is used.^
In the mention of *^ Essarz*' we have pro-
bably the earliest notices of increasing cultiva-
tion. In the account of Merchelai in Hereford-
shire we read, ** In eod W sunt Lvin. acr©
trffi gjectae de silua. 7 ppositus 7 alii u. hoes
teii plures ac's de ipsa tra.*' * Under Leofininstre
it is said ^* de Exsartis siluae exeunt xvii. solid
7 iiii. denar.'*^ At Wibelai in the same county
** rra ad i. car de Essarz'* occurs.* Essarts was
a forest-phrase for a cultivated spot, from the
French assartir^ to make plain.*
Pasture was another of the leading features
into which tlie Domesday Survey appears to
have divided the face of the country. " Pastura
a noxiis et inutilibus herbis et sentibus, quas mdeBonee$
vocant Galli." Du Cange. Eunco, is a weeding-hook.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 2 b.
? At Bedwinde in Wiltshire, torn. i. fol. 64 b. •* In
hoc SS fuit T. R. £. lucus hns dimid. leu Ig. 7 iii. q&
laf ." — " Modo tenet eu Henricus de Ferreres."
5 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 179 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 180 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 184 b.
^ See Spelm. Glossar. v. Essarttim.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 103
ad pecuniam Villae " perpetually occurs,* and in Principal
a few instances " Pasturss communes." ^ Of a im^uiEUoord.
small parcel of land at Svere in Dorsetshire we $ ^Tilniu
read ^ prius erat pascualis m** seminabilis.'' ' At
Sunbume in Hampshire the Eong's bailiffclaimed
file the manor a virgate of land and <* pascua
qua Tocant duna," a Down/ ^ Herbagium '' is
a term also used for feed.
" Pratum bob5** oc " Carrucis," is to be inter-
preted Meadow sufficient for the Oxen employed
in tilling the arable land, or proportionable to
the ploughlands. " Pratum sufficiens carucis/*
tom.i. fol. 162 b. At Fuglemaere in Cambridge-
shire we have '^ Ptum omib^ car." *
Maresc, MersCy or Mora^ is Marsh or Fen
Land, and occurs principally in Cambridgeshire,
Huntingdonshire, and Lincolnshire, the rent
being chiefly paid in eels.
ForestSj ParkSj 8^.
Forests, being no objects of assessment, and
being of private and especial jurisdiction, are
rarely noticed in the Domesday Survey ; the
■ ■III., ■ ■■ I ' - —
' The different acceptations of Pecunia will be noticed
in another page.
> In Suffolk, Domesd. torn. ii. fol. SS9 b. ^< In Hund.
de Colenes est quuedam pastura communis omnibus
hominibus de Hundret."
* Ibid. torn. i. fol. 80 b. * Ibid. fol. 39 b.
» Ibid. fol. 196 b.
H 4
IM GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal namcs of four only, exclusive of the New Forest
inthisRccoitL in Hampshire, being discoverable in that Re-
§ 2."i^ cord : viz. Windsor Forest in Berkshire,^ the
Forest of Grauelinges in Wiltshire,^ Winbume
in Dorsetshire/ and Hucheuuode or Whichwood
in Oxfordshire.*
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 58 b. Neither the Forest of
Middlesex, nor the forest of Essex are mentioned, though
both must have existed : <^ Forestarius de silva Regis **
occurs under Writtle in Essex, tpm. ii. fol. 5 b. We
have evident notices of forest land also in Woroestei^
shire.
< Ibid. tom. i. fol. 74*. ^^ Forestarii Regis ten. i»
hii. 7 dim in foresta de Grauelinges. vat. xxx. sot."
* Ibid. fol. 78 b.
^ Ibid. foL 154 b. ^^ In Scotome. Stauuorde. Wode-
stoch. Corneberie. 7 Hucheuuode dnice forestse regis
hi. hnt. IX. leu Ig. 7 totid la?."
In Gloucestershire, torn. i. fol. 166 b. under the lands
of William de Ow at Wigheiete, ^* Alestan tenuit
T. K. E. Nc est jussu Regis in foresta sua.'* At
toL 167 b. under Dene, among the lands of William
Fitz Norman, it is said, << Has terras concessit rex K
quietas a geldo pro foresta^ cusfod\'* evidendy alloding
to what is now the forest of Dean. In Langebrige
Hundred in Gloucestershire, another Forest is men-
tioned. A Forest also in Herefordshire, but without
a name, is several dmes alluded to, foil. 179 b. 181.
184. 186.
Lewis, in his <^ Historical Inquiries concemiog
Forests and Forest Laws," 4^ Lond. 1811. p. 2.
says, ^^ At the time of the Conquest^ the number <rf
Forests in this kingdom, according to Cowel, was sixty-
eight.'' Cowel, however, only says that <^ besides New
Forest, there are sixty-eight Forests in England.*' He
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 105
The formation of The New Forest has added ,, Principd
Matters notieed
much to the load of reproaches laid on the in this Record.
memory of the Conqueror* Our historians con- § 2. Lands.
cur in accusing him of laying waste the country
in Hampshire to a very large extent, of expelling
the inhabitants ft'om their houses, seizing their
property, and even destroying Churches, without
giving the sufferers any compensation for the
injury. Knyghton^ who makes William Rufus a
partner in the devastation with his father, re-
presents opinion to have varied in the number
of Churches destroyed, from twenty-two, beside
dependent Chapels, to fifty-two.* Voltaire raised
a doubt on this occasion. He thought he had
found a sufficient argument against the story,
in the little likelihood there was that William
should hope to see trees which he had planted
when he was sixty-three, grown up to shelter
beasts of chace.^ Domesday however itself
bears testimony to the afforestation. William
was acquainted with a speedier method of making
a Forest than that of waiting for the growth of
trees, as we Jeam by perpetual entries in the
Survey, and numerous entries occur in which
portions only of Manors appear to have been
afforested Under Borgate we read, ** Silua
took his list from Spelman's Glossary, and Spelman says
nothing of the Conquest, or its time.
» Script. X. Twysd. col. 2354. 2378.
* Essaye sur I'Histoire Generale, torn. i. p. 240.
106 GBNS&AL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal hui^ S* 2 in forests regis :*** under Avere, " Tol
Matters noticed oi-oW ^ - n ^ -ts^ j
in this Record, ndxcp Huy CD est u) foresta r^is : ' ^ under
§ sfloiMfe Bichetone^ ^< Pastura huj^ ^ est in foresta E^i&
7 qusedam pars silu® :'** under RipLe^ «* De
isto W. sunt III. hidse in foresta regis. 7 totfi
nemus :*' ^ under Esselei, " Silua huj^ CD. de
vin. porS. te£l rex in sua foresta."^ Besides
these, the lands ^* in Nova Foresta et circa eam^
form a distinct division of Hampshire in the
Survey, in the Hundreds of Rodbridge, Rodedic,
Egeiete, Rincuede, and Bovre.^ The enquiry
after the condition of property in the time of
Edward, and the circumstance that numerous
plots of land were in part only afforested, were
perhaps the reasons why so much notice was
taken of the forest.
On the destruction of Churches by the C!on-
queror, we have only to observe that the fact is
allowed even by his own chaplain, Willdmus
Gemeticensis ; who, speaking of the death ctf*
William Rufus and his brother Richard,^ in the
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. S9. * Ibid. fol. 44 b.
3 Ibid. fol. 50 b. * Ibid. fol. 51 b.
» Ibid. « Ibid. fol. 51. 51 b.
^ In that part of the Survey which relates to Hert-
fordshire^ Aldene is said to hold Teuuinge under Peter
de Valoines. ^^ Hoc S5," it is added, << tenuit isd
teign^ R. E. 7 uende potuit. Sed W. rex ded hoc S
huic Aldene 7 matri ej^ pro anima Ricardi JUii st$if ut
ipsemet dicit 7 p breue suu ostend. Modo dicit Petros
qd habet hoc S5 ex dono regis." torn. i. fol. 141 b. See
GENERAL INTBODUCTIOV TO DOMESDAY. lOT
Forest, says, ** Ferunt autem multii quod ideo JPnndpd
hi duo filij Willielmi Regis in ilia silva judicio in thii Record.
Dei perierunt ; quoniam multas villas et Eccle* § ^Tilndt.
siaSf propter eandem Forestam amplificandam,
in dreuitu ipsius destruxerat." ^
It is remarkable, that out of seventy-^three
allotments of territory noticed in this part of
the Survey of Hampshire, two Churches only
occur, one at Melleford, and the other at Bro-
ceste, while, in the rest of the county, we find
no fewer than a hundred and fifteen.
a amilar entry in the Exeter Domesday for Dorsetshire,
p. 20.
> Will. Gemeticens. lib. viii. c. 9. Hist. Normann.
Script, antiqui a Duchesne, fol. Par. 1619. p. 296.
From the following passage in the Abingdon Char-
tulary, " De quatuor hidis de Winckbfeld," Wil-
liam the Conqueror appears to have extended the limits
of Windsor Forest. " Preterea de villa Winckefeld
versus Wildeshoram sita Regis arbitrio ad forestam illic
amplificandam iiij. hidae tunc exterminatae sunt. Adeo
autem saltus ille Abbatiae noxius illo tempore extitit
quod non solum loca dudum hominum habitacula nunc
ferarum fierent cubilia ; venim etiam super hoc major
oppidi quod in vicino super flumen Tamisiss locatum
nomen silvss continet, duas silvas quarum una Jerdelea
altera Bacsceat dicebatur illi villse Winckefeld attinentes
sibi usurparet. Dicebatur is Walterus filius Oti, cujus
potestati illo obniti parum profuit^ cum esset illius
Castelli et forestarum per comitatum Berkesdre ubique
coDsitarum primas et tutor, et milites nostri penes eum
excubias oppidi observarent. His itaque causis quod
sibi ille contraxerat tunc retinuit." MS. Cotton. Claud.
C. IX. fol. 134 b.
108 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal It has been clearly proved that the names of
in this Record, places, such as ChuTck Place in one walk, and
§ ^TUnds. Church Moor in another, Castle Malwood, Peel
Hill, Castle Hill, Lucas Castle, the castle in
Burley, Thomson's Castle, Roe Castle, and
Queen's Bower, arc not the only indications of
former edifices within the present circuit of the
Forest. These different spots, by ridges and
inequalities of surface, and by fragments of
building materials which have been found within
them, upon digging, shew strong marks of for-
mer foundations. At the castle in Burley the
foundation of a church or chapel is said to
have been formerly visible. "
Gough, in his edition of Camden,^ and War-
ner, in his Topographical Remarks relating to
the South-western parts of Hampshire,* gave^
each^ a tabular estimate of the quantum of
injury which William was supposed really to
have occasioned to the population and agricul*
ture of this part of England by the afforestatioDj
abstracting the quantity of land in hides, vir-
gates, and acres, with the respective values of
the different allotments of property in the Con-
fessor's and the Conqueror's reigns. A third
> See the Researches of Mr. William Stewart Rose^
as they are detailed in his Notes to the Red King,
pp. 204-208.
* Addit. to Camden's Britannia, edit. 1789 vol. i.
p. 129.
' 8°. Lond. 1793. vol.i. p. 182-189.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 109
tabular arrangement was made by the late Principal
_ _ _- . - - , • n SCattsrs noticed
Mr. Bmgley, among his preparations for a in this Record.
history of Hampshire. From this table it ^^Tllnds.
appears, that at least a hundred and forty hides —
had been afforested between the time of Edward
the Confessor, and that of the Survey. These,
reckoning four virgates in each hide, and thirty
acres to make a virgate, will amount to nearly
seventeen thousand acres. The greater part of
the additions, thus made, appear to have been
on the borders of an anterior forest, mentioned
by several writers under the name of Ytene, and,
in the making of them, there can be little doubt
of the destruction of numerous habitable places.
The latter is evident, from the names of many
of them terminating in ham and ton, or tune :
as Truham, Greteham, Adelingeham, Wolne-
tune, Bermintune, and others, all indicating
former villages or hamlets. Two hundred and
fifteen hides, four virgates, four acres of land,
producing in the reign of Edward the Con-
fessor i^363. 19. 10. appear to have been re-
duced by the Conqtieror to seventy-six hides,
one virgate, twenty-six acres, yielding only
Gough's Table was the least extensive of the
three already mentioned; taking in only that
part of the Survey which in itself purported to
relate immediately to the New Forest and its
environs, and omitting all the other parts of
110 GENEBiX INTRODUCTION TO DOMfeSDAT.
Principal the Survey of the county in which lands are
in'this luLrd. stated to have been afforested : thus reducing
§ sTi^nds. ^^^ quantity of land really added by the Con-
— queror almost an half.
Of certain manors in the Hundred of Broc-
tone, it is said, ** De istis 59 habebat dim
pposit^ mel 7 pastura ad firma su^ 7 sUua ad
faciendas domos. Modo h&t li forestarij. ppositi
nichil/' ' Under Edlinges, we read, « T. R. E.
ualfc. xxxvrii. lib. 7 viii. solid 7 iiii. defi. 7
post r' similit. Modo r' xx. life. 7 taiii redd. lii.
life. 7 VI. sot. 7 uii deH. cii iUis reb5 qucs cadunt
in Faresta.^* ^
The Venatores in the Survey are numerous.
They appear frequently among the officers of
the great barons. Waleran the huntsman is
entered in Hampshire as holding several manors
in that county in capite : with still larger pos-
sessions held in chief in Wiltshire and Dorset-
shire. ' He also held lands in Hampshire under
the abbey of Saint Peter Winchester.* Croch
the huntsman likewise occurs among the tenants
in chief in Hampshire.^ Eduinus the huntsman
held two hides in Hampshire, which had been
given to him by King Edward the Confessor.*
Vluiet, Wluuinus, and Wigot are mentioned as
< Domesd. torn. i. fol. 38 b. > Ibid.
' Ibid. foil. 48 b. 72. 82. ^ Ibid. fol. 42 b.
» Ibid. fol. 49. ' Ibid. fol. 50 b.
6ENEHAL INTRODUCTION TO DOfifBSDAT* 111
huntsmen to the Confessor.^ Aluuin^ was the ivindpia
Venator to Editha the Confessor's Queen.^ in'thiTi^^.
Richard the Forester, who is also called Richard 5 ^TiZids.
Venator and Richard Chinen, is said to have ^
held his lands in Warwickshire, of the gift of
the Conqueror, by the service of keeping the
forest of Kenoc in Staffordshire, and paying to
the King ten marks yearly.^
Among the customs of Berkshire, as existing
in the time of Edward the Confessor, it is said>
'< qui monitus ad stabititionem venationis & ibat.
L. sot. regi emdabat."* The " Stabilitio in
silua," mentioned under Hereford, will be
noticed among the customs of the Burghs. The
" Stabilitio Venationis '* also occurs in the ac-
count of Shrewsbury.^ Stabilitio meant stalling
^ Domesd. tom. i. foil. 64 b. 190 b. 217.
^ Ibid. fol. 139 b.
' Kelham, Illustr. of Domesd. Book. p. 112. from
Dadg. Warw.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 56 b. In the Laws of Henry I.
we have one ^* De Placitis Forestarum!* ** Flacitum
quoque Forestarum multiplici satis est incommoditate
vallatum, de essartis, de csesione, de combustione, de
venatione, de gestatione arcus et jaculorum in Foresta,
de misera canum expeditatione. Si quis ad Stabih-
TATEM non venit. Si quis pecuram suam recliuam
dimiserit de aedificiis in Foresta, &c.'' Wilk. 245.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 252. <* Quando rex jaceb in
hac civitate seruabant eu vigilantes, xii. hdes de meliori-
bus ciuitatis. Et cu ibi venationem exerceret similit
custodiebant eu cu armis meliores bnrgses caballos
habentes. Ad stabilUiotiem u® mittebat uicecomes.
112 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal the Deer. To drive the Deer and other Grame
Matters noticed
in this Record from all quarters to the centre of a gradualljr
§2. Landi. contractcd circle where they were compelled
to stand, was stabiUtio. Malmesbury, Script.
post Bedam. edit. 1596. p. 44. speaking of iltkt
mildness of Edward the Confessor*s temper,
says, «' Dum quadam vice venatum isset, et
agrestis c^xxiABxa-STABULATA illa^ quibus in casses
cervi urgentur^ confudisset, ille sua nobili per-
citus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem ejus tan-
tundem tibi nocebo, si potero.**
At Fledberie in Worcestershire, the Bishop
of Worcester had a Wood, " ii. le^ Ig 7 dimid
laL de qua M eps quicquid de ea exit in ueaa-
tione et melle.*' * Among the lands of Osbem
Fitz Richard, " in Marcha de Walls '* it is said,
<< excreuer silua in quib} isd Osbnus uenatione
exercet. 7 inde H qd cape potest. Nil aliud*'* *
At Chingestune in Herefordshire, upon the
King's demesne, we read, <* Ibi silua noe Triue^
line, nulla reddens Ssuetudine nisi uenationem*
ViiK T. R. £. ibi manentes. portab uenationS
ad Hereford, nee aliud seruitiu facieb at scira
dicit''»
The Forests, consisting of woody and desert
tracts which had never been disposed of in the
xxxvi. hoes pedites. quadiu rex ibi esset. Ad parcu aul
de Marsetelie. inuenieb. xxxvi. hoes j^ csuetudine viii*
dieb}." ^
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 172 b. ^ Ibid. foL 186 b.
» Ibid. fol. 179 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 113
first distribution of lands, were considered, even Principal
. - - t r>t Matters noticed
in the oaxon times, as belonging to the Crown, mthu Record.
Freeholders, however, had the liberty of sport- § 27ilnds.
ing on their own territories, as is fully expressed
in the following law of King Canute : " Volo
etiam, ut quilibet homo sit dignus venatione sua
in sylva, et in agris sibi propriis, ac abstineat
quilibet a venatione mea ubicurique pacem ha-
beri volo pro plena mulcta.'* * So, also, in the
laws of the Confessor : " Et omnis sit venatione
sua dignus in nemore, in campo, in dominio suo,
et abstineat omnis homo a venariis Regis, ubi-
cunque pacem eis habere voluerit, super plenam
witam, Le. Forisfacturam.'* ^
These laws, it is probable, gave rise to the
Parks, which we find entered in the Survey ;
some of which were of considerable extent.
The persons who are enumerated as holding
Parks, beside the King, are the Bishop of
Baieux, the Earl of Ow, Earl Roger, the Bishop
of Winchester, Emulf de Hesding, Hugh de
Grentemaisnil, Peter de Valongies, Walter Gif-
fard, Urso, Roger de Laci, the Countess Judith,
Hugh de Bel camp, Suein of Essex, the Earl of
Moretaine, Robert Malet, and Robert Blund.
The usual term is " Parens,*' " Parens bestium
siluaticarum,*' or " Parens ferarum siluatica-
» Leg. Canut. 77. LL. Anglo-Sax. Wilk. p. 146.
« Leg. Edw. Conf. S5. Ibid. p. 205.
I
114 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMBSDAY*
Principal mm/' Thc Monastery of Saint Alban appears
Matters noticed "^ . *•
intbis Record, to havc had aPaik in the vill adjoining.^ Stow^
$ 3. Lands, in his Annals,' and Sir William Ihigdale in IIms
History of Warwickshire, appear to have been
mis-led by John Ross into the opinion that the
Park of Woodstock in Oxfordshire, said to have
been made by King Henry the First, was the
earliest in England/
The Haije noticed in the Survey oocur
chiefly in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shrop-
shire, and Cheshire. In the first of these
counties, under Chintune, we find, << i. Haia ia
qua capiebant' fera^'' ^ In Herefordshire,
under Rviscop, it is said, << Ibi e una Haia in
una magna silua:"^ and under Bemdldune,
'< Silua e ibi magna, sed qtitas li fuit dicta. Ibi
e una Haia. in qua qd potest cape captat." This
is among the lands of Hugh Lasne.^ In Shrop-
shire, at Lege, " iii. Haiae firmae" are noticed:^
at Wrdine, " Silua in qua sunt iiii. Haias :*' ® at
Cortune, " Ibi e Haia capreolis capiend :'* • and
at Lingham, on the land of Ralph de Mortemer,
" III. Haiae capreol capiendis." ^® In Cheshire,
> Domcsd. torn. i. fol. 1S5 b. > Edit 16S1. p. 145.
' Joannis Rossi Hist. Regum Angliae, edit Heame,
8*>. Oxon. 1716. p. 138.
« Domesd. torn. i. fol. 176. ^ Ibid. fol. 185 b.
« Ibid. fol. 187. ' Ibid. fol. 254 b.
B Ibid. fol. ^S5 b. 9 Ibid. fol. 256 b.
>o Ibid. fol. 260.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 115
at Wivreham, " ii. Haise capreolorum : " ^ at Principal
>^i • T TT • tio T T»T • 1 1 • Matters noticed
Chingeslie^ " mi. Haiae. ^ Iii Warwickshire, in thu Record
upon the Earl of Mellent's lands at Dornelei, § 27iZuu.
we read, " Ibi haia hfis dimid leuu Ig. 7 tantd
laL"^ At Lailand in Lancashire, among the
lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, it
is said, " Hoes huj^ OD 7 de Salford non opa-
bunt' ad aul^ regis. Tanlm^ i. hai^ in silua
facieb."^ and, among the possessions of Saint
Peter Gloucester at Hamme and Nortune in
Gloucestershire, it is said, " Ibi habuit ^Ecclia
uenatione sua p in. haias.*' * Beasts were caught
by driving them into a hedged or paled part
of a wood or forest, as elephants are in India,
or deer in North America. This is the Haia.*
^ Doniesd torn. i. fol. 263 b. < Ibid. fol. 267 b.
* Ibid. fol. 240. * Ibid* fol. 270.
* Ibid. fol. 165 b.
* " HAIA, Sq)eSf Sepimentumy Parcus^ a Gall. Hai^
et Haye. Rot. Inquisit. de Statu Forest, in Scaccar.
36 Edw. III. tit. Woolmer et Aisholt Hantisc. < Domi-
nus Rex habet unam Capellam in Haia sua de Kingesle.*
Bract, lib. ii. cap. 40. nu. 3. ^ Vallatum fuit et inclau-
satam fossato, haya^ et Palatio. Hinc extensius illud
Rete quo ^ campis redeuntes cuniculos intercipiunt, an
Haye dicitur ; eosque sic intercipere et prsedari, to haye^
a Gall, haier, i. sepire.'' Spelm. Gloss, edit. fol. Lend.
1687. p. 272. The well-known Rothwell /fai^//, near
Leeds, was the Park belonging to the Manor bouse of
the Lacies at Rothwell. The out park of Skipton
Castle is called the Hawe^Park ; and that of Knares^
borough the Haye-Park. Whitaker's Hist, of Whalley*
4. Blackb. 1800. p. 175.
1 2
116 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBtESDAT.
Principal In one instance only, at Hache in Lincoln-
inthb Record, shiie, on the lands of Earl Alan, we have
§ 27Laruis. WaRENNA LePORUMJ
Vineyards.
A Controversy arose a few years ago, relating
to the culture of the Vine in England. Agard
first started a doubt, whether by Vine® we were
not to understand Orchards.^ The lovers of
paradox encouraged the interpretation, which
was patronized by Sir Robert Atkyns in his
History of Gloucestershire, ^ and pursued at con-
siderable length by Daines Barrington, first in his
Observations on the Statutes, and aflerwards in
the Archaeologia of the Society of Antiquaries.^
Dr. Pegge, however, considered the question
still farther, and proved from undeniable autho-
rities, that by the term Vineae true and proper
Vineyards only could have been intended.^
Domesday furnishes, at least eight and thirty
times, in the different counties, entries of Vine-
yards, which are usually measured by the
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 847*
^ Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687* p. 44. v, arpennis.
' Antient and present State of Gloucestershire^ edit.
1768. p. 17.
« Observ. on the Statutes. 4^. Lend. 1775. 4ih edit,
p. 233. Archaeol. Soc. Antiq. vol. iii. p. 67-
" Archaeol. vol. iii. p. 53.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 117
Arpent, or Arpenna.* At fiistesham in Berk- ^, Principal
*^ '^ Matters noticed
shire, on the land of Henry de Ferrieres ** xii, in uiu Record,
arpendi uineae " are entered.^ At Wilcote in § 2. Lamu.
Wiltshire, " jEccta noua 7 dom^obtima 7 uinea
bona."^ At Holebarne in Middlesex, it is said,
** Witts Camerarius redd uicecomiti regis p
annum vi. sot. p terra ubi sedet uinea sua."^
In the village of Westminster, at Chenetone in
Middlesex, and at Ware in Hertfordshire, Vine-
yards recently planted occur.* At Hantun in
Worcestershire, " uinea nouella.''^ Under Ra-
* In several entries in Wiltshire the Arpenz or Ar- ITo'?/i
penni are used as measures of Meadow-land, torn. i. W^* U^a iA^^'t*,*
foil. 73. 74 b. and once we find «* 11. arpenz siluae.'' v^vVvtvi > t^ f t
ibid. fol. 74 b. The Arpen, Arpent, or Arpenna, pro-
perly signified an Acre or Furlong of Ground. Cowel,
however, quotes the Register of Wormsley Priory in a
passage where it seems to be a quantity something less
than an Acre. In England, probably, as in France, the
measure of the Arperma was various. See Spelman's and
Du Cange's Glossaries. The latter, from Gregory of
Tours, Hist. lib. v. cap. 29. says, ** statutum fuerat ut
possessor de propria terra unam Amphoram Vini per
Aripenne redderet." Quoting the Vetus Hegestum
Camerse Computor. Paris, the same writer says, voce
AcRA, ^^ XL. perticse terras faciunt virgatam : duae vir-
gatas faciunt ArpentumJ* Compare also the Glossary
to the Codex Legum antiquarum of Lindenbrogius,
p. 1358. V. Arifennis.
^ Domesd. tom. i. foL 60 b. ' Ibid. fol. 69.
* Ibid. fol. 127.
' Ibid. foil. 128. 129 b. 138 b.
« Ibid. fol. 175 b.
I 3
118 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal geneia, in the second volume of the Survey,
Matters noUced ^ \ ^ ^ n t^ - n ^ i I
in thb Record, amoug the lands or Suein of Essex, we have the
5 sTxIiids. most remarkable of all. " M®. i. parc^ 7 vi.
"~ arpenni uineas. 7 reddit xx. modios uim si bene
procedit.^^^ At Wdelesfort in Essex, on the
land of Ralph Baignard, ^ 11. arpenni uineas por*
tantes. 7 alij S portantes " are entered.^ Again,
under Stabinga, " 11. arpenni nines 7 d. 7
dimidi^ portat :" * and lastly, on the property
of Alberic de Ver, at Belcamp in Essex^ " M*.
XI. arpenni uineas, i. portat." ^ In four instances.
Vineyards are measured by the acre.*
That our records and historians were as w^
acquainted vrith the words Pomerium and Hortus
as with Vineaj cannot be questioned. Pomerium,
indeed, occurs but once in the Domesday Sur-
vey, but that once is quite sufficient for our
purpose. At Nottingham, it is said, " Witimo
Peurel ccessit rex x. acras terrae. ad Jaciendu
Pomeriu." *
^ Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 43 b. The Cottonian Manu-
script Galba E. iv. mentioning the Vineyards bdongiDg
to the Monks of Christ Church Canterbury, in Fraoc^
** apud Sanctum Bricium," fol. 30. says, ^< Item. Memo-
randum quod una Arpenta Vini quando vinum com-
muniter bene se habet, respondebit de viij. mod vini, et
aliquando de vj. et aliquando de x/'
^ Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 73 b.
5 Ibid. fol. 74. 4 Ibid, fol. 77.
» Tom. i. foil. 69 b. 86 b. 212. tom. ii. fol. 71.
^ Ibid. tom. i. fol. 280.
4
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 119
H&rtiy Ortu and Horttdi occur in the Survey. Principal
A TTT • 1 • • • "■ ^ -m 1 1 -. Matters noticed
At Warwick, it is said, ^* Extra burgu. c. bora in this Record,
cQ hortolis suis reddt l. solid/*' Our word ^2712fuu,
Orchard is derived from the Anglo-Saxon
Ojiceajib, and that from an elder word Opt-
jeajib or Peopt5eaji6, a plantation of Herbs j
so that its application to fruit-trees is of later
date.
Vopiscus carries the antiquity of the Vine in
England at least as far back as A.D. 280. He
informs us that the Emperor Probus, toward the
latter part of his reign, restored the privilege of
the Vineyard to most of the provinces to the
North and West. " Gallis omnibus, et Hispanis,
ac firitannis hinc permisit ut vites haberent
vinumque conficerent.*' ^ We have the authority
of Bede, for the existence of the Vine amongst
us in the middle of the eighth century: and
Vineyards are noticed in the Laws of Alfred. ^
Exclusive, however, of the testimony of Vopis-
cus, or Bede, or Alfred's Laws, the following
> Domesd. tom.i. fol. 238. ^ In Barnestaple unus
hortus redd. in. denar." torn. i. fol. 102 b. <' In Clop-
tune ten. Picot unu hortii de soca Regis E. qui reddeb,
I. jneuuard vicecomiti Regis." Ibid. fol. 200 b. At Hali-
welle by Oxford, tom.i. fol. 158b. we have ** xxiii.
holes hortulos hntes."
^ Hist. Augustas Script vi. edit. Casaub. fol. Par.
1620. p. 240.
5 LL. Anglo-Sax. Wilk. p. 31. LL. ^Ifr. 26. " Si
quis damnum intulerit alterius Vinece vel agro, vel alicui
ejus terrse, compenset sicut ejus illud <estimet."
I 4
120 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal passogc ill MaJmesburv's History " de Gestis
Matters notircd * ^ /« i i • • n -n
in this Record. Pontificum/' liD. IV. afiords a decisive proof, it
§ oTl^tuIs. any were wanting, that the difference between
the Vineyard and the Orchard was sufficiently
known in the Norman times. He is describing
Gloucestershire, " Terra omnis frugum opima,
fructuum ferax hie et sola naturae gratia, ilUc
cultural solertia, ut quamvis tasdiosum per so-
cordiam provocet ad laboris illecebram, ubi
centuplicato foenore responsura sit copia. Cer-
nas tramites publicos vestitos pomi/eris arboribus
non insitiva manus industria, sed ipsius solius
humi natura.*' " llegio plusquam aliae
Angliae provincial Vinearum frequentia densior^
proventu uberior^ sapore jucundior. Vina enim
ipsa bibentium ora tristi non torquent acredme^
quippe parum debeat GaUicis dulcedine** ' In
another passage, relating to Thomey, he de-
scribes the very growing of the Vine. " Nulla
ibi vel exigua terrae portio vacat, hie in POMI-
FERAS ARBORES terra se subigit ; hie pra:^
texitur ager Vineis qiuB "vel per terram repuntf
vel per bctjulos palos in celsum snrgunt.^* ^
> Gulielm. Malmesb. Script, ap. Savile, fol. Lend.
1596. fol. 161.
* Ibid. fol.. 167 b. In the Register of Spalding
Priory, is the following short character of Prior John
the Almoner, who lived in the thirteenth Century.
'* Non est auteni silendum qualiter se gessit in Officio
Elcmosinarii. Permissione Prions emit terras, edificavit
domos et capellaai, fecit ortum^ plautovit Vineam et
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 121
From the entries in the Survey, and from Prindpai
Matters noticed
other authorities, we gather that in the Norman in this Record.
times few of the great Monasteries were without § 2. Lands.
their Vineyards, ' Vinitor^ a vine-dresser, once
occurs in the Survey.^
The compiler of the life of BuUeyn, in the
last edition of the Biographia Britannica, says,
" It is affirmed we have still upon record some
treaty of peace between France and England,
in which it is stipulated, that we should root up
our Vineyards, and be their customers for all
our Wine. If such extirpation of the English
Vineyards was not owing to this, it might be to
the falling of Gascony into the hands of the
English, whence Wine was imported cheaper
and better than we could make it"*
Other proofs beside those which Domesday
affords might readily be brought, that Wine of
native growth was formerly used in England.
The quantity, however, produced, never could
have been sufficient for the consumption of the
inhabitants; and its inferiority is probably a
better reason for its having been supplanted by
foreign produce than any stipulated destruction
Panutriaj congregavit miseros, prebens eis necessaria
alimenta." MS. Cole. Brit. Mus. vol. xliii. p. 93.
■ Compare Gunton's Hist, of Peterb. pp. 23. 290.
29S. Bentham, Hist Ely, pp. 127. 157.
^ Doraesd. torn. i. fol. 36.
' Kippis's Biogr. Brit. vol. iii. p. 2.
122 GENEEAL iNTRODtJCTlcm TO 0OME8DAY.
Princitmi of the Viiies by treaty. The encouragement of
in this Record, the Vine as a fruit has continued in England at
$ 2. Unds. all periods.
Mills.
In Domesday Book wherever a Mill is spe-
cified we generally find it still subsistii^. ^
Mills antiently belonged to Lords of Manors ;
and the tenants were permitted to grind only
at the Lord's Mill. This circumstance suffi-
ciently accounts not only for the great number
of Mills noticed in the Survey as objects of
profit to the landholder^ but for the large sums
which they are continually stated to yield.
Sometimes even the site of a Mill is mentioned,
which had formerly existed^ evidently as a
valuable capability. In one instance, " firact?
molin^ q* nichil redd," a broken Mill, that is
out of repair, occurs:^ and at Merchelai in
Herefordshire, ** MoUil nil redd nisi tanl uictu
ej^ qui eu custodif ^ The ** Molinum hiemale
n aestivum '' meant a Mill, the water-course of
which was dry in summer.
The produce of Mills is variously stated in
the Survey ; sometimes in money, sometimes in
grain, sometimes partly in money and partly
in grain^ and occasionally from the fishery in the
I
» Warton's Hist, of Kiddington. p. 80.
« Domesd. torn. i. fol. 210 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 179 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 123
Mill stream. In one instance we hav6 ** i. Prindpti
Moliiide v. Ores."^ At LoUngeston in Kent in this Record.
we have, " Ufi Moliii. de xv. solid:. 7 cl. an- § sTiInds.
guitt."* At Wichendone in Buckinghamshire,
" I. molifl de xx*^. sot. 7 q"? xx**. anguitt.*'* At
Maurdine in Herefordshire, ** Molifi de xx**.
solid. 7 XXV. stiches anguitt."^ At Avretone in
the same county, *• Moliii redd. iiii**'. modios
annonse 7 xv. stiches anguitt.*' At Wamnertone
in Warwickshire, it is saidi ^ Ibi moliii de xx.
sot. 7 mi. sum sat. 7 mille anguitt.'** At
Dovere in Kent, " Hugo tefi uS moliii. qui
reddit xlviii ferlingels de frumto. 7 ii ptiii uUi
Manerio." * At Arundel Castle, we have ** Uri
molih reddens x. modia frumti. 7 x. modia
grossae annonae. Insup. iiii'*. modia." ^ The
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 146 b. At Stamford, in Lin-
colnshire, we have ^* i. moliii de xxx* sdid.*'
« Ibid. fol. 6. 5 Ibid. fol. 147-
* Ibid. fol. 179 b. s ibid. fol. 239.
• Ibid. fol. 11.
7 Ibid. fol. 23. In Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 186 b.
we have^ *' ?cia pars molini reddtis xiiii. sot. 7 viii.
denar." Mills are mentioned, in Records of a later
date, as things of considerable value. In Stratford upon
Avon, the Bishop of Worcester had in the year 1291,
two carucates of land rated at twenty shillings, and one
Mill yielding a hundred shillings. In the year 1299, part
of the Bishop's revenues there consisted of eleven score
acres and an half of arable land, at five pence per acre
yearly ; twenty-seven acres of meadow at two shillings
apd sixpence per acre yearly ; seven acres of pasture
value seventeen shillings and eight«pence; his Mills
124 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESPAY*
Principal average payment for each in Sussex, where
in ihi. Record. wcTO B. hundred and forty-eight Mills, was eight
§ 2. Lands, shilliugs aud two-pence.
In the very first page of the Survey, we are
told, ** In introitu portus de Douere est unii
molendiS. qd omi^ pene naues confiingit p
magna turbatione maris. 7 maximii danu facit
regi 7 hominib3. 7 non fuit ibi. T. R. E. De
hoc dicit nepos Herberti. quod eps baiocensis
concessit illu fieri Auunculo suo Herberto filio
luonis.*' This must have been a Tide-Mill ;
probably worked by a reservoir filled at high
water.
Another complaint relating to a Mill erected
after the time of Edward the Confessor, occurs
among the Clamores in Lincolnshire. "In
Crosbi debet habe Witts blund^ unu hortu. in
rra luonis tallebosc sed impedil ppr Molendifi
qd non fuit ibi T. R. E.'' >
Barrington, in his Observations on the Statutes^'
there nine pounds per annum. Se€ Nash's Observ. 00
the Return of Domesday for Worcestershire, p. 12. from
Dugd. Warw. Thomas's edit. p. 683. col. a.
In the eleventh and twelfth years of K. Henry IIL
the bishoprick of Durham was in the King^s hands.
Master Stephen de Lucy accounted to the Crown for
the issues and revenues of it arising in the vacancy*
He answered to the King, amongst other issues, ^* de
DCCCC & xxvj /. xij s. icvd. ob. de firmis Molendi-
norum de eodem tempore." See Madox^ Hist. Excheq.
4^^ edit. vol. ii. p. 717. note /•
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 376. « 4^ Lond. 1775. p. 212.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 125
says, " less is to be found with regard to Mills Principal
in the laws of England, than perhaps those in this Record.
of any other European country." * The Statute . § CUnis.
de Pistoribus, between the 51st of Hen. III. and
13th of Edw. I. is the first in which they are
mentioned. The toll is directed to be taken
according to the custom of the land, and accord-
ing to the strength of the water-course, either
to the twentieth or four and twentieth Com.^
At Cetelingei, in Sussex, we find the miller
valued with the Mill.^ Molinarii occur, torn. i.
foil. 176 b. 180 b. 260 b. 264.
* Mills form one of the principal heads of the Law oF
Scotland. To ihirl^ in the Scottish dialect, which in
its primary sense signifies to enslave or thrall, in a
secondary meaning signifies '^ to bind, by the terms of
a lease^ or otherwise, to grind at a certain Mill." Thir-
lage is the Scottish term for the servitude by which
lands are so astricted. The jurisdiction attached to a
Mill, or that extent of ground, the tenants of which are
bound to bring their grain thither, is called in the
Scottish Law the Sucken of a Mill. Probably from the
Anglo-Saxon pocne, privilegium. Compare Jamieson's
Etym. Diet, of the Scottish Language. See also
Erskine's Instit. & ii. tit. 9. s. 20. For the Laws of the
more ancient nations concerning Mills, the inquisitive
reader may consult the Codex Legum antiquarum of
Lindenbrogius, fol. Francof. 161S. LI. Wisig. lib. vii.
Tit. 2. 12. p. 145. viii. Tit. 4. SO. p. 174. Lex. SaL
Tit. 24. p. 324. LI. Longob. lib. i. Tit. 19. 4. 5. p. 547.
See also Spelman, Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 4 J 6.
^ Stat, of the Realm, vol.i. p. 203.
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 22 b.
126 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal The " Molini reddentes plumbas ferri*' ' were
Matters notioed
in this Recx>rd. Mills belonging to Iron Works.
2. Landt,
Salt Works.
The frequent occurrence of Salt Works in the
Domesday Survey, requires explanation. Those
mentioned in counties bordering on the coasts,
were, unquestionably, ponds and pans for pro-
curing Marine Salt by evaporation. Those in
more inland parts were what are called the Re-
fineries of Brine or Salt Springs.
At the time of forming the Survey, Rock or
Fossil Salt was not known in England. The
first pits of it were accidentally discovered in
Cheshire, (on the very spot where Domesday
mentions Brine Springs,) as late as the year
1670.2
In the Returns for Kent and Sussex, Salinas
occur frequently : though in Surrey, Hampshire,
Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Buckinghamshire,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Warwickshire,
and Shropshire, we find them more sparingly
entered. In the earlier counties returned ia the
Survey, the Salt Works do not seem to have
been objects of the greatest importance ; some-
times yielding scarcely any thing. Two hun-
dred and eighty-five Sahnas in Sussex averaged
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 91 b. 94.
* See the Philos. Transact, vol. v. p. 2015.
GENERAL INTEOpUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 127
the payment of two shillings and five-pence Priaeipia
halfpenny each. At StoUant in Dorsetshire/ in uus s«eoid.
thirty-two Salt-pans yielded only forty shillings. § aTI^
In Devonshire, at Flueta, eleven Salinas yielded
but eleven pence per annum.^ At Ermentone
in the latter county, however, we have a Salina
yielding thirteen pounds ten shillings <' ad pensa
7 arsura." *
Berkshire, Wiltshire, Cornwall, Middlesex,
Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire,
Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, Leicester-
shire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire,
seem to have been, some almost, and some
entirely, without them. At Sopeberie in Glou-
cestershire, it is said, *^ Ad hoc CD ptifi una v
in Wiche. quae reddeb. xxv. sexl salis. Vrsus
uicecom ita uastauit hoes, qd m° redde £1 possunt
sal."^
In Worcestershire, the Salinas are very nu-
merous. AtBremesgrave, in theKing*s demesne,
thirteen Salt Works were appendant to the
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 80. ' Ibid. fol. 104.
^ Ibid. fol. 100 b.
* Ibid. fol. 163 b. LyBons says, ** The Survey of
Domesday for Cornwall mentions ten Salt Works at
Stratton. Dr. Borlase speaks of a place in the parish
of Sennen, near the Land's-end, where traces of Salt
Works were to be seen ; and adds, that, according to
the tradition of the place, the Works were discontinued;
not through any deficiency of materials, or incongruity
of situation, but through the neglect or dishonesty of the
persons employed.'" Mag. Brit* Comw. p. ccxiii.
128 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal ManoF, and three Salinarii, wallers or boilers of
in this Record, the Salt,* who rendered three hundred mitts, or
§ ^TTirnds. measures, for which, in the time of King Edward,
three hundred cart-loads of wood were given by
the managers of the timber. In the Conqueror's
time here were six ** plumbi/' or leaden vats for
boiling the Salt.^ In Wich, in the same county,
also in the King's demesne, King Edward is
stated to have had eleven houses, and his share
in five Salt Pits. At one Pit, Upewic, fifty-
four Salinae and two Hocci yielded six shillings
and eight-pence. At another Pit, Helperic,
were seventeen Salinae. At a third Pit,* Midel-
wic, twelve Salinas and two portions of a
Hoccus, or lesser Pit,^ yielding also six shillings
and eight-pence. ' At five other Pits there were
fifteen Salinae. Of all these, it is said. King
Edward had for rent fifty-two pounds. In
» From the Anglo-Saxon peallan,^^^, buUire. A
lead-waUingf Bishop Kennett says in his Manuscript
Glossary, is the hrine of twenty-four hours boiling for
one house. MS. Lansd. Brit. Mus. num. 1098. Dr. Nash
was of opinion, that Salina, in Worcestershirey meant a
portion of Brine rather than the Seal or Furnace in
which the Brine is boiled. See his Ck>llect. for Woroest.
vol.]. p. 296.
* Domesd. tom.i. fol. 172.
' From the Pit the brine was pumped into the Salt
Pans for evaporation before boiling.
« Dr. Nash, in his Observ. on Domesd. for Wofc
p. 10. conjectures that Hoccus signified a small meaisore
of Salt-water.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 129
these Pits Earl Edwin had fifty-one Saline and Principal
1 ij% ^ n .t TT •• I'll- 1 Matters noticed
a halt, and from the Hocci six shillings and in this Record.
eight-pence. The whole paying twenty-four ^27nnds.
pounds rent. At the time of forming the Sur- —
vey, King William had in his demesne both the
share of King Edward and that of the Earl.
The Sheriff, to whose care the Salt Works seem
to have been consigned, paid thence sixty-five
pounds,^ and two measures of Salt when he
was allowed wood. If the wood (used in
boiling the Salt) was not allowed, the rent
went unpaid.^
In Terdeberie were seven Salinas and two
Plumbi, paying twenty shillings and a hundred
measures of Salt.^ In Norwiche in the same
county, a Salina paid a hundred measures of
Salt for a hundred cart-loads of wood. ^ Dr.
Nash observes that a Salt-pan in Droitwich was
worth four shillings, when a house at Worcester
was valued at one.*
^ *^ XXV. lib ad pels." * Domesd. torn. i. fol. 172.
» Ibid. fol. 172 b.
4 Ibid. fol. 173 b. It is afterwards said, << Ad eund
S pUn in Wicb. iii. dom^ reddt. iii. mittas Salis 7 de
fabrica plumbi. ii. solid." De Jabrica plumbi is pre-
sumed to mean, upon the construction of a new leaden
pan or vat for boiling the Salt In very early times we
find conveyances made of salt-pans, or places to boil salt
in ; as, ^^ with four vessels for the boiling of salt," and
^^ with all the utensils and wells of salt." See Heming.
Chart Wigom. pp. 144) 48.
Nash, Observ. on Domesd. for Worcest. p. 10.
K
130 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal The Salt Works of Cheshire, however, wert
Matters noticed , ^ . ^ ,^^ i ^ •!
in this Record, those 01 the greatest consequence. The detail
§ 97jlnds. of the laws and customs of the Cheshire Wiches
form a singular and a very curious article in
the Survey.^
In Warmundestrou hundred, it is said, m
King Edward's time, was a Wich with a Pit for '
making Salt, and eight Salinae. Of the rents
and profits of these Salinas, King Edward had
two portions, and Edwin Earl of Chester the
third : beside which, the Earl had a Salt Work
> Norden in his Historicall and ChorographicaU
scription of Middlesex,** 4^o. Lend. 159S. p. 27. gives an
explanation of the word Wtkb or Wiche* He says
<< Kingston wtke. It is a hamlet neere Elingstone
upon Thamis, standyng in Myddlesex, and is so called,
for that it is a rowe of houses leading into Kingstone,
which rowe of houses in Latin is called Vtcus, in our
toong Fyke or fVi/ke^ of the Saxon pyc. Vadiantu^ an
excellent Geographer, saith that Vicus in oppido via ui
domorum seriem complexaj Vike is a way or passage in a
towne being orderly compact of houses, which we also
call a streete. In Rome are divers of these streets, as
Vicus Affiricus, &c/'
Bullein in his Bulwarke of Defence against all Sicknes,
4^. Lond. 1562. p. Ixxv b. says << Much Salt is made in
England, as of Sand and Salt-water in piu, in HoUaode
in Lincolnshire ; and onely by a marvellous humor rf
VMtery at the WiTCH^ far from the Sea. And in the
North there is Salt made at the Shiles by Timnondi
Castle. I Bullein, the author hereof, have a Pta of
Salt upon the same water. At Blithe in Northumberland
is good Salt made, and also at Sir Jhon Delaval'i
panes."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. ISl
of his own, adjacent to the Manor of Acatone, PrindiMi
irom which his own household was supplied, in this Record.
If the Earl sold any from it, the King had two- 5 ^Tilndt.
pence as toll, and the Earl the third penny.
The owners of private Salt Works were also
permitted to have Salt, for the use of their
families, toll-free; but paid toll for all which
they sold, whether at the works or in any other
part of the county of 'Chester. The SaUnae,
both in and out of demesne, were encircled in
one part by a stream, and on the other by a
foss. In King Edward's time the rent of this
Wich, including the profits of the hundred,
amounted to twenty pounds. When Earl Hugh
received it, one SaUna only was productive :
the rest of the Wich was disused. At the time
of forming the Survey the rent was reduced
to ten pounds. In Mildestvich, now Middle-
wich hundred, was another Wich, the Salt
Works of which had also belonged jointly to
Eang Edward and Earl Edwin, though none
were in demesne. In King Edward's time this
Wich had yielded a rent, excluding the profits
of the hundred, of five pounds. When Earl
Hugh received it, in King WilUam's time, the
disuse of the Wich had reduced the rent to
twenty.five shillings. A third Wich, called
Norwich, in Mildestvic hundred, likewise be-
longing in the Saxon time to King Edward
and Earl Edwin, also produced eight pounds.
When Earl Hugh received this Wich it was
K 2
132 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal totally unproductive ; but at the time of makinfi:
Matters noticed , ^ i i i /» i «.
in this Record, the Survey it produced thirty-five shillings.
§ sTzIndf. It is probable, say the authors of the new
Magna Britannia, that the chief exportation of
Salt at this early period, from Cheshire, was to
Wales ; the people of which country are said to
have called Nantwich, Hellath Wen, or the
White Salt Pit, from the whiteness of the Salt
there made.^
It is singular that at Lentune, now Lymington»
in Hampshire, no Salt Works are entered in the
Survey, although in the year 1145 a tithe of the
Salt manufacture there was granted by Richard
de Redvers to the abbey of Quarre in the Isle
of Wight* Lymington has still the most con-
siderable manufacture of Marine Salt of any
place upon the Southern coast of England.
In fol. 265 b. of the first volume of the Survey,
William Malbedeng is said to hold Actune of
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 268.
* Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. ii. part ii. p. 409.
' Dugd. Mon. torn. i. pp. 760. 76S. Warner in his
** Topographical Remarks relating to the South-western
parts of Hampshire^" vol. iL p. 28. speaking of Hurst
Castle, says, <^ The coast from hence to the westward,
for four or five miles, was anciently occupied in some
degree by salt-works, as appears from Domesday Bock^
in which mention is made of the Salinse, both in Mil-
ford and Hordle manors. They have long since dis-
appeared ; though by certain wooden stakes, which may
be discovered at very low ebbs, as I am informed, their
former situation is nearly ascertained."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 133
Earl Hugh, ^< 7 in Wich. i. domu quieta ad sal Principal
faciendu/' At Spallinge in Lincolnshire *^ Area in this Record.
Salinarum " occurs.* § sTiIfidi.
In Essex and Norfolk, in the second volume
of the Survey, the Salinae are numerous j but
not so numerous in Suffolk.
The Measures of Salt noticed in the Survey,
are Ambrce, Bulliones, Mensurce^ Mittce, Sea^taria,
and SummcB.
An Ambra was four bushel;3.^ At Wassinge-
ton, in Sussex, we have " v. salinae de ex. ambris
sails.'* ^ BuUiones occur but once in the Sur-
vey : fifteen are said to have made a Summa or
Horse-load of Salt.^ Mensurce are mentioned
at Muceltude in Gloucestershire : " xxiiii. men-
surae Salis in Wich."* The Mitta^ according
> Domesd. tom.i. fol. 868.
' See the Registr. Hanoris de Ricbm. App. p. 44.
where in an Extent of the Manors of Crowhurst and
Fylesham^ in Sussex, 8 Edw. I. we read ^< xxiiii.
Ambrse sails, quae faciunt xii. quarteria secundum men-
saram Londoniae." Ibid. p. 258. it is added ^< Quarterium
Londinense octo Modios sive Bussellos continet, Ambra
igitwr quatu&r modios.** It is singular that Cowel, and
Kelham in his Dome^. Book Illustr. p. 154. should
represent the Ambra as a Measure the quantity of which
is not now known. Wilkins^ LL. Anglo-Sax. Glossar.
p. 389. considered the modern Firkin as coming nearest
to it.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 28. ^ Ibid. fol. 268.
^ Ibid. fol. 166. ^ Mensurse frumenti" occur, tom.i.
fol. 255.
K 3
134 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
PrindiMd to some writers, was ten bushels.^ At Hadesore
Matters noticed
in this Record, in Worcestershire, seven Salinas yielded a hun-
§ 2. Lands, drcd and eleven Mits of Salt.^ The Sestarium
appears to have been of uncertain quantity. In
most of the entries in the Survey in which it
occurs, it is mentioned as a measure of honey/
and two or three times for com or flour/ The
Summay Seme, or Horse-load, is used in the
Survey for Salt, Com, Flour, Malt, Peas, and
Rsh.* Its relative quantity for Salt has been
already noticed under Bulliones.
' Kelham, Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 275.
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 177-
^ For honey, at least, there seem to have been sextaries
of different capacities. In King Edward's time, the
city of Gloucester, among other rents, paid ^' xii* sex*
taria mellis ad mensura ejusd. burgi." Domesd. torn. i.
fol. 162. Under Chenemartune in the same county, we
have '* VIII. sextaria mellis ad mensuram r^s." Ibid,
fol. 166. And in the account of Warwick, it is said,
^< Modo inter firma regaliu Manerioj^ 7 placita Comitate
— redd xxiiii. sextaf meit cu majori mensura. 7 de
Burgo. VI. sextar meS. Sextar scilicet pro. xv. denaf.*'
Ibid. fol. 238.
^ Domesd. torn. i. foil. 179 b. 254 b. 257 b. Compare
Seld. Jan. p. 98. Tit. Hon. p. 618. Spelm. Glossar. in v.
^ The abbat of St. Peter Westminster had in Lewes,
<^ p forisfactura uillano]^. ix. lib 7 iii. sumas de pisis.''
Domesd. tom. i. fol. 17 b. At Holecome in Devonshire,
We have ^^ iii. salinarij. reddt. iiii. solid 7 ix. denar. 7
V. sumas sails. 7 una suma piscium.'' Ibid. fol. 115. A
Seam of Corn is still a term used in some palis of
England. See Kennett's MS. Glossary. Spelman says
QENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 136
Frineipal
Iron and Lead Works, Matters notioed
The circumstance that the arts of refinery
and working Metals could not have been un-
known even in the Saxon times^ renders it sin*
gular that so few notices should occur in the
Domesday Survey concerning the mineral pro-
ductions of the country. No mention whatever
of Tin occurs in that part of the Survey which
relates to Cornwall ; ^ but Iron is mentioned in
Summa Annonae was an horse-load or eight London
bushels. According to Mat. Paris, in anno 1205,
<^ Soma fhimenti duodecim solidis vendebatur."
' The conquest of Cornwall by Athelstan, it will be
remembered, was not completed till the year 935. In
997 the province was ravaged by the Danes : and again
in 1068 by Godwin and Eldmund the sons of Harold, in
their return to Ireland. These convulsions will probably
account for the neglect of the Cornish Tin Mines in the
Eleventh Century. Certain it is, that from the time
when Cornwall was governed by its native Earls, till
after the formation of the Domesday Survey, its product
of Tin must have been inconsiderable. Had Edward
the Confessor received any revenue from the Minesy
there can be no doubt but it would have been noticed
in the Survey.
Madox informs us, Hist Excheq. 4^. edit. voLii.
p. 1 32. that << in the tenth of K. Richard I. William
de Wroteham accounted at the Exchequer for the ferm
and issues of the Mines of Devonshire and Cornwall^
and for several receipts as well in money as in tin, for
one whole year." Mag. Rot. 10 R. I. rot. 12 b. He
adds, <^ In the fourteenth year of K. John, William de
Wrotbam accounted for CC. marks, the ferm of the
K ^
in this Record.
S 2. Landt,
136 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOHESDAT,
Prineipai different Counties ; and Blomes^ Masses^ and
in this Record. PlumbcB of Iron, are several times noticed as
5 sTx^ndf. rents. In Somersetshire, under " Terra R^is,**
: at Sudperet, we read, " Huic 55 reddebatf
T. K. E. de Cruche p an& Ssuetudo. hoc & vi.
ones cu agnis totide. 7 q%q^ lib ho. i. btonA
ferriJ^ ' In the same county, under the head of
** Terra Epi Sarisberiensis/* under Sevebeige
and " Seveberge alia," it is said, ** jacudP in
Crvche ^ regis. 7 qui teneb inde fi poterant
separi. 7 reddeb in Crvche p consuetud. xn.
ones cu agnis. 7 una blomaferri de unoq^q^ libo
homine."^ Among the Earl of Moretaine^s
lands, at Stantune, we have, ** cclx. aS siluas.
7 L. ac pasturae redd. iiii. blomas ferri .•" * at
Bichehalle, ** Hoc 33 debet p csuetud in Cvri
OD regis, v. oues cu totidem agnis 7 q%que lib
ho una blomaferri ." ^ and at Aldedeford, ** de
uittis. VIII. blomas ferri.''* ^ At Alwintune in
Stannary of Cornwall for the ISth and 14th years of
that King ; and for CC /. the ferm of the Stannaiy of
Devonshire for the same space of time ; and for Dxlij L
V 5. for the Marks proceeding from the Tin of Cornwall
and Devon for the ISth year, and for'DCIxviij /• xij s. ixifl
for the like for the 14th year.'' Mag. Rot. 14 Joh.
rot. 8 b. post Devenesciram. These seem to be the
earliest notices we have of the Tin Mines of Cornwall^
during the reign of the Norman Princes.
^ Doraesd. torn. i. fol. 86. * Ibid. fol. 87 b.
' Ibid. fol. 91 b. « Ibid. fol. 92.
* ibid. fol. 92 b. Bloma, Sax. metallum* Ifencf-
bloma, rtiassa ferri. Bloom of Iron. From a Sow of
GENEKjIL introduction to DOMESDAY. 187
Herefordshire, we read, " In diiio sunt ii. ca? ^ Principal
MAttert noticed
7 XII. uitti cu. IX. car 7 reddt. xx. blomas Jerri in this Record.
7 VIII. sextar mellis.*'^ At Pulcrecerce in $2. Lands.
Gloucestershire, belonging to Glastonbury
Abbey, it is said, *^ Ibi x. serui. 7 vi. hoes reddt
c. massas fenri. x. minns.^ ^ In Herefordshire,
at Merchefauy in the King's demesne, we find a
single hide yielding fifty massas. ** De hoc 53
est una hida ad Turlestane quae T. R. E. reddeb
i. massas Jerri. 7 vi. salmones.'^ * The plumbce
Jerri occur in two entries only, in Somersetshire.
Among the lands of Earl Eustace at Lecheswrde,
we read, " Jhu 11°. molini redd. 11. plubas Jerri /**
Iron rolled into the fire, the workmen melt off a piece
called a Loop, which they beat with iron sledges, and
then hammer it gently, which forces out the cinder and
dross, and then beat it thicker and stronger till they
bring it to a bloonij which is a four square mass of about
Wo feet long. This operation they call shingling the
Loop. Kennett's Glossary. MS. Lansd. num. 1098.
fol. 43. Blomary or Bloomery is still the name for the
first forge in an Iron work, through which the metal
passes after it is melted out of the Ore.
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 185 b.
* Ibid. fol. 165. In the time of Edward the Con-
fessor the Burgesses of Gloucester paid to the King, in
part of rent for their Burgh, thirty-six dickers of Iron
and a hundred iron rods for making nails for the King's
Ships. Macpherson^ Annals of Commerce, vol. i. p. 295.
observes, ^^ The copious Mines of Iron near Gloucester
are noted in the following century by Giraldus Cam-
brensis.^ Itin. Cambrias. lib. i. c 5.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 179 b. * Ibid. fol. 91 b.
138 GENERAL INTRODUCTiaii TO OOME8DAT.
PHndpai and at the same place^ in the enumentioa of the
Matters noticed . /»-r»i-i-'i-r» -r**
in thu Record, possessious 01 Baldewin de Execestre^ *' ibi
5 ^Tilnds. molifl redd. ii. plubas ferri.^* ' In Cheshire^ in
the Hundred of Atiscross, we find Robert de
Koelent holding, beside a moiety of the castle
and burg of Roelent, ^< medietatem aecctfle 7
monetae. 7 Mtnarice ferri ibid* inuentce. 7 medie*
tate aquae de Cioith.'' &c.^ In lincohishire, at
Westbitham, seven foreigners appear to have held
two carucates of land and three Iron-foiges,
yielding forty shillings and eight-pence. *• Ibi
VII. francigene hnt 11. car. 7 iii. Jabricas Jerri
de XL. solid 7 VIII. defi." *
Fabric smiths, occur several times in the
Survey^ as will be hereafter noticed ; but in two
instances, in the Return for Northamptonshire,
from the great sums paid, they seem to have
been rather Iron-workers. At Norton in that
County, it is said, " Fabri reddeb vii. litJ»
T.R.E." In the same page,* at Tovecestre,
" Fabri reddeb c. sol m** nichil."
The Lead-Works mentioned in the Survey
are almost all upon the icing's demesne in Derby-
shire. In Mestesforde, we read, " Ibi vm. ac
p*ti 7 una PlubariaJ*^ In Werchesworde,
** Ibi sunt ///. plimbaricpJ* *^ In Badeqvela,
una plumbaria." " In Aisseford, una plumbaria/* •
1 Domesd. torn. i. foL 94<. ^ Ibid. fol. 269.
' Ibid. fol. 360 b. ^ Ibid. foL 219 b.
* Ibid. fol. 272. ^ Ibid. foL 272 b.
GENERAL INTRaDUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 139
After fiadeqvella, Aisseford, and Hope, it is Prindpai
Matters noticed
said, << H. tria maneria reddebant T. R. £• xxx. in this Record,
lib. 7 V. sestarios met! 7 dimidiu 7 r. plaustratas $ 2. Landi.
pluU de L. tabuUs. Modo reddunt. x. lib. 7 vi.
solid. Witts Peurel custodit." ^ Kelham trans-
lates " V. plaustratas plubi de l. tabulis/' five
cart-loads of Lead of fifty tables. Pilkington,
speaking of the pieces, or blocks of Lead cast in
moulds, of which two make a pig, says, " Lead
is not always disposed of in this state and form.
Sometimes it is first rolled into sheets at works
erected for that purpose in the neighbourhood
of the furnaces.*' ^ The Tabulce of Domesday
Book, for roofing Cathedrals, must have been
cast at the Foundery.
Stone Quarries or Stone Pits, are mentioned in
the Survey in but fewinstances. Tom. i. fol. 23.
we have " Quadraria de vi. sot. 7 viii. d.'*
Ibid. foL 2S b. " Quadraria de x. sot. 7 x.
denar." Ibid. fol. 29 b. •* Quadraria de ix. sot.
7 iiii. deii/' In Surrey, tom.i. fol. 34. " Dikje
fossce Lapidum de 11. sot." occur in the property
of Battle Abbey at Limenesfeld.
> Domesd. toin.i. foL27S. Among the lands of
Ralph Fitz-Hubert in Derbyshire, torn. i. foL 277. at
Cliche, we have <^ una plumbaria/'
« Pilklngt. View of the present State of Derbyshire
vol. i. p. 123.
140 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAr^^
Principal
Matters noticed Fisheries*
in thiB Record*
- 2'^nds. Fisheries form another of the more important
sources of rent noticed in the Domesday Survey*
Where the produce in kind is mentioned it
seems to have consisted chiefly in Eels, Herrings,
or Salmon.
The rent in Eels appears sometimes to have
been paid numerically, as at Thapeslav, one of
the Bishop of Bayeux's manors in Buckingham*
shire, " De piscar. mille anguitt.'** At Archelov
in Shropshire, we have, ** Piscaria de mille 7
q'ngenl 7 ii, anguitt magnis :** ^ and in Yorkshire,
under Bevreli, " Piscar. vii. miliii AnguillariL*'*
Sometimes they were paid by stiches or sticks,
every stick having twenty-five.* Among the
Bishop of Lincoln*s dependents at Dorchester
in Oxfordshire, we find, " Piscator redd. xxx.
sticti anguitt." ^ At Leofminstre in Hereford'
shire ninety stiches were paid to the King, whidi
were not included in the computation of the
rent of the manor.^ The payment of Eeb in
rent from mills has been already noticed in a
former page ; it was then that they were usually
' Domesd. tom.i. fol. 14<4<.
« Ibid. fol. 253 b. ' Ibid. fol. 804.
^ In the Cbartulary of Christ Church Canterbuiyt
MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Galba £. iv. fol. 28 b. we read»
^^ Bind Anguillarum constat ex x. stikes et quelibet
stik ex XXV. anguUlis."
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 155. ^ Ibid. fol. 180.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAY. 141
measured by stiches. At Patricesham in Surrey, Principal
^e have, " Piscar de mille anguilt 7 miUe inthiTii^rd.
I-ampridul." ' 5 Claruk.
The Herring Fisheries occur in Kent and
Sussex, once in Norfolk, and very numerously
in Suffolk. Sandwich in Kent, which belonged
to Christ Church Canterbury, yielded annually
forty thousand Herrings for the refectory of the
monks.^ The church of Saint Peter Winchester
had thirty-eight thousand five hundred Herrings
from the villeins on their manor at Lewes in
Sussex.* William de Warene had sixteen thou-
sand Herrings from the burgesses of Lewes.^
He had also four thousand " de gablo'* from the
villani and bordarii of Bristelmestune.* The
manor of Beccles in Suffolk, in King Edward's
time, yielded thirty thousand Herrings to the
abbey of Saint Edmund. This rent in the Con-
queror's time was increased to sixty thousand.^
Hugh de Montefort's manors in Suffolk yielded
numerous rents of Herrings.^
Salmon are mentioned in the Survey, by name^
but in few entries. Among the possessions of
Judhel de Totenais in Devonshire, we find two
Fisheries, one at Lodeswille, and the other at
Comeorde, each yielding thirty Salmon as rent®
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 32 b. * Ibid. fol. 3.
« Ibid. fol. ] 8. ^ Ibid. fol. 26.
» Ibid. fol. 26 b. « Ibid. torn. ii. 370.
7 Ibid. torn. ii. foil. 407. 407 b.
* Ibid, tom.i. fol. 109.
HS OMBEAL IlfTRODOCTIOlf TO DOMBtDAT*
wnriH Both in the time of Edward, and in Kinir
in ihi* KMortL liam's timet the Church of Saint Peter Gloucester
S 2. umda, received sixteen Salmon in part of rent from its
own burgesses in the city.* A hide of land be-
longing to Merchelai in Herefordshire* in the
time of King Edward, yielded six Salmon in put
of rent to the crown.' Earl Hugh had a Fiaheiy
at Etone in Cheshire, which yielded annually
a thousand Salmon.' Fisheries in the Severn
and the Wye, no doubt principally for Salmon,
are frequently noticed in Gloucestershire. Under
Tedeneham, among the lands belonging to the
crown, we find, ** In Sauema. xi. piscaris in
dilia 7 xlii. piscaria^ uillanoj^. In Waia. i. pis*
caria. 7 uillanoj^ 11. piscaria* 7 dimidia. Kogcfi
comes creuit in Waia ii. piscarias.** ^
At Mortelage in Surrey, ** Una Piscarim sine
ccnsu ^ occurs. It is added, ^ Hanc Piscarii
habuit Heraldus comes in Mortelaga T. R. £• 7
Stigand^ arch habuit diu. T. IL W. 7 tani d&t
qd Herald^ ui construxit ea T.R.E. in tena de
Chingestune. 7 in terra S. Pauli.*** This fishery
was a Weir. There are Haia^ for fishing at
Kingston now.
At Saliam in Cambridgeshire, we find, ** vii.
Piscatores reddentes rcgi {Ptentatioil l^scift ler
in anno sSdm quod possunt."* The abbey of
• DcNiieKl. torn.!. foL 1G5 b. * Ibid. U* 179bk
* Ibid. fol. 263 b. « Ibid. foL 164.
' Ibid. fol. SI. • Ibid, fol laa.
OSNERAI. INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 14S
Ely appears to have enjoyed great advantages Principal
from the fisheries in the two Hundreds of Ely : in this luoord.
as, "CD Dodinton, De piscariis. xxvii. mit § aTEIiuii.
anguitl. 7 cl. De psentationib^ xxini. sol.'* " S
litelport. De piscar. xvn. mit anguitt. De jpsen-
tatkft pisciu r' zn. sot 7 ix. de&." " In Stun-
teneL De Piscar. xxiui. nut Anguitt. De psenL
xvin. sol." ' At Saham, also, " una nauis quae
piscat' in mara p.consuetud*' is reckoned, with
the demesne there, belonging to the abbat. ^
At Saham too, the abbat of Saint Edmund had
his Fishery. " In Saha teil ipse afeb. vi. acras
rrs. Ibi e un^ piscator hns. i. sagena in lacu
ejusd uillae." ^ At Wisbece in Cambridgeshire,
it is said, ^* hi a^ de Ramesi. viii. piscatores.
redd. V. mit 7 cclx. anguitt.'' * Of the bur-
gesses of Nottingham, it is said, << In aqua
Trente soliti erant piscari. 7. m** querela faciunt
eo qd piscari phibent'." * In the second
volume of the Survey Piscatia, occurs twice for
Piscaria.*
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 191 b.
« Ibid. fol. 190 b. ' Ibid. fol. 192.
* Ibid. fol. 192 b. The Fisheries and Meers, *^ pis-
cariae 7 mara,** in Huntingdonshire, belonging to the
abbat of Ramsey, were valued in the Survey at ten
pounds ; those of the abbat of Thomey at sixty shillings ;
and those of the abbat of St. Edmund at four pounds*
See torn. i. fol. 205.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 280.
^ In the Exeter Domesday, p. 97* Piscatia occurs
more than once for Piscaria : and p. 105. Piscatoria.
144 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBCE8DAY.
Principal Twenty-four fishermen in Gernemutha [Yar-
in this lucord. mouth] weie appendant to the royal manor of
5 sTiIndt. Gorlestuna in Suffolk.^
The Piscince or Vivaria were stews or fish-
pools, the greater number belonging to the
religious. At Tudeuuorde in Yorkshire, among
the possessions of Robert Malet, it is said " Ib^
XX. Piscinae redd xx. milia anguilla?.** * The
Abbat of St Edmund had << ii. vivaria t piscinae
in villa ubi quiescit humatus Scs Eadmundus"
appropriated to the refector}^ of his monastery,
•* ad victum monachorum."*
At Svafam in Cambridgeshire, the Abbat of
Ely is said to have received six shillings, *• de
theloneo retis :'* * and Walter de S. Waleri, at
Hamntone in Middlesex, << de Sagenis et Tractis
in Aqua Temisiae iii. sot.*'*
The Heiemaris was a Sea-hedge, now called
a Pitched Net, or ChoU Net. It is mentioned
in the following entry under Sudwolda in Suffi>lk,
among the lands belonging to the abbey of
Saint Edmund : <' Medietas uni^ Heiemaris. 7
q?ta pars alti^ medietatis. Tc reddebat xx. mitt.
^ Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 283. * Ibid. torn. i. fol. 821.
^ Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 372. « Ibid, tom.i. foL 190 b.
< Ibid. torn. i. fol. 130. Sagena. Dr. Dunham Whit*
aker, quoting some Household Accounts of the Cliffords
of Skipton Castle of the sixteenth century, gives tlHS
extract in his History of Whalley. ^ Item there is in
the Grallary nets^ viz. a great sene and less sene ' as
draught nets.''
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT. 145
alletiu. m", xxv. mt. §. e. see. 7 sac.'* ^ Saint Prindpai
Edmund having the See and Sac seems to imply in thisiuLrd.
more than a mere inclosure of the sea. ^ sTiIfuu.
2. — Measurement of Land.
The following is Bishop Kennett's definition
of the Hide. " Hide of Land. Not as Poly-
dore Virgil fancies, from the hide of a beast, as
if an English hide of land were like the extent
of Carthage, Quantum taurino possint circundare
tergo ; but from the Saxon hyb, a house or
habitation^ from by ban to cover : the word was
sometimes taken for a house, as we still preserve
the word Hut for a cottage. And what Bede
calls Familias (which Familia seems to have
been a circuit of ground sufficient for the main-
tenance of a family) his Saxon interpreter King
Alfred calls hybelanbef.^ The quantity of it
was afterwards described to be as much as was
sufficient to the cultivation of one plough.
« Hida AngUce vocatur terra unius Aratri cul-
^ Domesd. torn. ii. fol. S71 b. Kelham^ p. 229.
noticing this passage, says, ^^ Lector ! tu tibi CEdipus
esto.''
^ Compare Bedse Hist. Eccles. cura Jo. Smith;
lib. iii. cap. 24. lib. iv. cap. IS. 16. 19. The Hide was
a very old denomination of Land among the Saxons.
It is mentioned in the Laws of Ina. LL. Inse, 14. Wilk.
p. 17.
L
in
146 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal tuTaB sufficicns/' whcDce our term of Ploughland.
Matters noticed rrti .'. n rx* i i
tiiis Record. Ihe quantity or a Hide was never expressly
§ sTlunds. determined. The Dialogus de Scaccario makes
it one hundred acres.^ The Malmsbury manu-
script cited by Spelman, computes it at ninety-
six acres: one hide four virgates, and every
virgate four acres. And yet the history of flie
foundation of the Abbey of fiatde' makes eight
virgates go to one hide. But Polydore Vergil
blunders most, who reduces a hide to twenty
«
acres. The truth seems to be that a hide, a
yardland, a knight's fee, &c, contained no
certain number of acres, but varied in difierent
places. In the Domesday Inquisition the first
enquiry was how many hides.** *
Selden says, the just value of a hide that
might fit the whole kingdom never appears Srom
Domesday, and was ever of an uncertain quan-
tity.^ From an entry in Buckinghamshire, one
might suppose the hide in that county at least
had been measured with peculiar exactness.
Latesberie, it is said, ^^ tefl Eps Lisiacensis
I ^^ Ruricolse melius hoc norunt; verum sicut ab
ipsis accepimus, Hida a priraitiva institutione ex centam
acris constat." Madox, Hist. Excbeq. 4^ Lend. 1769.
vol. ii. p. 399.
^ Men. Angl. torn. i. p. S13. from MS. Cotton. Domit.
A. ii.
3 Glossar. Par. Antiq.
^ Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 622. Kelham, Domesd. Book
Illustr. p. 231.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 147
de Epo £aiocsi i, hid r. pedes minus.^^ ' Prindpai
Hutchins, in his Dissertation on Domesday in thif Record.
Book, prefixed to the History of Dorsetshire, § 2."i7nd».
says, " The Hide was the measure of land in
the Confessor's reign ; the Carucate that to
which it was reduced by the Conqueror's new
standard." Among the possessions, however,
of Goisfridus de Werce in Leicestershire, we
read, " Ipse G. teil Medeltone. Ibi sL vii.
hidag 7 una car trae 7 una bouata. In unaq^q^
hida. sL xiiii. car trae 7 dimid.'' ^ In the same
county, under Cilebi, we read, " Ogerus Brito
ten de rege. 11. partes uni^ hidae. id est xii. car
?raB." * And, in the lands between the Ribble
and the Mersey in Lancashire, it is expressly
stated, " in unaquaque hida sunt. vi. caruc
?r8B." ^ Even at Odetun in Dorsetshire, we
read, " Bricsi tenuit miles regis E. 7 geldb p
xn. hid. T'ra est xvi. car. De ea s! in dHio iiii.
canicatae." ^
Agard takes considerable pains to prove, that
both before and after the conquest, six score
acres went to the Hide. He quotes a manuscript
entitled, " Restauratio ecclesiae de Ely," in
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 145. Under " Terra Epi Con-
stantiens" in Gloucestershire, it is said, ^^ Isd Eps ten
un maner de una hida 7 Goismer^ de eo. In ista hida
^do aratnon sunt nisi. LXiiii. ac trse." torn. i. fol. 165.
« Ibid. torn. i. fol. 285 b. ' Ibid. fol. 236.
* Ibid. fol. 269 b. * Ibid. fol. 83.
L 2
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DC .»
which were these words : " Et non invenerunt
rd. de terra quse mulieris jure fuisset, nisi unam
^, HiDAM per sexies xx. Acras^ et supei: Hidam
— XXIV, Acras : '* and again, " In Wilberham
emit Abbas ab Alfuuino et uxore ejus duas
HiDAs duodecies xx. Acrarum^ et totum Hun-
dredum unius cuj usque emptionis fiiit in tes-
timonium/' ^
In illustration of the same measure, as having
been used for the Hide subsequent to the Con-
quest, Agard quotes the " Pladta de Jur. et
Assis. coram Joh. de Vallibus et aliis Justic.
Itin. apud Cant. 14 £dw. I. Dicunt quod
* R^. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 10. Thedrcom-
stance that six score went to the hundred, is couDtenanced
by an entry relating to the mansiones in Lincoln. << Ex
pdictis mans quae T. R. E. fuer hospitatae. sunt m^ waste,
cc. anglico numero. CCXL.** Doniesd. torn. i. fol. 386.
8o, before, in the same folio, ^^ In Civitate Linoolis
erant tepore regis Edwardi nouies centu 7 lxx. man-
siones hospitatffi. Hie numerus Anglice comptdaF i.
cerUu* p c***'. xx^." Hence probably the old Saw,
*^ Five Score of Men, Money, and Pins,
Sis Score of all other things."
Of this remarkable mode of computation by the greater
decads, or tens which contain twelve units, called tb
Tolfradicj see Hickesii Thesaurus. Gramni. Isl. p. 4/
The Hundred of six score occurs in one of the Harlei/
charters of Kirksted Abbey, A. D. 1159. in a Grant
Stephen Fitz Herbert chamberlain of the King
Scotland (marked 47 L 8.) ^^ pro quingentis ovibus
MAJUS CENTUM."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 149
sunt in Hokinton xii. Hidae terrae, quarum quae- Principal
I'l ^ TT X* ^ • • • • -• Matters noticed
libet iliDA continet m se sextes vtgtntt acras in this Record.
terrce.^' ^ 5 ^^nds.
Under Caplefore, in Herefordshire, a dis-
tinction is made in Domesday between the
EngUsh and Welsh Hides? Bishop Kennett
says, that in the 15th of Henry the Second,
A.D. 1169, a hide of land at Chesterton con-
tained sixty-four acres. He adds, the yearly
value of a hide of land at Blechingdon in Ox-
fordshire, in the 35th of Henry III. was forty
shillings.^
In the account of the lands of the cathedral
church of St. Mary of Rouen, in Devonshire,
tom. i. fol. 104. we find the Hide as a measure
applied both to pasture and wood, " riii. hide
pasturce^*^ " xx. acr. prati et dimid. hida siliueJ'
The Carucata, which is also to be inter-
preted the plough-land, was as much arable as
could be managed with one plough and the
beasts belonging thereto in a year ; having
meadow, pasture, and houses for the house-
holders and cattle, belonging to it^ The Ca-
* Reg. Honor. Richm. ut supr.
* " In Caplefore sunt. v. bidae Anglicae gel^. 7 in.
hidffi Waliscffi." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 181 b. *' Hida
Walesca" also occurs, fol. 182 b. So previously in fol. 181.
in Arcenefeld, under Westuode we bave " Ibi vi. hidae.
una ex bis h? Walisca csuetud. et aliae Anglicam.'*
5 Parocb. Antiq. edit. 1818, vol. i. pp. 173. 845.
-• Hence the expressions " P*tu xxx. car" [i. e. caru-
LS
150 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAT.
Principal rucate was of Norman introduction^ and usually,
inthirR^rd. iu the Dooiesday Survey, follows the measure
§ 271Inds. of the Hide. Thus, in most parts of the Survey,
the vill or place is said to have paid geld for so
many hides T. R. E. and then follows its pre-
sent measure of so many carucates. It has
been already shewn that with reference to the
Hide the measure of the Carucate was various,
even in the Survey, It probably differed ac-
cording to the nature of the soil, or the custom
of husbandry in every county. Agard thought
that in those counties of Domesday where no
Hides are mentioned^ the Carucate and the
Hide were co-extensive : * as in Derbyshire,
Nottinghamshire, Rutlandshire, Yorkshire, and
Lincolnshire. ^ He quotes Walter Wyttlesey, a
monk of Peterborough, who, as far as one
cis.] " P*tu bob}." ** Ibi p*tu sufficiens carrucis.** ^
e. iiii. bob^. 7 p*tu totid bob^." tom.i. fol. 196 b.
* Reg. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 10.
« In the Survey of Dorsetshire, torn. i. fol. 77- of
sixteen Carucates of land at Shirburn, it is said ^^ H'
?ra nun^ p hid diuisa fuit." It is possible this might
have been the case with the Counties above mentioned.
In the Chartulary of Whitby Abbey in Yorkshire,
MS. Donat. Mus. Brit. 4715. we have a Grant of King
Henry the First to the Cell of Godeland belonging to
that Monastery^ fbl. 171 b. which mentions the Cflumcates
of Pikering. The charter says, ^* Sciatis me concessisse
Fratribus de Godeland cum omnibus pertinentiis sais
ipsum locum de Godeland^ et unam carucatam terra
arandam secundum carucatas de pikering."
OENSRAL niTBiOftUCriON TO DOMESDAY. 151
county is concerned, writes, " In provincia Principal
, * Matters noticed
Ltncolnice non sunt Hidas sicut in aliis Pro- in this Record.
vinciis, sed pro Hidis sunt Carvcatce terrarum^ §2. Lands,
et non mintcs valent qtcam Hidce.^* He also
cites a passage from Knyghton, " de qualibet
Hida, id est Carvcata terrae.'* Bishop Kennett
informs us from a Deed in the Monasticon that
a Carucate in the reign of Richard the First
was computed at sixty acres.' " Yet," he adds,
" another charter, 9 Rich. I. allots a hundred
acres to a Carucate. And Fleta temp. Edw. I.
says, if land lay in three common fields, then
nine score acres to a Carucate, sixty for winter
tillage, sixty for spring tillage, and sixty for
fallows. But if the land lay in two fields, then
eight score acres to a Carucate, one half for
tillage, and the other for fallow.'*^ " The
measure of a carucate,*' he continues, " was
dilBTerent according to time and place. In
32 Edw, III. one carucate of land in Burcester
in Oxfordshire, contained a hundred and twelve
acres ; and two carucates in Middleton were
three hundred acres.'* ^
' So Carpentier in the Supplement to Du Cange.
^^ Cbarta Richardi reg. Angl. an. 20 regni ejusd. in
Chartul. abbat. Boniportus : * Dedimus circa locum
ilium XX. carrucatas terrae, scilicet unicuique carrucatas
ix. acras terrae ad perticam nostram, scilicet xxv. pe-
dum.' ''
* Fleta, lib. ii. cap. 72 4 4- ^ Glossar. Par. Antiq.
L 4
152 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Of certain lands in Wales, torn. i. fol. 162.
Matters noticed , n ^ i f tttmi i
in this Record, it is saiQ, "In eodem feudo dedit Willelmus
isTHnds. comes Radulfo de Limesi l. carucatas terrs
sicutjit in Nonnannia."
In abbreviating the Domesday returns, the
Norman scribes appear occasionally, even in
tlie same county, to have used the contraction
car or car both for caruca and camcata: al-
though the one signified the plough and team,
and the other, as Dr. Nash expresses it, the
team's tillage. The omission to observe this
has led many of the translators of Domesday
into error.
In different parts of the Survey we have
frequent intimations that the land could main-
tain more ploughs, that is, was capable of
improvement As in Herefordshire, at Bertune,
" In dHio possent esse ii. car plusqua sunt." *
Again, at Moneslai, in the same county, ** una
car plus potest esse.'* ^ In Yorkshire the entries
of this description are extremely numerous. As
" X. carucatse 7 vi. car poss ee :" " xii. canicats
7 VII. car poss esse :" " xxv. carucatas 7 xm**".
carucse poss ee:** ** qua? xx. 7 xvi. carucats
rrae in q^b} poss esse lx. carucae."* These
latter entries are perhaps to be ascribed to the
slow recovery of Yorkshire from devastation.
In Norfolk, at Caustituna, after the description
* Domesd. tom.i. fol. 181 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 185 b. ' Ibid, fol SOS. SOS b. 308 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 153
of the manor in the time of King Edward the Pnncip^
r^ n -^ • • 1 .. rr^ma o 'v • Matters noticed
Confessor, it is said, "Trie 7 p^ iiii. car m in this Record,
dfiio. m° III. & due posSnt restaurari." " Tiic 7 5 QTHruu.
p^ XXVI. car. hom. [belonging to the tenemental
lands] m"* xvi. & alie possent restaurari.** '
The SoLiN is a measure of land only found in
Kent, In the Register of Battle Abbey, pre-
served among the Cotton Manuscripts in the
British Museum, the Manor of Wi in Kent,
which was given to that monastery by the Con-
queror, is noticed, " cum omnibus appendiciis
suis septem Swulingarunij id est Hid arum. **^
In the second folio of the Survey of Kent is this
entry : *' In comuni tra S. Martini sunt cccc*^
acrae 7 dimid. quae fiunt 11. solinos 7 dimid."
" Now,*' says Agard, ** this word dimdium first
named, must have relation to half an Hundred,
and not to half an Acre. For in all the whole
book there is not named half an Acre.* And then
I take it, that a Solin of ground, after English
account, containeth two hundred and sixteen
Acres. If after Norman tale, then nine score
Acres. And to this agreeth somewhat near a
■ Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 115.
* MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ii. fol 18 b. So Somner,
from a Charter granted to Christ Church Canterbury :
^^ Terrain trium Aratrorum, quam Cantiani Anglice
dicunt three Svoolinges." Antiq. Cant. p. 21.
^ In this assertion Agard was incorrect; See Domesd.
torn. i. fol. 23. under Treverde. Ibid. fol. 26 b. under
Wintreburne, " una ac* p^ti 7 dim'.*
.» w
154 aJBNBRAL INTRODUCnOV TO DOMSSDAT.
BriiMSiMa Note taken out of a Leiger Book, which the
in this Record Bishop of Nofwich Df. Redman hath, in these
§ 8.~x^ words : * Item Abbas dicit quod in Ubro vocato
Domesday Sancti Edwardi apud Westm. sic
habetur, Abbas Sancti Augustini tenet Manerium
de Laogeport. Ibi est unum Solin et unum
Jugum, &c. Et ulterius idem Abbas didt
secundum interpretationem antiquorum tenni-
norum unum Solin continet cc. Acras.' ** ^
The Carucate probably bore the same variety
of proportion to the Solin as to the Hide.
Sometimes when it is said of land, ^' p uno Solin
se defd." it is added, " Terra e vi car.'* At
othera, " T'ra e iii. car." " T'ra e v. car/' " Pra
g ini. ca?/' " T'ra e ii. car/'
On the JuouM, or Yoke of land, a measure
likewise confined to Kent in the Survey^ the
opinions of writers also differ. Matthew Paris,
Ralph de Diceto, Bromton, and the Annalist of
Dunst^le^ write as if the Jugum and the Hide
were the same. But this is not the case in the
Domesday returns. Agard notices a passage in
which the Jugum appears to have been equi*
valent to half a Carucate. It is among the
entries relating to the property of the Bishop of
' Regifltr. Honor. Ricbm. Append, p. 9. '* Uniu
Solinum, or Solinus terras,'' says Sir Eklward Ccki
Inst. fol. Lond. 1628. part i. sect i. fol. 5. << in Domesdi
Booke, conteyneth two plow lands and somewhat let
than an half, for there it is said, ^septem Solini
Solinae terrse sunt xvii. carucat.' "
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMISDAT. 166
Baieux. ^ Odo tefi de epo in Hadone i. jugum. Prindpai
Tra e dini car/* ^ From another entry, however, in this lUoord.
it should seem as if four Juga went to the Solin. 5 ^TilfvU.
« Hugo de Montfort teii uii ffi Estwelle. qd
tenuit Frederic de rege £. 7 p uno Solin se
defS:. Tria Juga sunt infra divisions Hugonis.
7 q*rtu jugu 5 extra. 7 2 de feudo epi Baio8/'*
The V1R6ATE, it is probable, differed from
itself in different places at the time of the Survey^
as much as at subsequent periods. In the
Account of Oxford, the ** uirg quae Ssuetudinaris
erant T.R.E.*' are mentioned.* Webb, from
the consideration of the Ely and Exeter Manu-
scripts, decides that four virges or virgates must
have formed the Hide of the Survey : * although
the Register of Battle Abbey,* which is of early
authority, says eight Virgates made the Hide.
Agard says, << Virgata is taken diversly, as I
find in a Register Book of Ely, which now the
Dean hath, in sundry towns sundry measures,
as in Leverington a YardJand is lx. acres, in
Fenton xxx. acr., in Tyd xxxii. acr. In bun-
dello Eschaet. 26^ E. i. infra Turrim Lond. simt
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 9.
« Ibid. fol. 18. ' Ibid. fol. 154.
* Short Account of Danegeld, p. 27. It may also be
gathered from the entries respecting Werste in Sussex,
Domesd. torn. i. fol. 20. and Svei in Hampshire, tom. i.
fol. 51. Dr. Nash quotes two Records of the time of
John, to shew the same.
^ Registr. Honor. Ricbra* Append, p. 11.
156 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME$DAT.
Principal ibi VII. Virgatae terrae in dominico continentes
Matters noticed . . o _ i*i_ ^
in this Record, quinquics XX. & XII. acras, quarum qus&libet
5 2^ndt. Virgata valet viii. s. prec. Acr. vi. d. Ergo xvi.
Acr. pro Virgata. In Coin Virgata operabilis
XV. Acr. And in another Town, not named by
my note, xx. Acr. And so I have seen in Ex-
tents." ^ Dr. Nash says, the Virgata is explained
in a MS. /. Hen. V. to contain thirty acres, some-
times twenty-four, and sometimes fifteen. He
adds, in the Receipt of the Exchequer is an
antient Deed from. John Wace to St. Mary's of
Stanleig of a Virgate of land in Henton, where
the Virgate appears to be eighteen acres.^
The BovATA, or Oxgang, was originally as
much as an Ox-Team could plough in a year.
Eight bovates are usually said to have made a
Carucate : but the number of acres which made
a Bovate are variously stated in different records,
from eight to twenty-four. Dr. Nash say8»
*^ Bovata terrae continet viii. acras terras in
campis Doncastriae.'* Trin. 21 Edw. I. Rot 86.
Ebor. coram Rege. *^ Una Bouata de xvi. acris,
et alia bovata continet xvii. acras.** Trin.
26 Edw. I. Ebor. de Banco.'
In a few entries of the Survey we find the
Ferding mentioned as a measure of Land. At
' Nash, Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 9.
• Wilts bag.
' Nash ut supr. In another place, p. 15. he say8»
Masura, when applied to land, contained four Oxgangs.
For further information consult Spelman and Du Cange*
GENERAL IMTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 157
Dolvertune in Somersetshire, it is said, ** Huic ^, Principal ^
p_ q Matters noticed
OD sl additae. ii. hidae rrae dimidi Jerding mirr"^ in this Record.
It is, no doubt, the same with the Ferling which 5 2. Lands.
occurs several times in Somersetshire and Devon-
shire, and evidently in its original signification
meant the peopSlinj, or fourth part.^ From a
comparison of different entries it appears to have
been even less than the Virgate. Agard con-
sidered it of the same dimensions with the
Oxgang, about fifteen Acres.* Lord Coke is
certainly wrong in making the Ferling and
Quarentena the same/
AcRA an acre, from the Anglo-Saxon jGceji
a fields and that from the Roman Ager^ appears
originally to have signified no determined quan-
tity of land. It is mentioned however as a
measure at a very early period; and firom a
passage in the Battle Abbey Register, so often
quoted, it appears that the Normans had an Acre
confessedly differing from that of the Saxons.
We find a grant in it of " triginta acras prati^
ad mensuram Normannice dimensas, in fundo
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 86 b. See also in Hampshire,
rd. sob.
^ The Feblings at Huntingdon were a different
thing. They were the quarters or Wards into which
the town was divided. ^^ XLViii. Feblingels de frur
mentOy* tom.i. fol. 11. were Quarters of Corn.
* Registr. Honor. Richmond. App. p. 11.
^ Instit. fol. Lond. 1628. part i. sect. i. foL 5 b.
168 OEKSBAL INTRODUCTION TO DOlfSSDAT.
prtneipoi manerii sui vocabulo Bodeham/' ^ The drflferent
Matters notieed ^. /»^i a • ^i a» j* -wr*
in this Record, propoftions of the Acrc in the tune of King
S %Hnds. Edward the Krst, with the intermediate admen*
surations, are laid down in the " Statutum de
Admensuratione Terrarum :" when the Acre
was ten perches in length, it was to be sixteen
in breadth ; and when eighty perches in lengthy
to be two in breadth.^ The elementary Acre,
however, was iotiy perches long by four perches
wide.
The Ferca, or Fertica, according to the
Register of Battle, consisted of sixteen feet*'
Agard says, in the Arrentations of Assarts for
Forests, made in the reigns of Henry the Third
and Edward the First, for forest ground the
commissioners let the land ^< per perticam xx.
pedum/' ^ Spelman says, the Fertica Regis
upon the Close Rolls of the 11th of Henry ^e
Third was of twenty-four feet* Different mei^
sures of the Ferch, from ten to twenty ieel^
may be found in deeds in the Monastieon.*
Abroad, it extended to twenty-^five, and even
> MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ii. fol. SO.
^ Stat, of the Realm, vol. i. p. 207.
* MS. Cotton. Domit. ut supr. fol. 14.
^ Registr. Honor. Ricbm. ut supr. Compare the
Glossary to Kennett's Parochial Antiquities.
* Glossar. ut tfupr. Rot Claus. 11 H. III. m. 6.
* Mon. Angl. last edit. torn. iii. p. 241. torn. vi.
pp. 281. 282. 882. 417* 1025.
J
i
GSmillAL INTR(mU0TZOll TO DOlf£BDAT» 159
twenty-seven feet^ By the Statutum de Ad- Prindini
mensuratione Terrarum five yards and a half of ta tt^K^rd.
the Uhia Regis, or yard of three feet, were to 5 2rLltuu.
make a Perch.*
The Leuca and Quarentena of the Survey
were most commonly applied to Woodland.
The Leuca, Leuga, and Leuua, according to
the Register of Battle Abbey, consisted of four
hundred and eighty perches, or twelve Qua-
ranteines. Ingulphus, however, who is good
authority, speaks of the Leuca as a mile.'
The ordinary mile of England, it will be re-
membered, in former times, was more of a
traditionary than an ascertained measure. It
was nearly a mile and a half of the present
standard.^
^ V. Du Cange.
* The Cottouian Manuscript, Galba E. rv^. of the time
of Edw. III. fol. 28 b. says, *^ Recta Mensura Ulnae et
Perticatae. Memorandum quod Ulna continet quinque
pedes. Et quinque Ulnae et dimidia faciunt unam Per-
ticatam, secundum standardum Mariscalliae domini
Regis/' A larger Perch than that fixed by the Statute
of Measures is still in use for wood-land.
' Compare Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 366. See
also Dr. Nash's Observ. on Domesday for Wore. p. 9.
* Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, renders
Leuu£t a league^ meaning by the term a distance not
exceeding two miles, which appears to have answered
in the generality of places he examined as to their extent.
Du cange says, Leuca, Leuga^ Lewa, vox et mensura
itineraria Gallica, 1500 passuum, uti passim testantur
Scriptores. Leuga Anglica duodecim quarenteinis
160 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal The QuARENTENA, Called Quadragenaria in
in this Record, the Exctcr DoiTiesday, WES the Forty long, or
§ ^Tl^tuu. Furlong : from the French Quarente^ forty. A
measure of forty Perches.^ The mention of it
occurs very frequently in our ancient Laws.
confici dicitur in Monastico Angl. (ed. vet.) torn. L
p. SIS.
It must not be forgotten that Leuua or Leuoa hat
another meaning in a few entries of the Domesday
Survey. The Leuua or Lowy^ as it is called, of Ton-
bridge Castle in Kent, will be found noticed hereafter.
See a particular account of the " Leuga S. Wilfridi,**
in Yorkshire, Domesd. tom. i. fol. SOS. The ^ Camcata
S. Johis liba a geldo regis" in Beverley, ibid. fol. 304*
was the same thing.
■ Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. In this computation
the Perch, according to the Monasticon Anglicanum,
new edit. tom. vi. p. 1025. consisted of twenty ieeC
^* Quselibet Virga unde Quarentence mensurabuntur,
erit viginti pedum."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 161
Sect. 3.— MONEY.
1. Different Denominations.
The different Computations of Money in the ^.tt^^ced
Survey are by the Libra ox Pound, the Mark, in thu Record,
the Ora^ the Shilling, the Penny, the Halfpenny, h s. -a^^wfy.
the Farthing J and the Minuta.
The Librce, or Pounds, appear to have been
of three kinds, the Librce ad numerum, the
LibrcB ad pensum^ and the Librce ad ignem et
ad pensam.
The Libra ad numerum, was the pound
of ready money, made up not of shillings
but of Or 33, and, as we ascertain by different
entries, was valued at the rate of twenty-pence
to the Ora. The Librce albce, de albo argento,
blancce, candidce, de albis denarus, denariorum
candidorum, alborum nummorum, or candidorum
nummorum, appear to have been the same with
the Librce- ad numerum, as may appear from
several quotations, in which they are likewise
valued at twenty-pence to the Ora.^
The Librce ad pensum, were by weight.
> << Vrso uicecom reddid xxiiii. lib. ad pets" Tom. i.
foil. 172. 172 b. « Redd, c.lib. ad pondus" ibid. fol.
8S7b.
* Tom. i. fol. 164. we read *^ xxv. lib de xx. in ora
7 albas.'' Again, *^ xl. lib alboj^ numoj^ de xx. in ora«"
And, in a third passage, ^* xxiiii. lib candido^ niimos de
M
162 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDATi
Principal Xhe LibrcB ad ignem et ad pensam. arsas
Matters noticed ^ -*
in this Record, et peTisatcPy OX ad pensam et arsuram, fonned
5 3. Money, the payment when the coins offered at the
^^ Exchequer were defective in -fineness as well
as in weight. On this occasion the Receivers
at the Exchequer either melted a sample
of the money paid, or received sixpence or
a shilling over every twenty in lieu of actual
combustion. Madox tells us, that in cases
where the money had a baser alloy than
ordinary, the King's officers required even a
larger sum than the shilling in every pound for
a compensation. The money so melted, or
having the supplemental payment added^ was
said to be dealbated or blanched.* Brady, in
his History, says " When Domesday was com-
piled, there was always a fire ready in the Ex-
chequer, and if they liked not the allay of the
xx^ in ora.*' Tom. i. fol. 89 b. ^ redd xii. lib blancat
de xx^' in era." Madox, Hist. Excheq. edit. 4^ 1769.
torn. i. p. 284>, makes a variation in some cases between
the payments blank and de numero. He recites some
precedents wherein the two are compared together, but
acknowledges his inability to adjust the difference. He
ascribes it to the temporary corruptness of the money
paid; and considers the difference to have varied in
some measure after that proportion. In one instance in
Domesday, tom. i. fol. 220. we have <* xl. lib ad parubu
de XX*' in ore."
* Madox Hist Excheq. 4^. edit. tom. i. p. 275. ^ Lib
ad pondus & combustionem'* is occasionally the language
of the Exeter Domesday, pp. 78. 89.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 163
money, they burnt it, and then weighed it" * Principal
•^ "^ . . 1 , Matters noticed
One of the entries of money paid ad pensam et in this Record.
§ 3. Money,
* See Kelham's Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 15 7. Madox
says, "As the Revenue in ancient times was wont to be
paid in at the Exchequer, sometimes by weight, and
sometimes by tale, so there were proper officers and
utensils provided there for weighing, telling, essaying,
and laying-up of the Money. There was a Pesour or
weigher, a Fusor or melter, Goldsmiths, and others."
Hist. Excheq. ut supr. Among the Escheats in the
County of Southampton, temp. R. Joh. Harl. MS. 313.
fol. 32. we read, " Thomas de la Fede tenet villam
de Fede per ponderacionem denariorum ad Scaccarium."
Of the mode of making the Assay we read the following
in the Dialogus de Scaccario. Lib. i. cap. 6. ^^ Quid ad
Militem Argentarium. Porro Miles Argentarius ab in-
feriori Scaccario ad superius defert loculum examinandi
argenti, cujus supra meminimus; quem cum intulerit
signatum Mgillo Vicecomitis, sub omnium oculis efFundit
in Scaccario quadraginta quatuor solidos, quos de acervo
sumptos priussignaverat,factaque commixioneeorundem^
ut ponderi respondeant, mittit in unum Vasculum trutinas
libram ponderis, in alterum vero de denariis quod opor-*
tuerit, quo facto numerat eosdem, ut ex numero constare
possit, si legitimi ponderis sint ; cujuscunque vero pon-*
deris inventi fuerint, seorsum mittit in Ciffiim libram
unam, hoc est xx. sol. ex quibus examen fiat ; reliquos
vero xxiiij sol. mittit in loculum. Item duo denarii
praeter libram examinandam, dantur Fiisori, non de
fisco sed de parte Vicecomitis, quasi in praeraium sui
laboris. Tunc eliguntur a Praesidente, vel a Thesaurario
81 ille absens fuerit, alii duo Vicecomites, ut simul cum
Argentario nee non et Vicecomite cujus examen facien-
dum est, procedant ad ignem; ubi Fusor ante prae-
monitus prseparatis necessariis eorum praestolatur ad-^
M 2
164 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal arsuram seems to indicate a great depreciatiott
Matters noticed ^ *
in this Record, of the cuFfency at the time of the Survey.
5 3. Money. Undcf Boscham in Sussex we read, " Totii OD.
T. R. E. 7 post r^ ualuit xl. lift. Modo similir
XL. lib. Taiii reddit l. lib. ad arsura 7 pensu
qucB ualerU lxv. lib.'* ^ Under Godalminge in
Surrey, it is said, "T.R.E. ualb xxv. lib. 7
post r^ XX. lib. Modo xxx. lib. ad numeru 7 ta&i
reddt ad pensu 7 arsura xxx. lib." ^
The Marka Auri is noticed in the following
and probably in other passages. Tom. i. fol. 28.
Of the Manor of Salletone in the County of
Sussex, it is said, " Modo appcial qt xx** 7 xiii.
lib. 7 una mart auri. Tain redd cxx. lib. 7 una
marl^ auri." Fol. 32. At Totinges in Surrey,
" Hanc ?ra accep. Comes Wallef de Suan. p^
morte regis E. 7 inuadiauit p 11. mart, auri
Alnodo Lundoniensi." Fol. 50. Of a small
portion of land at Herlei in Hampshire it is said
** Qui teii hanc ' tra dicit q*a emit ea de Witto
comite 11. mart auri. sed nunquam ante habuerat
eam." Tom. ii. fol. 287 b- " Rog dicit qd
ventum: ibi ilerura praesente Fusore et hiis qui a
Baronibus missi sunt, diligenter computantur, et Fiuori
traduDtur. Quid ad Fusorem. Quos ilie suscipiens
manu propria numerat, et sic disponit eos in Vasculum
ignitorium cinerum quod in fornace est. Tunc igitur
artis fusoriae lege servata redigit eos in massam, conflaos
et emundans argentum." Hist. Ekcheq. ut supr. vol. ii.
p. 377.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 16. ^ Ibid. fol. SO b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. l65
reddebat plus xl. sot ad numeru 7 una marca Principal
*^ ' Matters notie^
auri." ^ in this Record.
The Marka Argenti occurs several times in 5 s. M<yney.
the first page of the Survey of Dorsetshire. In
the account of Bertvne in Gloucestershire,^ it
is said, " Hoc 33 7 Bristow reddt regi c. 7 x.
mar^ argenti. Burgenses d£lt qd eps G. hi
XXXIII. mar^ argenti 7 una marl^ auri pter firma
regis.**
The Half-Mark, both of Silver and Gold,
occurs in numerous passages referred to in the
Index Rerum. Both the Mark and the Half-
Mark were computations of money only.
Such also was the Ora, whatever it might
have been in other parts of Europe. In the •
Domesday Survey, and (as Dr. Hickes assures
us) in many articles of bargain and sale, it is
» Wilkins LL. Anglo-Sax. Gloss, p. 4-16. says
<* Aurese Marcae valor, Saxonum aevo, me adhuc latet,
Normannorum autem ex sequentibus colligendus :
* Ebrardus dapifer Willielmi de Albamari reddit com-
potum de 11. Marcis auri, ne sit amplius dapifer Wil-
lielmi in Thesauro vi. lib. pro i. Marca, et debet i. Mar-
cam auri.' Sic in Rot. Mag. Pipae 1 Hen. 2. rot. S.
inembr. 1. in tergo. Hinc patet Marcam auri sex
argenti libras, aut circiter valuisse, cum in Charta
quadam Johannis Regis dat. 7 Junii, anno regni sui
primo, Marcam auri decern argenti Marcas valere
doceamur : < Capiatur (charta loquitur) una Marca
auri vel decern Marcae argenti ad opus Cancellarii.' "
« Tom.i. fol. 163.
M 3
166
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Ma^'lJ^ced "^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ounce, OF twelfth part of the
in this Record, nummulary pound. *
§ 3. Money. The Shilling of the Domesday Survey, like
the Pound, the Mark, and the Ora, was only
Money of account. Tom. i. fol. 180. we have
' Clarke on the Connexion of the Roman, SaxoD,
and English Coins. 4>^ Lond. 1771. p. 316. sayts << The
perpetual valuation of the Ora at twenty pence is, as
Ducange has observed, an abundant proof that there
were, or had been, several sorts of Oras then in use;
and therefore, to prevent all ambiguity or dispute
between the Crown and the subject, the sums payable
to the Exchequer were fixed at a certain value in their
current cash. In Domesday, torn. i. fol. 2 b. ** cxi.
solid de den. xx^'. in Ora." Fol. lib. " cxxv. lib 7 x.
sot de xx^». in Ora." Fol. 64 b. «< De Wiltescire hf rex
X. lib p accipitre. 7 xx. solid pro sumario. 7 p feno c.
solid 7 V. Oras.'* Fol. 145 b. " Ipsi iii. [teigni] reddider
p annu v. ores de csuetudine ad monasterium de Stanea.'*
Fol. 146 b. " I. molin de v. Ores." Fol. 150 b. « i.
moliii. de v. Oris argenti." Fol. 177. " Saliaa de
II. Oris." Fol. 179 b. « Orae denariorum." Fol. 264.
« T. R. E. uatt VI. lib. xii. Oras q*» uitti redd^.""
Fol. 836 b. <* XL. Orae argenti." In earlier times an
Ora had been used of sixteen pence. Gloss, ad Script.
X. ap. Twysd. See also Clarke, ut supr. p. 308.
In a manuscript Collection for a Glossary, in Sir
William Dugdale's hand-writing, MS.Harl. 1129. fol.4CL
under Ora it is said, <^ Nota quod ora significat uncia ;
sic enim reperi in antiquo Registro MS. nuper Abbatie
de Burton in com. Staff, exposiium. £t hoc tempoie
Unciffi valor numerabatur aliquando pro xvj<*. et ali-
quando pro xx''. Unde provenit haec differentia de xx»
in Ora toties in Libro de Domesday. " Homines dc
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 167
" c. sot. de alb denar." The Saxon Shilling Principal
1 /> /• mi n -r^ i Matters noticed
consisted oi five-pence.^ That of Domesday in this Record.
Book is always twelve-pence. § sTMmey.
The Penny was the only coin known in
England till long afler the date of Domesday
Book. In the Survey it is usually called
Denarius ; but in a few instances Numm occur
for Denarii.^ In one entry we read of the
Berkholt in com. SufF. dicunt quod tempore Regis H.
avi domini Regis nunc, solebant habere talem consue-
tudinem quod quando maritare volebant filias suas, sole-
bant dare pro filiabus suis maritandis duas horas quae
valeant xxxij. denar." Plac. coram Rege term. Mich.
37 Hen. III. rot. 4.
^ See Wilkins LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 4>15.
* Tom.i. fol.164*. OfChenvichelle in Gloucestershire,
we read^ <^ Modo reddt xl. lib albo^ numo^ de xx. in
Ora.^ And, in the same page, of Tochintune, ^' Modo
redd xxiiii. lib candido^ uumo^ de xx^ in Ora."
Fol. 189 b. Under Chavelai in Cambridgeshire, ^^ mi.
den de albis nummis." Tom. ii. fol. 5. Under Stanuega
in Essex^ ^^ reddebat unoq^^q^ anno buic maner xxxii.
nomos." Fol. 309 b. In Coteduna in Suffolk, <^ v. acr
7 uat. dece numos."
The " Denarii S. Petri " are only once noticed,
torn. i. fol. 87 b. They are mentioned in the Laws of
William the Conqueror. Wilk. p. 222.
The fVardepeni also occurs but once ; under Lidlintone
in Cambridgeshire. *^ Hoc S tenuit com Algar^. Hoes
huj^ S reddeb Warpenna vicecomiti regis, aut custodiam
faciebant." torn. i. fol. 190. It occurs however in
various Charters of the Conqueror. See Madox.
Formul. Anglic, p. 176: and in the Monast. Anglic.
M 4
168 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal pennv of Rouen. Of the manors of Otrei and
Matters noticed *^
in thb Record. Rovrfge in Devonshire, belonging to St Mary's
§ s. Money. ChuFch at Rouen, it is said, '< H\ ii. Mand^«
last edit. vol. v. p. 35. vi. pp. 64. 65. 66. 244. 980. in
different charters of the Norman period. ^ Wardpeni,
Wardepeni, Warpcni, Denarii Vicecomiti, vel aliis
Castellanis persolvi solitii ob castrorum wardas sea
custodias." Du Cange.
The «* Denarius tertius ComiliSf'* or " de Scira^** is
thus commented upon by Bishop Kennett. *' In the fines
and other profits arising from the County Courts, two
parts were allotted to the King^ and a third part or
penny to the Earl of the County, who either received it
in specie, at the Assizes and Trials, or had an equivalent
composition paid from the Exchequer." Glossar. Par.
Antiq. Madox, Baron, p. 137. says, the most ancient
way of creating Earls was by Charter ; the King thereby
granted the Earl << tertius Denarius Comitatus,*' the
third penny of the County, and then girded him with
the sword of the County or Earldom. See Kelham,
p. 193. In Domesd. tom. i. fol. 69. in Wiltshire, under
" Redditus Edwardi Sarisber." we read, " Edward^
uicecomes ht p anil de denar q^ ptin ad uicecomitat,
cxxx. pore. 7 XXXII. bacons. Frumti ii« mod. 7 viii.
sextar. 7 tntd brasij. Auenae:!' v. mod 7 iiii. sextar.
Mellis XVI. sextar. uel p melle xvi. solid. Gallinas t
cccc***. 7 qt xx^'. Oua t mille 7 sexcenta. Caseos if
cent. Agnos:^ lii***. Vellera ouiu r' cc*". xl. Annonsef
CLxii. ac*s.'' Under Piritone in Dorsetshire, it is said,
<< Huic etia 55 piretone adjacet ?cius denar de tota scira
Dorsete,'' tom. i. fol. 75. So in Cheshire, under
Maclesfeld, << T'cius denarius de Hundret ptin huic 8.
T. R. E."
See the receipt of the third penny further illustrated
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 169
reddt p annu lxx. lib denar rodmensium.'* * Principal
rr\i x-« -rx 1 i -r* i Matters noticed
rhe Exeter Domesday, p. I78. reads " Rotho- in tbi« Record,
magensium." Librae Rodomenses are more ^aTlian^.
than once mentioned by Ordericus Vitalis,
Hist Norm. Script, antiq. fol. Par. I619. pp.
468. 583.
The Obolus, or Halfpenny, and the Ferding^
FerdinCy Fertingy or QuadranSf were literally
fractions, or broken parts of the penny. Parcels
of coins, from the Saxon times to the reign of
Edward the Third, are rarely found without
containing some of these. A remarkable in-
stance occurred a few years ago at Winterslow
in Wiltshire; where an earthen pot was dis-
covered, containing a large assemblage of
pennies from the Saxon times to the reign of
Stephen, many of which were found neatly and
accurately cut into halves and quarters. The
same occurred in the immense find of pennies
of the time of Edward the First at Tutbury in
Staffordshire, in 1831. The cross, sometimes
double, which appears on the reverse of so
many of our early pennies, is presumed to
have been intended to facilitate the breaking of
the silver.
The Minuta occurs once only.^ From the
in Seijeant Heywood's Dissertation on the Ranks of the
People under the Anglo-Saxon Government, pp. 100.
101. & seqq.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 104*. * Ibid. fol. 268. col.i.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO D0ME8DAT.
«ai circumstance of its being mentioned in Cheshire^
jcord it is suspected to have been the small copper
wy. coin used by the Northumbrian Kings, called
the Styca. The words " duo Minuta " in the
Latin Gospels, Mark xii. 42. are translated in
the Saxon version tpejen 8cycaf. Leake, in
his Account of English Money, Introd. p. 14.
speaking of the Saxons, says, " They had
copper Stycas also, smaller than the penny,
having the King's name on one side, and
coiner's on the other, eight of which made a
penny, and served them for ordinary change.
Of these, a vast quantity were found at Rippon
in Yorkshire in the year 1695, before which we
had much fewer of brass than silver." Com-
pare also Hickes, Thesaur. Pars iii. Dissert
Epist. pp. 164. 165. tab. x. Ruding's Annals of
the Coinage of Britain, S''' edit vol. i. p. 332.
The Northumbrian Stycas are the only ones we
are now acquainted with.'
It is remarkable that the Etymology of the
word Money (from Pecus cattle) should be its
usual meaning in Domesday Book, so that thf
word PecurUa appears to occur but three times 8
denoting Money. Tom. i. fol. 40 b. " per p
cuniam suam habuit a rege." Fol. 196 b. Und
Papeuuorde in Cambridgeshire, " Hanc t
Ricard^ sup rege . occupauit 7 de ea xx.
' Ruding has engraved a considerable numbc
them, PI. 10, II, 14, of Saxon Coins.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 171
pecunifiB accepit" Fol. 376 b. " Archieps JEldred^ Primapid
adq*siuit Lauintone 7 Schillintone cu BereW mthk
Harduic. de Vlf tope sune p pecunia sua qua § sTm^.
ei dedit uidente WapenL 7 postea uider sigillu ~
regis/' &c.* In one instance it seems to imply
property in general : see tom. i. fol. 1. under
Dover, " De latrone qui judicatus est ad mortem,
habet Rex medietatem pecuniae ejus.*' In all the
rest it implies Cattle.^ " Pastura ad pecuniam
uillae *' (for the cattle of the village) is a com-
mon entry in the accounts of Middlesex, Hert-
fordshire, Herefordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hun-
tingdonshire, and Bedfordshire.*'
As an appendage to this section the Aurvm
^ In the Exeter Domesday, p. 19. Pecunia is used for
money, with a speci6cation of pounds, shillings, and
pence.
* The stock of Cattle is probably intended in the
entry. Tom. i. fol. 176. " Si quis morte prseuentus
non diuisisset quae sua erantf Rex habeb omem ejus
pecuniam."
' Tom. i. fol. 32. we read " Ej^ pecunia coputat^
supius cu alia." Fol. 63. " Ipse q°q> transportauit halla
7 alias domos et pecunia in alio S3." Fol. 68. ^^ Postea
u^ reddid eas [hidas] aecctae cu omi pecunia sua."
Fol. 74 b. " Terra e in. car 7 nil pecuniae." Fol. J 90.
in Cambridgeshire^ ^^ De pecunia quam inde sumpsit
Albericus adhuc retinet coco, ones xx. minus, et unam
carucam. ut homines de hund. testantur." Fol. 235 b.
*^ Huj^ terrae pecunia supius e annumerata." Fol. 280 b.
'* Si tain^ hiis saca 7 soc5 forisfecit tra sua X int rege 7
comite hfit medietate ?rae ej^ atq> pecuniae 7 legalis uxor
cu legitimis haeredib} si fuerint hfit alia medietate.'
- »
172
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal RegtTUB. OF Queen Gold, must be introduced.
Matters noticed o 7 -^
in thit Record. The following are the principal passages of the
S 3. Mimey. Survcy in which it is noticed. At Lestone, in
Bedfordshire, under Terra Regis, we read, " Inr
totu redd p annii xxii. lib ad pensum. 7 dimid
die ad firma regis, in frumto 7 melle 7 aliis reb3
ad firma ptinentib3. Ad op^ Regince. 11. undas
Auri** ^ Again, under Loitone, " Regince. iin.
umf. Auri.'* * Under Houstone, " Reghue. 11.
tmc. Auri" *
Prynne wrote " Aurum Reginae ; or a Com-
pendious Tractate and Chronological Collection
of Records in the Tower and Court of Exche-
quer, concerning Queen Gold:" dedicated to
Katherine Queen-Consort of King Charles II.
4*". Lond. 1668. He defines it to be " a royal
debt, duty, or revenue, belonging and accruing
to every Queen-Consort, during her marriage to
the King of England, due by every person of
what quality or calling soever within the realms
of England or Ireland, who hath made a volun-
tary oblation or fine to the King amounting to
ten marks or upwards, for any privileges, fran-
chises, dispensations, licenses, pardons, grants,
or other matters of royal grace or favour con-
ferred on him by the King, arising from and
answerable to the quantity of such his oblation
or fine; to wit, one full tenth part over and
above the entire fine or oblation to the King ;
» Tom. i. fol. 209. * Ibid. » Ibid. fol. 209 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 173
as one mark for every ten marks, and ten pounds Principal
^ - Matters noticed
tor every hundred pound fine, and so propor- in this Record,
tionably for every other sum exceeding ten §3."^n<y,
marks ; or one mark of gold to the Queen for
every hundred marks fine in silver to the King,
which sum becomes a real debt and duty to the
Queen by the name of Aurum Reginse, by and
upon the parties bare agreement with the King
for his fine, without any promise to or contract
with the King or Queen for this tenth part
exceeding it, which becomes a debt on record
to the Queen by the very recording of the Fine/*
Lord Coke, in the twelfth part of his Reports
or Institutes, says, having " over-much clipped
this Gold Coine, and mistaken or misapplied
some Records concerning it/* Mr. Prynne wrote
his Book upon the subject.
*^ During the reigns of Edward the Sixth,
Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, a period
of sixty years, there being no Queen-Consort,
this duty was suspended, but it was again
claimed in the fourth year of King James the
First by Queen Anne, and, upon a reference
to the Judges, it was determined to be her
undoubted right. It was also claimed by Hen-
rietta Maria the Queen of King Charles the First.
The oldest account of Queen Gold is that in the
Dialogus de Scaccario.*' '
' See Madox's Hist. Excheq. 4^ edit. vol. ii. p. 447<
Dialog, de Scacc. cap. xxvi. << De Auro Reginae."
174 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal Pajrments " de Gersumma Reginae," as a free-
l£atten noticed . ^
in this Record, gift to thc Qucen, are mentioned in the entries
§ sTUhney. relating to the customary rents of the Counties
of Oxford and Warwick,* as well as in the
passage which relates to Norwich in the second
Volume of the Survey.^ In the account of the
rents from Northamptonshire we have " de
dono Reginae 7 de feno x. lib. 7 \. oras.** *
A payment of this sort occurs to the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, torn. i. fol. 5. under Edes-
ham. " Modo redd. xlvi. lib. &c. et Archiepo
c. sol. de Garsunne.^*
2. Money ers^ and t/ie Liberty of Coinage.
From the Laws of ^thelstan, we learn that
a mint was antiently one of the usual privileges
of a Burgh. In Canterbury, it is said, there are
seven Moneyers, four belonging to the King,
two to the Bishop, and one to the Abbat ; in
Rochester three, two belonging to the King,
and one to the Bishop; in London eight; in
Winchester six ; in Lewes two ; one at Hastings ;
one at Chichester ; two at [South] Hampton ;
two at Wareham ; two at Exeter ; two at Shafls-
bury ; and one in the other Burghs.*
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 154 b. 238.
« Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 117 b. » Ibid, tom.i. fol.^19.
* LL. JEthelst. Wilkins. p. 59.
GfiKERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. ITS
In the Domesday Survey, payments de Mo- Principal
^ , . ., n ' ' X- J Matters noticed
neta/ for the privilege of commg, are mentioned in tbi» Record.
at Pevensey, Lewes, Malmsbury, Bath, Taunton, § s^Maney.
Oxford, Gloucester, Roelent, Nottingham, and
Thetford : and Monetarii occur at Licwea,
Wallingford,* Dorchester in Dorsetshire, Brid-
port, Wareham, Shaflsbury, Oxford, Worcester,
Hereford, Huntingdon,^ Leicester, Shrewsbury,
Chester, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Colchester,
Norwich, Tingohu, Sudbury, and Ipswich. The
workmen who were employed in coining did
not enjoy the same liberty with other artists^
of following their own fancies, and making
such coins as they pleased ; but they received
all their dies from the Exchequer, and they
wrought under the inspection of officers, who
were called " Examinatores MonetcBy^* and
" Custodes Cuneorum^*^ Essayers and Keepers of
the dies, whose business it was to take care
that their coins were of the standard weight
and fineness/
> This was probably the same kmd of payment which
is elsewhere called ^^ Geldum Regis de Monedagio."
Domesd. torn. i. fol. 336.
* Id Wallingford the moneyer had a house, freed
from any consuetudinary payment *^ quamdiu facit
monetam." See Tom. i. fol. 56.
' Or rather there had been Monetarii in Huntingdon :
•* In hoc burgo fuer, iii. monetarii reddentes xl. solid,
int rege 7 comite. sed m® non sunt." Tom. i. fol. 203.
* Henry's Hist, of Britain, edit. 8^ 1805. vol. vi.
176 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal At Hereford there were seven moneyers, one
in^hi^Record. of whom belonged to the Bishop. On a re-
§ sTu^. coinage, the royal moneyers paid twenty shil-
lings to the King, and the Bishop had the same
sum from his moneyen When the King went
there, the moneyers were to make as many
pennies of the King*s silver as he pleased. The
seven moneyers had their own soc and sac If
any one of the King's moneyers died, the King
had twenty shillings for a relief : and if he died
without having disposed of his effects the King
became possessed of his property.* At Shrews-
bury, the King had three moneyers, who, after
they had purchased their dies like the other
moneyers of the country, on the fifteenth day,
gave, each, twenty shillings to the King ; and
this was done while the money was in coining.'
At Chester, there were, in the time of Edward
the Confessor, seven moneyers. At Norwich,
the Bishop was allowed a moneyer if he wished
for one.*
p. 298. In the entry concerning Worcester in the
Domesday Survey, tom.i. 172. it is said, <* Quando
moneta vertebatur, [i. e. mutabatur] quisque monetarius
dabat xx. solid, ad Lundonia pro cuneis moneta acci^
piendis.'* The custom of receiving the dies from London
continued in times long subsequent
■ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 179. * Ibid. fol. 252.
' ^^ In hoc burgo si uult epc potest habere i. roone-
tariu." Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 117 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 177
It is a fact worthy of remark that many Principal
places of mintage occur upon the coins both of in this Record.
Edward the Confessor and the Conqueror, which § sTldoney.
are not noticed as such in the Domesday Survey.
Exeter, Hastings, London, Rochester, South-
ampton, Southwark, Stamford, and Winchester,
occur upon the coins of both Monarchs. Ayles-
bury, Bedwiud, Chichester, Hertford, Horni-
dune, and Maldon, are found on those of the
Confessor only. Bridgenorth, Bricsi (supposed
to be Bristol), Canterbury, Dover, Hithe, Marl-
borough, Salisbury, Stafford, Wilton, and Witney
occur on those of the Conqueror. The only way
of accounting for this extraordinary circumstance
is by supposing the places upon the different
coins to be those of the moneyers residence :
and that the name of a town upon a Saxon or a
Norman penny, following that of the moneyer,
does not uniformly imply that a regular mint
was established at the place.
178 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Sect. 4,— TERRITORIAL JURISDICTIONS and
FRANCHISES.
Their Denominations.
Counties — Their Subdivision and Customs.
Principal The greater Subdivisions of the Shirw or
^^"^Sf Counties in the Domesday Survey appear to
§ 4. TaHtoriid ^^^^ ^^^^ Tredings or Ridings, LestSj RapeSy
ji^^and Wapentakes^ Hundreds^ HalfHundreds, and
Hatf-Lests.
The Theding, or Biding^ is only found in
Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and implies a third
part^ It had its courts inferior to that of the
county, but superior to the jurisdiction of the
wapentake.^ These Ridings in Yorkshire still
^ '< Erant etiam et alias potestates super Wapentaohiay
quas vocabant J^pihinjaj* quod erat tertia parsPraoincut.
Qui vero super eas dominabantur, vocabantur Sjubin-
jejiep]* \ ad hos deferebantur causae quas non poterant
definiri in Wapentachiis. Sicque quod Angli vocabant
Hundredum, isti Wapentacbium : et quod Anglioe
vocabant S vel 4 Hundreda, isti vocabant tSpihinpu
In quibusdam vero Provinciis Anglice vocabantur L^
quod isti dicunt trihinge : quod autem in Spifainje defi-
niri non poterat ferebatur in Scyram." LL. Eklw. Coof.
§ 84. Wiik. Leges Anglo-Sax. p. 204.
* Among the *^ Clamores quae sunt in SudtrediDg
Lincoliee et Concordia eorum" we read, torn. i. fol. 875 b.
<* Testificant' hdes de Calnodesbou Wap consentiemie
toio Treding qd &c." The Court belonging to the
Treding, or Trihing, was called the Tridingmot. In a
Charter of King Henry the First to the Church of
St. Peter York, it is said^ << Nemo de terra Canonicomm
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 179
have distinct Lieutenancies and Commissions Principal
of the Peace; the three parts of Lincolnshire iiAhisi^rd.
the latter only. 5 4. ^^
The Lest, Last, or Lathe is stated in the laws '^"j;^^"'^
of Edward the Confessor to have been the same
with the Riding. It could rjot, however, have
comprised the third part of the shire, as in Kent
the only county in which it is named, no less
than seven distinct Lasts occur. It derived its
name from the Saxon jelaSian to assemble : and
Spelman cites a passage in his Glossary,' from
the " Ordinatio Marisci Romeneiensis,*' pa. 73,
where it has a similar signification. ** Si aliquis
super hoc convincatur per testimonium ballivi
et juratorum in communi lasto, amercietur in
X. solidis." ^
The Rape of Sussex appears to have answered
generally to the Lest or Lathe of Kent. Lye,
in his edition of Junius's Etymologicon, calls it
'< Comitatus portio, cujusmodi sunt sex portiones
in agro Sussex.*' ^
S. Petri Wapentacmot, nee Tridingmoti nee Shiresmot
sequebatur, sed calumpnians vel calumpniatus ante ostium
Monasterii S. Petri rectitudinem et recipiebat et faciebat."
See Cowel's Law Interpr. edit. 1727. Compare also Spel-
man, Of the ancient government of England, pp.50, 52.
> Spelm. Gloss, fol. Lond. 1687. p. 348.
* Bishop Kennett in a manuscript Glossary among
the Lansdowne MSS. No. 1098. p. 235, says, "The
annual Court at Dimchurch in Roraney Marsh, held for
the election of a Bailiff and other Officers, is called
Dimchurch'LathJ*
^ He adds : " Somnerus derivat a pap funis. Ego
N 2
180 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal We have no mention in the Domesday Survey
in this Record, of any Mote or Court attached to the Rape :
§ 4. Te^oriai nor is there any reference to its testimony, as in
^l^^^s!^ the case of the Hundred. Indeed the Rapes
seem to have been intrusted to the jurisdiction of
individuals : for in the account of Sussex, in the
Survey, we read of Rapum Comitis de Mori-
tonio, Rapum Willielmi de Braiose, Rapum
Comitis de Ow, Rapum Willielmi de Warene,
and Rapum Comitis Rogerii.^ The Rapes men-
tioned by their own names are those of Arundel,
Hastings, Lewes, and Penevesel.^ Chichester
Rape does not appear. It was under Earl
Roger's authority, but perhaps usurped from the
Bishop. Hrepp is still a territorial division in
Iceland:^ and it is not improbable that the
Rapes of Sussex were military districts for the
supply of the Castles which existed in each.
The Wapentake occurs in the Northern
Counties, and is synonimous with the Hundred
in the Counties of Nottingham, York, and Lin-
coln to this day. The best explanation of the
malim derivare ab Isl. repp vel ripp^ quod, teste Verelio^
districtum vel tractum terras notat." Sir Thomas Smithy
in his work ^^ De Republica Anglorum," lib. ii. cap* 9.
gives etymons of Lathe and Bxipc of too ludicrous a kind
to be gravely quoted.
' See tom.i. foil. 16, 17, 17 b, 20, 20 b, 21b, 22,
22 b, 24, 24. b, 25, 26, 26 b, 27, 27 b, 28, 28 b.
* Penevesel is in one instance called a Hundred,
torn. i. fol. 22.
' See Henderson's Iceland, 8^ Edinb. 1818. vol.i.
Introd. p. xxvii.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 181
Wapentake is given in the laws of King Edward Pnndpai
, \>. ^ Matters noticed
the Confessor : ** De Hundredis et Wapentachiis. in this Record.
Ewerwickshire, Nicolshyre,* Notinghamshyre, §4. r«Tt<ona/
Leycestershire, Northamptonshire, usque ad ^Franchim,
Watlingstrete, et octo miliaria ultra Watling-
strete sub lege Anglorum sunt Et quod Angli
vocant Hundredum, supradicti comitatus vocant
Wapentachium : et non sine causa : cum quis
enim accipiebat praefecturam Wapentachii, die
statute in loco ubi consueverant congregari,
omnes majores natu contra eum conveniebant,
et descendente eo de equo suo omnes assurge-
bant ei. Ipse vero erecta lancea sua ab omnibus
secundum morem foedus accipiebat : Omnes
enim quotquot venissent cum lanceis suis ipsius
hastam tangebant, et ita se confirmabant per
contactum armorum, pace palam concessa.
Anglice enim arma vocantur psepnu, et taccape
confirmare ; quasi armorum confirmatio vel, ut
magis expresse secundum linguam Anglicam
dicamus Wapentac, armorum tactus est ; psepnu
enim arma sonat, tac tactus est. Quamobrem
potest cognosci quod hac de causa totus ille
conventus dicitur Wapentac, eo quod per
tactum armorum suorum ad invicem confoederati
sunt." -
Ranulphus Cestrensis tells us/"* " quod quoties
novus esset Hundred! Dominus eiinsubjectionis
' Lincolnshire. ' Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 203.
^ Lib. i. cap. 5. see Cowel. Compare also Chron.
Joan. Bromton, ap. X. Script. Twysd.*p. 957.
N 3
182 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal signum arma redderent Vassalli :'* an explanation
Matters noticed , . « . i -n i« i
in this Record, which, in some measure, connects the English
§4. 2Wana/ Wapentake with the Wapinschcav, or Wajim^
**5J^!^S^^ schxvmng^ of the Scots.*
That the Wapentake was one of the earliest
terms used by the Saxons in this Country for a
district of territory, seems more than probable.
It may be traced among the more ancient tribes
of the North. Professor Ihre tells us that
among the Goths Wapntak implied the manner
in which decrees ^were passed by the people at
large, by the clashing of their arms. Tacitus,
he adds, has described the usage in his time.
He further informs us that Wapntak also denoted
the confirmation of a judicial edict by the touch
of arms. The votes being collected, the Judge
reached forth a spear, by touching which all his
assessors confirmed the sentence. '
' See Jamieson's Etymolog. Diet, of the ScotUsb
Language, 4*o. edit. c. wappin.
* " WAPNTAK erat modus per strepitum concns-
sorum armorum plebiscita olim condendi, uti recte banc
vocem explicat Dolmerus, in Notis ad Jus AuL Norrw.
p. 9. conf. Heinis Kr. torn. ii. p. SIS. Their bardo
saman 'svapnom sinomy oc dcsmdo tha alia utlaga^ arma
sua concutiebant, omnesque eos exsules esse jussemnt.
lb. p. 414. Ami beiddi, at men skuldo gera Wapnatak
at T/iuif at dama med lagum Sigurd Jarl oc aUam fiodk
Theirra tiljiafidans: Arni ad populum ferebat, utooD-
cussis armis plebiscitoque publico Sigurdum Comitem
omnesque sectarios illius diabolo adjudicarent. Adde
Knytl. S. p. 44. Rem suo jam aevo usitatam describit
C. Tacitus de Mor. Germ. cap. xi. <^ Considunt armati
— si displiciiit sententiayfremitu aspcrnantttr : sinplacuit^
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 183
The Gemote, or judicial assembly in the Principal
di&rent Wapentakes, is expressly defined in the in thiJiuLrd.
Laws of jEthelred. ^* Et ut habeantur Con- § 4. iwrii<mai
ventiw in quolibet Wapentachio, et exeant Se- '^"^^iTr'^
niores xn. Thani et Fraefectus cum eis, et jurent
super Sanctuarium quod eis in manus datur,
quod nolint uUum innocentem accusare, nee
aliquem noxium celare/' ' That the Wapentake
was in every respect the same, and paid the
third penny like the Hundred, is evident from
a passage in the very first page of the account
of Nottinghamshire, fol. 280. where it is said,
'* Duo numi regis 7 rcius Comitis qui exeunt
yrameas concutiuntJ* Vocatur assensus hie bellicus
TAingtai, in Jure AuL Norrw. cap. i. ubi vide a Dol-
mero annotata. <^ 2. Notat confirmationem sententiae
in Jadicio prolatae per contactum armorum : lectis enim
saffragiis hastam Judex proferebat, quam Assessores
omnes tangentes sententiam confirmabant.'' Sir Thomas
Smith gives an explanation of the Wapentake more
consonant to the practices of later times. He says,
<^ WaperUachium e Danorum aut Saxonum sermone
emanavit. Totidem quippe ex oppidanis in unum locum
convenerunt, ubi Armorum (Anglice Weapon) delectus
habebatur; quique idoneis fidejussoribus de probe et
pacate in posterum vivendo non satisdabant, illis arma
detrabebantur." De Repub. ut supr. Dr. Wilkins, in
his Glossary upon the Anglo-Saxon laws^ derives
Wapentake from peapan arma and teacan docere: as
the district where a given number of persons in each
county were accustomed to meet and train themselves
in the use of arms.
Wilkins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 117. See also Chron.
Joan. Bromton apud X. Script. Twysd. 895.
N 4?
184 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO D0ME8DAY.
Principal de Apletreu Wapenl sunt in manu uicecomitis
Matters noticod '^ n •
in this Record, testiiii Quaru sciraru/'
§4.7w^ona/ The (livlsion of the Hundred has been
Franddsts, vaHously accounted for by our antiquaries and
historians. In the Dialogus de Scaccario, it is
said, " Hundredus vero ex Hydarum aliquot
centenariis sed non determinatis ; quidam enim
ex pluribus, quidam ex paucioribus Hidis con-
stat/' * In a very ancient Leiger-Book of Peter-
borough abbey, preserved in the Library of the
Society of Antiquaries,^ is the following enu-
meration of the Hundreds of Nortliamptonshire
and their contents, referring to the time of
King Edward the Confessor ; in which every
Hundred is made to consist of a hundred hides :
the hides paying geld being particularly dis-
tinguished from those in the royal occupation,
and the waste or uncultivated land. This
Document seems to decide the proper explana-
tion of the Hundred. It is given entire in the
note below. ^ Lambard in the Glossary to the
' Madox Hist. Excheq. 4o. edit. vol. i. p. 399.
^ MSS. Sec. Antiq. N^. 60. fol. 47. entitled id the
Catalogue ^ Certificatio Hundredorum in comitatu Nor"
thampL Saxonice."
3 <f Dif If into 8uttiinef hunbpeb )>at \\ an hunbpeb hiba.
fpa It pasf on ^buuapbef beije kynjef . 7 )>ep op if je pejieb an
7 tuenti bibe 7 tpabel an hibe. 7 poupti hibe inlanb. 7 x.
bibe ])ef kynjef ahhen pepme lanb. 7 viii. 7 xx. hibe pefCe 7
]>pibbel an hibe.
** Dif If into pepbuncf hunbpet ^ if an hunbpet hiba fpa
hit paf on Cabpapbef bejc kynjef. 7 )>cp op if jc pepeb xviii.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 186
second edition of his Archaionomia, and Spel- „ PHncipai
**- Matters noticed
in thia Record.
hibe buton ape * jeapbe. 7 xl. hibe inlanb. 7 i. 7 xl. hibe jurimtictionsand
pejTe. 7 I. jeapbe. Frunckites.
•' Dif If into kle^ele hunbpeb f ip an hunbpeb hibe fpa ic
pef on Qbv" beje kynjef. 7 )>ep op if je pepeb. xviii. hibe 7
poupti hibe inlanb 7. 11. 7 xl. hibe pefte.
** Dif If into ^pauefenbe hunbpeb f if an hunbpeb hibe
fpa IC pef on Qfibp" beje kynjef. 7 fep op if je pepeb^ xviii.
hibe 7 I. alp hibe 7 v. 7. xxx. inlanb 7 y. hibae fef kynjef
ajen pepme lanb. 7 1. 7 xl. hibe pepte. 7 i. healp hibe.
** Dif if mco €abbolbef fcope hunbpeb f if an hunbpeb
hiba fpa it pef on Babp" beje kynjef. 7 fep op if je pepeb. in.
7. XX. hiba. 7 I. healp hibe 7. v. 7 xl. hibe inlanb. 7 v. hibe
pef kynjef. 7 xxvi. hibe pefte 7. i. healp hibe.
•' Dif If into ejelpeapbefle hunbpeb. f if an hunbpeb hibe
fpa hit pef on 6abpapbef beje kynjef . 7 fep op if je pepeb.
XVI. bibe 7. 1. heaip hibe. 7 xl. hibe inlanb. 7 eec noptune
feueSe^ healp hibe ne co nan peni op f ah Opmunb |>ef kjm^^ef
ppitepe. 7 feuen. 7 xxx. pefte.
" Dif If into uoxle hunbpeb f if an hunbpeb hiba eal fpa
hit paf on €abp' beje kynjef. 7 fep op if je pepeb. xvi. hibe.
7 XXX. hibe inlanb. 7 i. 7 xx. hibe fef kynjef ahhan lanb 7.
III. 7 xxx. hibe pefte.
•' Dif If into uycefte hunbpeb. f if an hunbpeb hiba. fpa
hit pef on j6bp" beje kynjef. 7 fep op if 5e pepeb. xviii. hibe.
7. XL. hibe inlanb. 7. xx. hibe fef kynjef ahhen laub. 7 1. 7.
XX. pefte.
" Dif If into hochef hlapa hunbpeb. f if. 11. 7. lx. hiba.
f uf hit paf on £bf beje kynjef. 7 fep op if je pepeb. viii.
hiba. 7. XV. hiba inlanb. 7. vim. 7. xxx. hiba pefte.
•* Dif If into pilebpoce hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. f uf hit pef
on j6bp" beje kynjef. 7 fepop hif je pepeb. vii. hiba 7 xi. hiba
inlanb. 7. xiii. hiba pefte f if if into f healpe hunbpeb 7 f
healpe hunbpeb eal un pepeb f heah pe kjrnj.
*• Dif If into f af tpa hunbpeb to uptune Jpene pip pytJe
tpenti hiba 7 nijetSa healp hiba. f up it paf on Gabp" beje kyn^ef.
7 f^P T 5® pepeb pipti hiba. 7 vii. 7 xx hiba inlanb. 7 viii. 7
» 7M. aoe* 2 71*. reuen^.
186 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Friiudpia man in his Glossaiium Archaiologicumy think
Matters noticed
in this Record. -.— — —
§ 4. Terriiorial XX. hiba pefte 7 I. healf hiba. 7 op v. pSe xx. hifo» if ^pibbe
•'^'^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ "" F«P«^« 7 f ^^^ Ricapb enxaixne.
" Dif If into nauepeflunb tpa huobpeb. viii. fJtJe tpwiti
bibe. )^uf bic pef od 6abp" be^e kyo^ef 7 fuj micel if ^ p^fMb
iDto faj tpa huobpeb. f if. vim. 7 xx« hiba 7 i. hiba. 7 tiiii.
7 pfti hiba lolaob. 7 tpelfta healp hibe pefte. 7 op ^. yui
fy6a tpeoti hiba if. viii. hiba un pepeb. 7 f eah p l»fbi ytf
kynjef pip.
" Dif If into nepeffopba huobpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. fvj hm
pcf on jGbp" beje kyoj". 7 J>uf micel if je pepeb xv. b^a. 7
xiiii. hiba inlanb. 7. iii. 7 xxx. hiba pefta.
** Dif If into pocabpoc huobpeb. ii. 7 lx. hiba. ^uf it ftf
on jBbp* bege kyn^* 7 )>6p if. x. hiba pepeb. 7 xx. hiba inkmb.
7 II. 7 xxx. hiba pefta*
'' Dif If into ttet oj^ep healpe huobpeb into neopbotle jguuie
f If o^ep healf hunbpeb hiba )^ep if inne pip 7 peoppepti hiba
buton an healp jeapbe pane pea lanb 7 ^e pepeb. 7 pep if heaif
hunbpeb hibe 7. 11. 7 zx. hibe inlanb. 7 iii. 7. xxx. hiba 7 i.
healp s^pbe pepta. 7 pup hit pef on jBbp" be^e Kin^".
" Dif If ^ ot$ep healpe hunbpeb into ^i^bepbupb. 7 fejk q
inne oSep healp hunbpeb hiba. 7 ]>ep ip xvi. hiba fett. 7 ga
pepeb. 7 pep if healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xviii. hibe inlanb. 7 ^ep
if healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xyiii. hibe inlanb. 7 ]>ep if hea^
hunbpeb hiba. 7 xvi. pepta. 7 )^uf hit pef on Gabuuapb* bcga
kynjef.
'' Dif If into fpelhoh hunbpeb pup fytto tpenti hiba 7
X. hiba. 7 )^ep if tpenti hiba 7 i. alp hiba pett. 7 j^ pepeb.
7 pp. 7 XX. hiba bypijlanb. 7 into habintune.x. hiba. Ricqibep
lanb ne co nan peni op. 7 into CDultune. vi. hiba. IDiU'iiMf
lanb ne co nan peni op. 7. viii. 7 xx. hiba pepte. 7 an
healp. h*.
'* Dip ip into hpicceplea peft hunbpeb f fynbon jponp
jyiSe XX. hiba. 7 puf hit pef on £bf beje k^\ 7 ^
op ip 2® pepeb. X. hiba. 7 poupti hit inlanb. 7 xxx* hiba
pepte.
*' Dip If into hpicceflea eaft hunbpeb ^ pnbon poup yfSe
XX. hibe eal ppa hit pap on j6bp" baeje Kynj" 7 pep op if xt.
hibe pepeb. 7 pep ip poup 7 xxx. hibe inlanb 7 i. 7 xxx.
hibe pefte.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 187
the Hundred is to be understood of a Hundred Principal
Men. Bromton, abbat of Jervaux, that it com- in this Record.
« Dif If iDCo fCotpalbe hunbpeb f if an bunbpeb hibe fpa
hic p€f on fibf b«5e kynj . 7 J>ep if je pepeb op. vim. hibe 7 ~"
I. healp sepbe. 7 )>ep if foupti bibe iDlanb. 7 pipti hibe pefte
7 peptSe healf jepbe.
** Dif If iDCo ftoce hunbpeb f if f oupci hiba. fpa hit pepon
on Qbp" baejc Kfng. 7 fep oj: hif je pepeb eahtetenbe healp
hibe. 7 elleop:e healf hibe. inlanb. 7 xii* hibe pefte.
*' Dif If iwco ot$ep healf e hunbpeb into hehham f if ot^ep
healf hunbpeb hibe fpa hit pef on jEbp*" beeje Kyn^f 7 fefi of
If je pepeb pfti hibe buton an alp hibe. 7 poup 7 poupti hibe
inlanb 7 fi^ 7 F^F^^ ^^^ pepte. 7 x. hiba mape f litS into
anpopbep ho.
" Dif If into malef le' hunbpeb f if poup p6e. xx. hiba.
7 l^epop If pepeb. xii. lube. 7 )'ep if. xxx. hibe inlanb 7 ])ep
If. XXX. hibe pefte. 7. ))ep if. viii. hibe unpepeb f ah fe kyn^.
*' Dip if into copebi hunbpeb f if. vii. 7 xl. hibe fpa hit
pef on jBbp* b8B5e kynj. 7 fep op if je pepeb. viii. healp hibe /
7. XII. healp hibe inlanb. 7 )>ep ip xii. hibe 7 i. %ejibe "pejf
Kyiijep pepme lanbe pepte 7 unpepeb. 7 v. hibe unpepeb ]>a.
III. hibe eah ])e tSe fcotte Kjuj. 7 ot$ep healp hibe eah y^
Ispeth 7 vpf. I. healp hibe. 7 xi. hibe pepte buton ane jepbe.
*' Dif If into RotSepelle hunbpeb f if. lx. hiba )yuf hit pep
on £bf baeje kynj. 7 J^epeop ip. x. hibe pepeb. 7 xx. hiba
inlanb. 7 )[v. hibe unpepeb )>a peuen hibe 7 i. healp hibe eah
9e kynj 7 peuen hibe 7 i. healp hibe eah t$ep Kyn^ep pip 7
Robbtep pip heoplep 7 ^lUelm enjanie.
'^ Dip ip into anbuept^ep hoh hunbpeb f ip. iiii. pSa tpenti
hiba. 7. X. hiba. )>up hit pap on .Gbp" baeje kyn* 7 fep op ip je
pepeb. V. 7 XX. hibe inlanb. 7. ix. 7 xxx. hibe pepte.
" Dip ip into Opblinjbspe hunbpeb. iiii. pJtSe tpenti hibe.
f up hit paep on Qbf bseje kyn'. 7 J>ep op hip je pepeb. vim.
7 XX. hibe. 7 I. healp hibe 7 iiii. 7 xx. hibe 7. i. healp hibe
in lanb. 7. v. hibe un pepeb f eah ^illelm en^nie 7 pitejet
ppeoft. 7. I. 7 XX. hibe pepte.
" Dip ip into f ot$ep healpe hunbpeb in to pimepeplea f ip
ot5ep healp hunbpeb hiba ppa hit pep on jBbp" be^ep kyn". 7
)»ep op ip pepeb. i. 7. xl. hibe. 7. in. pjl^e tpenti hibe inlanb
7. vim. 7 XL. hibe pcpce.*'
§ 4. Terriiorial
Jurisdictioniafyi
Franehmt,
186 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Pfindpia man in his Glossarium Archaiologicum, think
Matters noticed
in this Record. .
§ 4. Territoria! xx. hiba pefte 7 I. healf hiba. 7 op y. pSe zx. hifo» if ^pibbe
•'^'^^^^ healj: hibe un pejieb. 7 f heah Ricapb enxaijne.
" " Dif If into nauepef lunb tpa huobpeb. viii. fJtJe tpwiti
bibe. )^uf bic pef on Gabp*" be^e kyn^ef 7 ]>uf micel if ^e pepeb
inco ]>af tpa hunbpeb. f if. vim. 7 xx. hiba 7 i. biba. 7 tiiii.
7 pfti hiba inlanb. 7 tpelfta healp hibe pefts. 7 op ^. tui
fy6a tpenti hiba if. viii* hiba un pepeb. 7 f eah p Ispbi ^
kynjef pif.
*' Dif If into nepeffopba hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. ^ hie
pcf on ebp" beje kynj . 7 J>uf micel if je pepeb xv. b^ 7
xiiii. hiba inlanb. 7. iii. 7 xxx. hiba pefta.
*^ Dif if into pocabpoe hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. ^uf it pif
on jBbp" be^e kyn^* 7 )>ep if. x. hiba pepeb. 7 xx. hiba loluifk.
7 II. 7 xxx. hiba pefta.
'* Dif If into ttet o]>ep healpe hunbpeb into neopbotle jpBuit
f If ot$ep healp hunbpeb hiba ]>ep if inne pip 7 peoppepti hibft
buton an healp jeapbe pane pea binb 7 je pepeb. 7 fejk if hea^
hunbpeb hibe 7. 11. 7 xx. hibe inlanb. 7 iii. 7. xxx. hiba 7 i.
healp s^pbe pepta. 7 |>uf hit pef on jBbp" beje Kinj".
'* Dif If f otSep healpe hunbpeb into ji^^F^uph. 7 Jiep vf
inne o8ep healp hunbpeb hiba. 7 )^p ip xvi. hiba fett. 7 ge
pepeb. 7 ]»ep if healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xyiii. hibe inlanb. 7 fep
If healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xyiii. hibe inlanb. 7 )^p if hea^
hunbpeb hiba. 7 xvi. pepta. 7 )^uf hit pef on Gabuuapb* bq^
kynjcf.
'' Dif If into fpelhoh hunbpeb poup pytto tpenti hiba 7
x. hiba. 7 ]>ep if tpenti hiba 7 i. alp hiba pett. 7 j^ pejieb.
7 pp. 7 XX. hiba bypi^nb. 7 into habintune. z. hiba. Riogibq'
lanb ne co nan peni op. 7 into CDultune. yi. hiba. UUiU'mef
lanb ne co nan peni op. 7. viii. 7 xx. hiba pepte. 7 an
healp. h*.
'* Dip ip into hpicceplea pept hunbpeb f fynbon poup
jyHe XX. hiba. 7 J>uf hit pef on 6bf beje k^*. 7 fe^
op ip ^e pepeb. x. hiba. 7 poupti hit inlanb. 7 xxx. hiba
pefte.
** Dip If into hpicceflea eaft hunbpeb ^ pnbon poup yj/Se
xx. hibe eal fpa hit paf on jEbp" baeje Kyoj" 7 ))ep op if xy.
hibe pepeb. 7 J>ep if poiip 7 xxx. hibe inlanb 7 i. 7 xxx.
lube pefte.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 187
the Hundred is to be understood of a Hundred Principal
Men. Bromton, abbat of Jervaux, that it com- in thia Record.
** Dif If iDCO jxotpalbe huDbpeb f if an bunbpeb hibe fpa
hic p€f on €bf b9B%e kynj . 7 f ep if je pepe6 op. vini. hibe 7 ~"
I. healf s^pbe. 7 |>ep if poupci hibe inlanb. 7 ppti hibe pefte
7 fepf$e healf jepbe.
'* Dif If iDCo ftoce huDbpeb f if f oupti hiba. fpa hit pepon
on £bf bssje Kj^nj'. 7 ])ep op hif ^e pepeb eahtetenbe healp
hibe. 7 BdHeofce healf hibe. mlanb. 7 xii. hibe pefte.
** Dif If into ot$ep healf e hunbpeb into hehham f if o5ep
healf hunbpeb hibe fpa hit pef on jGbp" beeje Kynjf 7 J>ep op
If je pepeb ppti hibe buton an alp hibe. 7 poup 7 poupti hibe
inlanb 7 fi^ 7 PF^^ ^>^ pefte. 7 x* hiba mape f litS into
anpopbef ho.
" Dif if into malef le' hunbpeb f if poup ptJe. xx. hiba.
7 pepop If pepeb. xii. hibe. 7 pep if. xxx. hibe inlanb 7 pep
If. XXX. hibe pefte. 7. pep if. viii. hibe unpepeb f ah fe kyn^.
** Dif If into copebi hunbpeb f if. yii. 7 xl. hibe fpa hit
pef on J6bp* baeje kynj. 7 J>ep op if je pepeb. viii. healp hibe /
7. XII. healp hibe inlanb. 7 )>ep if xii. hibe 7 i. jepbe )»ef '
Kyujef pepme lanbe pepte 7 unpepeb. 7 v. hibe unpepeb ]>a.
111. hibe eah pe tSe fcotte Kjus- 7 ot$ep healp hibe eah y^
Ispeth 7 vpf. I. healp hibe. 7 xi. hibe pepte buton ane jepbe.
*' Dif if into RotSepelle hunbpeb f if. lx. hiba )yuf hit pef
on 6bp" baeje kynj . 7 J^epeop if. x. hibe pepeb. 7 xx. hiba
inlanb. 7 Xv, hibe unpepeb )>a feuen hibe 7 i. healp hibe eah
iSe kynj 7 peuen hibe 7 i. healp hibe eah t$ef Kynjef pip 7
Robbtef pip heoplef 7 ^illelm enjanie.
*^ Dif If into anbuept^ef hoh hunbpeb f if. iiii. pSa tpenti
hiba. 7. X. hiba. puf hit paf on .6bp" baeje Ij^tf 7 )>ep op if je
pepeb. V. 7 XX. hibe inlanb. 7. ix. 7 xxx. hibe pefte.
'* Dif If into Opbhnjbspe hunbpeb. iiii. fjISe tpenti hibe.
puf hit pKf on ebf baeje Ijyn". 7 )>ep op hif je pepeb. viiii.
7 XX. hibe. 7 I. healp hibe 7 iiii. 7 xx. hibe 7. i. healp hibe
in lanb. 7. v. hibe un pepeb f eah f illelm en^nie 7 pitejet
ppeoft. 7. I. 7 XX. hibe pefte.
" Dif If into f oiJep healpe hunbpeb in to pimepeplea f if
otJep healp hunbpeb hiba fpa hit pef on jEbp"" baejef kytf. 7
pep op If pepeb. i. 7. xl. hibe. 7. in. fy^ tpenti hibe inlanb
7. villi. 7 XL. hibe pcfce."
§ 4. Territonai
JuTiadiclioniand
Franekuet,
190 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal
Matters noticed
in this Record.
Cities and Burghs , and their Customs.
§ 4. Territorial
'^''l^^^^^^ The Services, Charges, and Customs of the
Cities and Burghs noticed in the Survey, form
a valuable illustration of the Saxon laws. A
comparison of the two shows in how small a
degree the Normans interfered with the ancient
institutions of the people.^
London, Winchester, Abingdon, and a few
others, were omitted, probably on account d£
Charters of immunity previously granted.' They
' In the account of Dover, as will be presently noticed,
it is said, <^ Omnes hae consuetudines erant ibi quando
WiUielmus Rex in Angliam venit.'* So under Waling-
ford, fol. 56. ^^ Modo sunt in ipso bui^ consuetndiDes
omnes ut ante fuerunt." And in what relates to the
Hundred of Oswaldslaw in Worcestershire, it is aaidj
^< in quo jacent ccc. hidae. De quib} eps ipsi^ aecciifle
a constitutioneantiquorum temporum h{ oms redditiooes
socharum, &c. Hoc attestatur totus comitatus*'' txun. i.
fol. 1 72 b.
* For the liberty of London, see Mat. Paris, and the
London Charters. It is singular that Ciltecumbe, now
Chilcomb, a mile and a half from Winchester, whidi,
according to the Abstract of Answers and Retumt
to the Population Act of 1811, contains but twenty
Houses, should be entered in the Survey as having nine
Churches, torn. i. fol. 41. The manor was '* de victu
Monachorum WinL" There is no accounting for the
difference between the statement of the Domesday
Survey and that of the Population Act concerning Qiil-
comb, without adverting to the probability that it must
have formerly included a part of the suburb of Winchester.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 191
probably compounded for all Dues and Cus- FrindiMi
tomary payments. The City of London does in tus Roooni.
so now for all Middlesex. Of the following $4.3wLrKi/
Cities and Burghs, the Customs are particularly
noticed. In the first Volume, at Dover, fol. !•
Canterbury, fol. 2. Romney, fol. 10 b. Pevensey,
foL£Ob. Lewes, fol. 26. Wallingford, fol. 56.
Doidbester, &idport, Warefaamy Shaftsbniy,
fol. ^5. Taunton, foL 87 b. Hertfon], fiiL 192.
Buckingham, fol. 143. Oxford, fol. 154. Wor-
cester, fol. 172. Pershore, fol. 174 b. Hereford,
fol. 179. Cambridge, fol. 189. Huntingdon,
fol. 203. Northampton, fol. 219. Leicester,
fol. 230. Warwick, fol. 238. Stafford, fol. 246.
Shrewsbury, fol. 252. Chester, fol. 262, 9&3.
The Wiches, fol. 268. Nottingham, fol. 280.
Derby, fol. 280. York, fol. 298. Lincoln, fol. 336.
Stamford, fol. 336 b. Torksey, fol. 337. Gran-
tham^ fol. 337 b. and Louth, fol. 345. ; and in
the second Volume, at Melduna, now Maldon,
fol. 48. Colchester, fol. IO7. Norwich, foL 116.
Yarmouth, fol. 118. Thetford, fol. 118 b. Ips-
wich, fol. 290. and Dunwich, fol. 311 b.
At Dover 9 the Burgesses appear to have had
a Guildhall. They supplied the King with
The petition of the City of Winchester to King Henry
the Sixth in 1450, printed in the first volume of
the Archaeologia, enumerates no fewer than seventeen
Churches and nine hundred and ninety-seven ** house-
holdes" which had fallen down, chiefly within the eighty
years preceding.
192 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal twciity ships foF fifteen days once in every year.
Matters noticed i i i - i. j
in this Record, each vesscl having twenty-one persons on board,
§ 4. Twiitariai ^^d this, because he had granted them sac and
^"tlnZ^!^ soc. When the King's Messenger arrived they
paid three pence in winter, and two in summer
for transporting his Horse* They also found a
pilot and his assistant. Whosoever, constantly
residing in the town, paid his customary rent to
the King, was free of toll through England. It
is expressly added that these customs were found
here at the King's coming. The burning of the
town at the Conqueror's first arrival in England
prevented any computation of its value at the
time it was given to the Bishop of Baieux.
When the Survey was formed it was appreciated
at forty pounds, though it paid considerably
more.
In Canterbury the larger portion of land held
by the burgesses was in the tenure of Allodium:
a species of free-hold which will be hereafter
explained.
At LeweSy if the King sent a force to keep
the sea, twenty shillings were collected of every
burgess, which were paid to those who manned
the vessels. Whoever sold a horse in the town
paid a penny to the bailiff, and the purchaser
paid another : for an ox, a halfpenny : for a
man four-pence, wheresoever the purchase might
have been made within the Rape. For blood-
shed, seven shillings and four-pence were made
the mulct : for adultery or rape, eight shillings
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 193
and four-pence by each of the parties ; and, as Principal
^ . Matters noticed
in Kent, for adultery, the man became the pro- in this Record,
perty of the King, and the woman of the Arch- §4. i^ono/
bishop. Upon a recoinage, each moneyer of ^I^^J!^^
this place paid twenty shillings.
The customary services of Taunton in Somer-
setshire, a burgh belonging to the Bishop of
Winchester, were, " Burgheristh, Latrones,
Pacis infractio, Hainfare, Denarii de Hundret,
et Denarii S. Petri, Circieti, ter in anno Placita
Episcopi sine ammonitione, Profectio in exer-
citum cum hominibus Episcopi."^
At Oxford^ in the time of King Edward, the
burgesses in the room of toll, gable, and all
other customary rents, paid the King twenty
pounds and six sextaries of honey ; and to Earl
Algar ten pounds besides the mill which he had
within the city. When the King went on an
expedition twenty of the burgesses went with
him for the rest, or they paid twenty pounds
that all might be free. At the time of form-
ing the Survey the city paid sixty pounds in
tale, every ora of the value of twenty pence.
Within and without the walls of the city two
hundred and forty-three houses paid geld ; and
beside these, four hundred and seventy-eight
houses were so desolated that they could not
pay geld. The King held twenty mural man-
sions, which in the time of the Confessor had
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 87 b.
o
194 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal been Earl Algar's, paying thirteen shillings and
Matters noticed c? x ^ c? c?
in this Record, ten-pence. They were called mural mansions,
5 4. iwriioriai because, if need required and the King com-
^"^^^hk^!^ manded, the tenants were bound to repair the
city wall. A hundred and ninety-one mansions
belonging to individuals, " liberae propter repa-
rationem muri " are also enumerated, of which
eighty are stated to have been **vastaB.*'*
^ The extraordinary number of houses specified as
desolated at Oxford requires explanation. If the
passage is correct, Matthew Paris probably gives us the
cause of it, under the year 10679 when William the
Conqueror subdued Oxford in his way to Tork.
** Eodem tempore Hex Willielmus urbem Oxoniam
sibi rebellem obsidione vallavit. Super cujus murum
quidam^ stans nudato inguine, sonitu partis inferioris
auras turbavit, in contemptum videlicet Normannorum^
unde Willielmus in iram conversus, civitatem levinegotio
subjugavit," Mat. Par. ed. Watts, sub. ann. 1067. p«4.
See also William of Malinesbury, Script, post Bedaro,
p. 58. whom Matthew Paris copies. It must not how-
ever be concealed, that although the Manuscripts of
Matthew Paris (MS. Reg. 14 0. vii. and MS. Cottoii.
Nero D. v.) read Oxoniam, three Manuscripts of Wil-
liam of Malmesbury (MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. and
Harl. MSS. 4'4'7. 528.) read Ea^oniam. The siege of
Exeter in 1067 is also mentioned by Simeon of Durham,
col. 197 ; Hoveden, col. 258 : Ralph de Diceto, coL482;
Florence of Worcester, fol. Francof. 1601. p. 635. and
Ordericus Vitalis, p. 510.
In the account of Lincoln, Domesd. torn. i. fol. 836 b.
there is a remark, which deserves attention, on the
*^ Mansiones wastae," enumerated in that city. ^* Reli-
qua? T.xxiiii. wastatffi sunt extra metam Castelli, noD
§ 4. Territorial
Jtavdictionsand
Franchiaes,
UENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 195
In Hereford, in the time of Edward the Con- Principal
r> .1 • 1 ^ I 1 111 Matters noticed
tessor there are said to have been a hundred in this Record,
and three tenants settled within and without the
wall of the city, whose customs are v^ry fully
enumerated. If any one wished to depart from
the city, with leave of the bailiff he might sell
his masure, or house and plot of land adjoining,
to any other person who engaged to perform
the proper service, and then the bailiff had the
third penny of the sale. But if any one from
poverty could not perform service, he relin-
quished his house to the bailiff without reward,
who took care that no house remained un-
tenanted, and that the king did not lose his rent.
Every entire masure within the wall of the city
paid seven-pence halfpenny, and four-pence
toward hiring horses, and the tenants did the
personal service of reaping at Maurdine three
days in August, and of gathering hay, one day,
wherever the sheriff directed. Whoever had a
horse went three times in the year with the
sheriff to the County and Hundred Courts at
Vrmlauia. When the King went to hunt, one
person went from each house to the stand or
station in the wood. Other tenants, not having
entire masures, found three men to guard the
king when he came into the city. When a
burgess serving [in the army] with his horse
propter oppressionem vicomitum et ministrorum, sed
propter infortunium, et paupertateiii, et ignium exus-
tionem."
O 2
196 OKNeKAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMB8DAT.
yilu^TtH^Ltd ^^^^* ^'^^' King had his horse and arms ; or, il*hc
in thtt Record, gervcd without a horse, ten shillings, or his land
5 4. Tfmiohai and houses. If any one had not devised his
property before his deatli, the King had the stock
belonging to his land. Every man whose wife
brewed, either within or without the city, ptid
ten-pence. Six smiths paid every one a penny
for his forge, and made a hundred and twen^
nails from tlie King's iron. Each received three
pence by custom ; and these smiths were firee
from all otiier ser>'ice. The moneyers, who will
be more particularly noticed hereafter, wete
seven in number, and performed a ser\'ice not
altogether unsimilar: when the King came to
the city, they were bound to coin as much of
his silver into pence as he demanded, and had
sac and soc. When a moneyer died, the Ki^g
had twenty shillings for a heriot ; or if he died
without having disposed of his effects the King
had all. When the sheriff* went with an anqr
into Wales the tenants of the burgh went
him : or if any one who was called upon did
go, he {>aid forty shillings to the King. The
King had three forfeitures in his demesne; tht
breach of his Peace, Ileinfara, and Fni i iiri
Wh(K*ver was guilty of either, was miilded a
hundred shillings to the King, notwithataodny
his being under the protection of any tenanl ii
capite. At the time of making the Smtejt
Hereford was tlie King's demesne. The
burgesses continuetl witJi their former ci
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 197
services. The foreigners who were burgesses Prindpd
paid twelve pence for all forfeitures beside the in tWa Record,
three above mentioned.* This city paid sixty §4. iwona/
pounds by tale to the King " de candidis ^^F^^^i^
denariis.''
At the time of the Survey Cambridge was
divided into ten wards. The customary pay-
ments amounted to seven pounds; and, for
Landgable, seven pounds and two orae and two
pence. The burgesses in King Edward's time
lent their ploughs to the sheriff three times in
the year : though at the time of forming the
Survey nine turns were exacted. In the time
of King Edward they found neither ploughs nor
carts, but both appear to have been required
by the sheriff at the formation of the Survey.
Picot the sheriff had as a heriot of the Lagemen ^
in the town, eight pounds, a palfrey, and the
' These foreigners must have taken up their residence
in Hereford after the arrival of the Conqueror : they
would otherwise have continued with the same customary
services as the English burgesses. Among the Con-
queror's Laws there is one which explains this point.
" 54. De jure Normannorum qui ante advetUum
GuiLiELMi civesjuerant Anglicani. Et omnis Franci-
gena qui tempore Edwardi propinqui nostri fuit in
Anglia particeps consuetudinum Anglorum, quod ipsi
dicunt an hlote & an pcotre, persolvat secundum legem
Anglorum." Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 228. There is
another allusion in Domesday to the Burgesses of
Hereford, tom. i. p. 269. The reader will see it extracted
in p. 210. Note^
* Lagemanni. See p. 91.
O 8
198 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal arms of a knight. When Aluric Godricson was
in this Record, shcriff, it is Said, he took twenty shillings for a
i4.Terrttorua heiiot.
^"T^^s!^ The city of Leicester in King Edward's time
- paid yearly to the King thirty pounds by tale,
every ora of the value of twenty pence, and
fifteen sextaries of honey. When the King
marched with his army through the land, twelve
burgesses of that borough went with him. If
the King went over sea against the enemy,
they sent from that borough four horses as
far as London, to carry arms or such other
things as circumstances required. At the time
of forming the Survey, King WilUam had, for
all Rents from that city and county, forty-two
pounds and ten shillings in weight. Instead of
one hawk, he had ten pounds by tale ; and
instead of a baggage or sumpter horse twenty
shillings.
At Warwick the King had a hundred and
thirteen houses, and his barons a hundred and
twelve, of which the King had the geld or
tax. The residue of the masures in the dly,
nineteen in number, belonged to as many bur-
gesses, who enjoyed them with sac and see,
and all customs, as they had done in the time
of King Edward. In the time of the Confessor
the shrievalty of Warwick, with the burgh and
royal manors, paid sixty-five pounds and thirly-
six sextaries of honey, or twenty-four pounds
and eight shillings in lieu of the honey. But
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 199
at the time of the Survey, in the firm of the ,, Principal
■^ Matters noticed
royal manors, they paid yearly one hundred in this lUoord.
and forty-five pounds in weight, twenty-three §4. rm^ono/
pounds for the custom of dogs, twenty shillings Fmncki$et.
for a sumpter horse, ten pounds for a hawk,
and a hundred shillings to the Queen as a
fine or gift Beside this, they paid twenty-
four sextaries of honey, of the greater measure,
and the Burgh six sextaries, viz. fifteen pence
a sextary, and five shillings. The custom of
Warwick was, that whenever the King went in
person in any expedition by land, ten of the
burgesses went for all the rest. Whoever was
summoned to give his attendance and did not
gOy paid a hundred shillings to the King. If
the King went against his enemies by sea, the
burgesses provided four batsueins,* or paid four
pounds in money.
At Stafford^ in the time of King Edward, the
town paid nine pounds in money for all cus-
tomary payments. Two portions were the
King's; the third belonged to the Earl. At
the time of the Survey, the King received seven
pounds as rent from the burgh between himself
and the Earl : a moiety of the King's own part
was paid to Robert de Stadford by grant.
^ Sailors. Bromton in the Laws of iEthelred, 23.
uses Batus for a Boat. ^^ Qui ad pontem veniat cum
bato ubi piscis inest unus ob. dabatur in theloneum."
Script. X. Twysd. col. 897. m
o 4
"I
200 GENEaAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Shrewsbury had two hundred and fifty-two
Matters noticed *^ ]!
in this Record, bouscs belonging to the same number of bur-
§4. Territorial gesses, paying seven pounds sixteen shillings
Ft^^S^" and eight-pence by way of rent The Customs
— as they stood in the reign of Edward the Con-
fessor are very minutely enumerated. If any
one knowingly broke the peace which the King
had given under his hand, he was outlawed.
If any one broke the peace which the Sheriff
preserved, he was fined a hundred shillings:
and he gave the same for Forestel or Heinfare.
These three forfeitures, it is added, the King
had throughout England, exclusive of rents.
When the King rested in the city, twelve of
the principal inhabitants formed his guard ; and,
in like manner, when he took the exercise of
hunting, the principal burgesses who had horses
attended him armed. The Sheriff sent thirty-
six men on foot to the deer-stand while the King
remained there. He also found, by custom,
thirty-six men for eight days at the park of
Marsetelie. When the Sheriff went into Wales,
whoever was called upon to attend him and did
not go, paid forty shillings as a forfeiture. A
widow receiving a husband, paid twenty shillings
to the King ; a maid paid ten shillings. If any
burgess's house was burnt, either by negligence
or accident, he paid a forfeiture of forty shillings
to the King, and two shilHngs each to his two
nearest neighbours. When a burgess in the
King's demesne died, the King had ten shillings
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 201
for a heriot If any burgess broke the time Principal
assigned him by the sheriff, he paid ten shillings, in this Record.
Whoever was guilty of bloodshed^ paid forty 5 4. Te^Htariai
shillings. When the King (at any time) left ''l!^^'^
the city, the Sheriff furnished him with twenty-
four horses, and the King took them as far as
the first house in Staffordshire. The English
burgesses of Shrewsbury complained that, at
the time of forming the Survey, they paid the
whole geld, or civil tax for the support of the
state, as it was paid in the time of King Edward,
although the castle of Earl Roger had occupied
the site of fifty-one masures, and fifty others
were laying waste. In the time of King Edward
too, forty burgesses, who- were Francigenae, held
taxable mansions ; and Earl Roger had given to
the abbey at its foundation thirty-nine bur-
gesses, who formerly had paid tax with the rest.
The laws of Chester as they stood in the time
of the Confessor are enumerated at greater
length than those in almost any other city ;
and they are as ftdl upon the rights allowed to
the Earl as on those of the Crown. The for-
feitures upon breaking the King's peace are
first enumerated. If any free-man committed
burglary, and murdered a man, all that belonged
to him became a forfeiture to the King, and he
was himself declared an outlaw. The Earl had
the same forfeiture of any of his own homagers.
No outlaw, however, could be restored to the
King's peace but by the King. Whoever was
202 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO OQMSSDAT.
Principal guilty of bloodshed between Monday morniog
Matters noticed *^ .11 o i n n*
in this Record, and the ninth hour on Saturday, was to lorfeit
§ 4. Tei^orud teu shilliugs ; or, from the ninth hour on
^''^I^I^^Zs!^ Saturday to Monday morning twenty shillings.
The same punishment of twenty shillings fine
was inflicted for the twelve days of the Nativity,
the day of the Purification of the Virgin, the
first days of Easter and Whitsuntide, Ascension
Day, the Assumption or Nativity of the Virgin,
and the feast of All Saints, On these holidays,
whosoever slew a man forfeited four pounds ;
though, on other days, only forty sliillings.
Whoever committed Heinfare or Forestel on
these days or on Sunday, also forfeited foiur
pounds ; but on ordinary days, forty shillings.
For Hangewithe the forfeiture was ten shillings,
or if the King's or the Earl's bailiff was the
person, the forfeiture became twenty shillings.
Whoever was guilty of Revelach, Latrocinium,
or violence toward a Woman, was to forfeit
forty shillings. A widow, ^* si alicui se non
legitime commiscebat,*' forfeited twenty shillings.
Whosoever seized upon, or laid claim to, the
land of another within the city, and could not
prove his right to it, forfeited forty shillings.
Whoever wished to have relief either for his
own or a relation's land, paid ten shillings ; and
the same sum was to be forfeited by him who
neglected to pay his gable or rent at the re-
gulated time. If a fire happened in the city,
the person at whose house it broke out forfeited
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 2QS
three Orae of twenty-pence in the Ora, and to Principal
his nearest neighbour two shillings. Of all these in thii Record,
forfeitures two parts were the King's. The §4.TWritoriai
third belonged to the Earl. If any vessels came •^**'''*'*'''»^«*^
to or departed from the haven of the city -
without the King's licence, the King and the
Earl had forty shillings from each person on
board. If, contrary to the King's peace, and
against his prohibition, a ship arrived, both it,
the persons on board, and the cargo, were for-
feited to the King and the Earl. If, however,
a vessel came with the King's licence, those who
were in it were allowed to trade, but, at its
departure, the King and the Earl had four-pence
duty upon every Last of the cargo. If the
cargo was of Martem skins the King's bailiff
was to order, under the penalty of forty shillings,
that none should be sold till he had examined
them. Any man or woman giving false mea-
sure, or brewing adulterated beer, forfeited four
shillings, or was placed in the dung chair, ^ and
paid four shillings to the bailiffs. This forfeiture
was received by the officers of the King and the
Earl in the city, of every person, whether under
the protection of the Bishop or of any one else.
At this time there were twelve Magistrates of
' Cathedra stercoris. The Cucking stool; used in
more modern times for scolds. In the Promptorium
Parvulorum, an old English and Latin Dictionary com-
piled about 1440, esi/n, or cukh/ny is interpreted by
stercoriso. ISee MS. Harl. 221.
204 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
P™>"p»! , the city selected from the homagers of the King,
Matters noUced •' *=* ^ ^
inthiiR«corA the Bishop, and the Earl. For the repairs of
§ 4. Territorial thc city-wali and the bridge, one labourer was
^FranchiM, demanded by the bailiff for every hide in the
county. Whoever neglected to send his homager
on this occasion forfeited forty shillings to the
King and the Earl. This forfeiture was exclusive
of rent The city paid forty-five pounds as rent
and three timbers of Martem skins. At the
time of making the Survey the bishop of Chester
had also his customs in the city. If any free-
man worked on a holiday the bishop received
eight shillings as a fine ; and from a servus or
a maid servant, four shillings. If a trader came
into the city with his pack, and opened it,
between the ninth hour on Saturday and Mon-
day, or on any festival, without licence from
the bishop's officer, he forfeited four shillings.
If one of the bishop's homagers found a stranger
carting goods' within the lemia of the city, the
bishop had a forfeiture of four shillings^ or two
Oxen.
At Nottingham, the Trent and the way to
York were in the custody of the Town. If any
one prevented the passage of vessels in the
river, or ploughed, or dug a ditch within two
perches of the King's high way, he forfeited
eight pounds.
' Interfering, probably, with the peculiar privileges
of the persons under the bishop's protection.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 205
In Derby, there were, at the formation of the ,, Principal
*^ Matters noticedi
Survey, a hundred burgesses, and forty others in this Record.
who are called minores. At Martinmas the § 4. TerrUoriai
urgesses paid the King twelve thraves of corn, FranchUet.
of which the abbot of Bertone had forty sheaves.
The King had eight masures in the town with
sac and soc
In York the burgesses were exempt from pay-
ments for relief.
In Lincoln and Stamford Lagemen occur, as
distinct from burgesses. These were an order
of men recognised in the laws of King Edward
the Confessor.^ In both towns the number of
twelve only is mentioned ; so that they probably
answered to the xii. Judices Civitatis of Chester,
and the xii. Lahmen mentioned in the " Senatus
Consultum de Monticolis Walliae." They have
been already noticed in Cambridge. Their
privileges in Stamford are minutely set down.
They were reduced to nine in number in that
town at the formation of the Survey.
At Torksey^ whoever possessed a mansion in
the vill was free of toll at entering or departing
from it. When the King's Messengers came
there, the watermen of the place conducted them
as far as York, the Sheriff supplying the pro-
visions for both " ex firma sua.** If any burgess
1 Compare Wiikins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 209. Dugd.
Gloss, in voce.
206 OENEBAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBCBSDAY.
Principal removed from the town he could sell his house
Matters noticed
in this Record, without liceuce from the bailiff.
§ 4. Territorial At Colchester^ there were, in common, among
Frmuhiaet, tuc Durgesscs, lourscore acres of land, and round
the wall of the town eight perches, of all which
the burgesses, at the time of forming the Survey,
had sixty shillings a year for the King's service,
if necessary ; but if not, they divided that sum
in common. And the custom was, every year,
on the fifteenth day after Easter, for the King's
burgesses to pay two marks of silver. This
belonged to the King's ferm. Likewise six-
pence a year was paid out of every house, which
might be applied either for the maintenance of
the King's soldiers, or for an expedition by sea
or land. This pa}nnent, it is said, did not
belong to the King's ferm.
Norwich^ in the time of King Edward, paid
twenty pounds to the King, and ten pounds to the
Earl; and, beside these payments, twenty-one shil-
lings and four-pence for measures of provender,
six sextaries of honey, a bear, and six bear-dogs.
At the time of forming the Survey, it paid to
the King seventy pounds by weight, and a hun-
dred shillings by tale as a free gift to the Queen,
a palfrey, and twenty pounds of silver uncoined
to the Earl, and twenty shillings by tale as a
free gift to Godric. The manumission of Slaves,
Turner observes, increased the numbers of the
independent part of the lower orders : and,
while some of the emancipated became agricul-
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 207
tural labourers, and took land of the clergy and Piincipd
^1 ^^1111 Matters noticed
the great, many went to the burghs and towns, in thi« Record.
and as the King was the Lord of the free, they 5 4. T^onai
resided in these under his protection, and became ^'"^l^^^^l^
free burghers or burgesses.*
From the entries relating to the different
Cities and Burghs it appears that some of their
inhabitants were under other lords beside the
King. In Romenel eighty-five burgesses be-
longed to the Archbishop.^ In Bath, beside
the burgesses belonging to the King, ninety are
enumerated belonging to other persons, who
paid sixty shillings.^ At Buckingham, we have
a particular enumeration, not only of the superior
Lords of the burgesses in that town at the time
of forming the Survey, but the names of the
persons to whom they had belonged in the time
of King Edward.^ Hamo Dapifer had fifteen
burgesses in Colchester who had belonged in
Edward's time to Thurbernus.* Many burgesses
were attached to particular manors, and some
even in the most privileged cities.* In Norwich
* Hist, of the Manners, Landed Property, &c. of the
Anglo-Saxons. 8^ Lond. 1805. p. 142.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 4. ' Ibid. fol. 87.
^ Ibid. fol. 143. * Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 106.
* Under Tarente, torn. i. fol. 3. it is said, " Ad hoc
CD pertinent v. burgses in RouecesL" Under Salteode,
fol. 4 b. " Ad hoc ffi ptin ccxxv. burgses in burgo
Hedifi." Two of the manors at Beddington in Surrey
had, one fifteen houses in London belonging to it, the
208 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal the burgcsscs had no peculiar corporate rights*
Matters noticed ,_,, , . • ■■ i • i ^ - 1_
in this Record. Ihe majonty paid their custom and rents to the
§ 4. Te^oriai King aud the Earl. Stigand the archbishop had
'^''7^^!^ the rent of fifty, and Harold of twenty-twc*
Among the lands held in capite in Bedfordshire,
we have " Terra Burgsiu de Bedef.'* The bur-
gesses however did not hold in a corporate
capacity, but individually.
The annual assessments of the towns appear
to have varied as much from each other in the
time of Edward as in that of WilHam. and pro-
bably differed according to the circumstances of
the different places. London, York, Winchester,
and Exeter have been already mentioned as
places enjoying superior privileges. In some
burghs. Turner observes, the members had been
other thirteen, beside eight in Southwark. Under Lan-
cbei, fol. 34. ^' Ibi seccta. 7 xix. burgenses in Loodonia
qui reddt. xxxvi. sot." Under Sarisberie, foL 66. it is
said, ** In Wiltune vii. burgses ptin huic S." Under
Mertone, fol. 248. ^^ In Stadford xviii. burgses ptin
huic S3." and in other instances too numerous to quote.
In Winchester the Abbey of Romsey had fourteen
burgesses, foi. 4S b. The Church of St. Denys at Paris
had thirty burgesses in Gloucester, and two in Winch-
combe? as belonging to the Manor of Caneberton in
Gloucestershire, fol. 166.
> In the second volume of Domesday, fol. 438. in the
account of Suffolk, we read : ** Terra Normanni Vice-
comitis. Dim. b. de Gepeswiz. In burgo h{ Normannus
II. burgenses. unu in uadimonio contra eunde. & alteru
p debito. sed Rex ht suas consuetudines."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 209
80 wealthy as to have acquired themselves a ^ Principal
•' * Matters noticed
property in the burgh. At Canterbury, the in this Record,
burgesses had forty-five masures without the §4.TerrUanai
City, of which they took the gafol and the Franchuet.
custom, while the King retained the legal juris-
diction. They also held of the King thirty-three
acres of land in their gild.' The state of sub-
jection to gafols, customs, and services, the same
writer adds, under which the people of the
burghs and towns continued, had this great ad-
vantage over the condition of the servile, that
the exacted burthens were definite and certain,
and, though sometimes expensive, were never
oppressive.^ In many of the Cities and Burghs
the Conqueror appears to have raised the tolls
and customs.
In Norwich meinburgenses are mentioned.
* Turner's Hist, of the Manners^ &c. of the Anglo
Saxons, 8®. Lend. 1805. p. 144. The Gildsy or social
confederations of the Anglo Saxons, are more frequently
mentioned in the contemporary judicial codes than in
the Domesday Survey. " They seem, on the whole,"
says Turner (p. 139.) ^* to have been friendly associa-
tions made for mutual aid and contribution, to meet the
pecuniary exigencies which were perpetually arising
from burials, legal exactions, penal mulcts, and other
payments or compensations." In Canterbury the Clergy
had their gild as well as the Burgesses. ^^ In Civitate
Cantvaria habet Archieps. xii. burgenses. 7 xxxii.
mansuras quas tenent Clerici de villa in gilda sua.
* Turner, p. 144.
P
.= >»
210 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOlffESDAT.
PHncipai answering^ probably to the burgenses minuti
Matters noticed ^ ^ , „ , '^ ,
in this Record, of Tateshalle/ Burgenses mmores occur m
§ 4. Terrkoriai Derby. A hundred poor burgesses in Ipswich
Fnmcftms! P^d nothing but a penny a head toward the
King's tax, or geltum regis.* It has been
already noticed, that in Hereford the Englidi
burgesses enjoyed their ancient customs, while
the alien burgesses, who were probably new
settlers, were placed under a different arrange-
ment.*
It may be worth remarking here, that although
Burgesses of Tanvworth are named under the
head of Terra Regis in Domesday Book^ both in
Warwickshire and Staffordshire, once in the
former, and twice in the latter county, yet no
other mention whatever occurs there of the
Town or its customs. Both the Manor and Castle
of Tamworth are unnoticed in Domesday.
■ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 316 b. * Ibid. torn. ii. fol.290.
^ Ibid. torn. i. fol. 179. There is a curious entry
concerning the use of the Norman Customs in Cheshire^
fol. 269. in Roelend. *^ Ibi e nouii burgu 7 in eo
XTiii. burgs, inr Comil^ (Hugonem) 7 Robtu ut sopP-
dictu. e. Ipsis burgsib} annuer. leges 7 csuetudines quae
sunt in Hereford 7 in Bretuill. scilicet qd p to{ annu de
aliq* forisfactura n dabunt nisi. xii. denar. pt homididia
7 furtu 7 heinfar prsecogitata." In the Domesday Sur-
vey for Gloucestershire, fol. 162 a. Lands are said to
have been given ^^ sicut fit in Normannia."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 211
Principal
Castles. Matters notieed
in this Record.
Another point on which the Domesday Survey ^ r^.
, •'§4. TerritoruU
throws considerable hfi^ht. is the history of our Jwudtetwumtd
anciei^t Castles. Castles, walled with stone, and
designed for residence as well as for defence,
are said by Grose to be, for the most part, of no
higher antiquity than the Conquest The Con-
queror himself was sensible that the want of
fortified places had greatly facilitated his success.
To remedy this defect, and to overawe his sub-
jects, he erected numerous Castles. Matthew
Paris says, " Ad Castra quoque construenda.
Rex antecessores suos omnes superabat" ^ His
reign was in fact a new era in the history of our
castellated Structures.
In Kent, we have an incidental mention of
the Castle at Canterbury,^ and under Elesford
an entry relating to the site of Rochester
Casde.*
* Mat. Par. Hist. Major, ut supr. p. 9. So Wilh.
Gremetic. cap. xli. ** Rex autem monitus quidem pru-
dentia qua consule in cunctis regi novit immunita regni
proyidissima dispositione perlustraTit, ac ad arcendos
hostium excursus tutissima castella per oportuna loca
stabilivit, quae militum electissimo robore, et uberrima
stipcndiorum copia munivit" Camd. Script fol. Francof.
1602. p. 669.
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 2. ^^ pro excambio Castelli."
5 Ibid. fol. 2 b. " Episcopus etiam de Rouecestre pro
excambio terrse in qua Castellam sedet tantum de hac
terra tenet quod xvii^"* sol. et hip', den. valet" From
P 2
819 OBNBIUL INTRODUCTION TO DOMMDAT.
iMnafmi In Sussex, the Castelry of Hastings is stated
la uik Record, to havc bccn given by King William to the
S 4. tw^Ltm/ Earl of Ow.' Under Borne, ** custodes Cas*
telli'* occur ;' and again under Ferle.' Arundd
Castle is noticed as existing in the reign of
Edward the Confessor/ Brembre Castle if
said to stand upon part of fitly-nine hides
which were released from geld.* Otringheta in
Norfolk is mentioned in the second volume of
the Survey as <* de Castellatione de Lawes;^*
the continual mention of the *' Lemaa" or **
Bicardi de Tonebrige* in this county, torn. i« IbU. 5 U
e. 6 b. 7. 7 b. 8 b. and 9. there can be no doubt of
the existence of Tunbridge Cattle at the time of the
Sunrey» although it is not noticed by its proper namm^
The district round the Manor and Castle is even at the
present day called the Lawy of Tunbridge. See
Kent* vol. i. p. 508.
' I>omesd. torn. i. foL 18. ** Bexelei tenet
de Comite de Ow. T. Regis Edwardi tenuit
Alricus quia est de Episcopatu, et post tenuity
rex W. dedit Comiti Castelianaro de Hastingca.*
• Ibid. fol. 20b. col. I. ' Ibid. fol. SI. coL i.
« Ibid. fol. 2S. ** Castrum Harundcl T. IL E.
de quodam niolino xi^ solid, et de iii^'. coannia
solid, et de uno pastido xx. sol. Mcido inter
et porturo aquie et consuetudinem naviaoi redd» xii* Ab
et tamen val. xiii. lib.**
» Ibid. fol. 28. '' Ipse Willdnins [de Bnuoaa]
Wasingetune. Guerd comes tenuit T. R. E. Toi
defend, pro lix. hid. Modo oon dat geklooi. Ui
ex bis bidis sedet Castellum Brembre.**
* Ibid, tom.ii. foL I6S. Otringbithe^ mm
wold. See Bkmie6eld,Hial.Norr. foL edit. voLLpb
GBNIRAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 918
" Castellum de Lauues '' also occurs subse- Prindpd
MAttcn Dodecd
quently/ among the possessions ofWiUiamde mihi^R«ord.
Warren, no doubt meaning the Castle of Lewes 5 4. TerrHonai
in Sussex. ** Castellum de La quis,'* also in-
tended for Lewes^ occurs, tom.ii. fol. 164 b. 165.' —
In Hampshire^ in the Isle of Wight, a Castle
is noticed at Alwinestune, the lewa of which
was also released.^ This is now Carisbrook, the
land on which the Castle stands being part of
the manor of Avington.^
In Berkshire^ eight haga? were destroyed at
Walingford for the Castle works.* Under Cli-
vore, now Clewer, the Castle of Windsor is
mentioned/
In Dorsetshire^ we are told that King William
built the Castle of Wareham on a hide of land
* Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 163 b.
* See Kelbatn'8 Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 248. Cam-
den says, there was anciently a Castle in every Rape.
* Domesd. tom. i. fol. 52 b.
« Sir Richard Wortley'8 Hist. oF the ble of Wight,
p.41.
* Domesd. tom. i. fol. 56.
* Ibid. fol. 62 b. Under Draintone in Buckingham-
ahire, we read, '< Hoc S tenuit Leuuin^ de Neuha. de
rege. 7 postea. T. R. W. de eodc Leuuino tenuit
Rjidulf^ paasaquL 7 inueniebaL 11^ Loricatos in custodii
de Windesores.^' fol. 151 b. William the Conqueror
had probably a residence at Old Windsor, tom. i.
fol. 62. Under Ardintone in Berkshire we read *^ Banc
(ri ten isd Azor de Roberto [de Oilgi] s) iidcs de Hund.
testificant' eu, de rege debere tenere. qm rex W. a/f
IVindesores ei reddidit et breuem suum inde ei dedit/'
P S
212 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Prindpai In SiLssexj the Castelry of Hastings is stated
in thia Record, to have been given by King William to the
§ 4. Territorial Earl of Ow.* Under Borne, " custodes Cas-
^^^"^^ telli" occur ; 2 and again under Ferle.* Arundel
' Castle is noticed as existing in the reign of
Edward the Confessor/ Brembre Castle is
said to stand upon part of fifty-nine hides
which were released from geld.* Otringheia in
Norfolk is mentioned in the second volume of
the Survey as ^* de Castellatione de Lawes ;" •
the continual mention of the <^ Leuua** or ** Jjeagfi
Bicardi de Tonebrige* in this county, torn. 1. foil. 5 b.
6. 6 b. 7* 7 b. 8 b. and 9. there can be no doubt of
the existence of Tunbridge Castle at the time of the
Survey, although it is not noticed by its proper name.
The district round the Manor and Castle is even at the
present day called the Lonxy of Tunbridge. See Hasted's
Kent, vol. i. p. 308.
> Domesd. tom. i. fol. 18. ** Bexelei tenet Osbemos
de Comite de Ow. T. Regis Eklwardi tenuit Episo^Nis
Alricus quia est de Episcopatu, et post tenuit, donee
rex W. dedit Comiti Castellariam de Hastinges.''
« Ibid. fol. 20 b. col. i. > Ibid, fol, 21. col. i.
« Ibid. fol. 23. <^ Castrum Harundel T. R. E. reddebat
de quodam molino xL. solid, et de iii*^'. conviviis xx.
solid, et de uno pasticio xx. sol. Modo inter bargain
et portum aquas et consuetudinem navium redd. xii. lib.
et tamen val. xiii. lib."
» Ibid. fol. 28. ^< Ipse Willelmus [de Braiosa] ten.
Wasingetune. Guerd comes tenuit T. R. £• Tunc 8e
defend, pro lix. hid. Modo non dat geldum. In ana
ex his hidis sedet Castellum Brembre."
^ Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 163. Otringhithe, now called M^k-
wold. See Blomefield, Hist Norf. fol. edit. vol. i. p. 508.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 213
" Castellum de Lauues ** also occurs subse- Principal
Matters noticed
quently/ among the possessions of William de in thit Record.
Warren, no doubt meaning the Castle of Lewes $ 4. Territorial
in Sussex. ** Castellum de La quis/* also in- Franchms.
tended for Lewes, occurs, tom.ii. fol.l64» b. 165.^
In Hampshire^ in the Isle of Wight, a Castle
is noticed at Alwinestune, the lewa of which
was also released.^ This is now Carisbrook, the
land on which the Castle stands being part of
the manor of Avington.^
In Berkshire^ eight hagae were destroyed at
Walingford for the Castle works.^ Under Cli-
vore, now Clewer, the Castle of Windsor is
mentioned.^
In Dorsetshire^ we are told that King William
built the Castle of Wareham on a hide of land
' Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 163 b.
* See Kelbam's Domesd. Book lilustr. p. 248. Cam-
den says, there was anciently a Castle in every Rape.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 52 b.
* Sir Richard Worsley's Hist, of the Isle of Wight,
p. 41.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 56*
^ ibid. fol. 62 b. Under Drain tone in Buckingham-
shire, we read^ '< Hoc S tenuit Leuuin^ de Neuha. de
rege. 7 postea. T. R. W. de code Leuuino tenuit
Radulf^ passaqua. 7 inueniebat 11^ Loricatos in custodia
de Windesores." fol. 151 b. William the Conqueror
had probably a residence at Old Windsor, torn. i.
fol. 62. Under Ardintone in Berkshire we read *^ Hanc
?ra ten isd Azor de Roberto [de Oilgi] S3 hoes de Hund.
testificanr eu, de rege debere tenere. qm rex W. op'
Windesores ei reddidit et breuem suum inde ei dedit.''
P 8
814 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal belonging to Chingestone, for which he had
in thia Record, exchonged the church of Gdingeham with the
§ 4. T^arvd Huns of Shaftsbuiy. " De W Chingestone hi
Franchues. I'Gx. I. hid. in quE fec castellu Warha. 7 p ea
ded S. Marie secctam de Gelingeha. cu appendiS
suis q*" ual XL. solid." ^
In Somersetshire^ the Earl of Moretaine had
his Castle called Montagud at Biscopestone :'
and among the possessions of William de Moion
we find a Castle at Torre.'
In Devonshire, under the lands held in capite
by the Bishop of Exeter, Havstone and Botin-
tone are mentioned. *< Haec ii. Maner ded epo
Comes MoritoK p excabio Castelli de Cor-
nualia.'' ^ Baldwin the sheriff is said to have
held Ochementone, (now Okehampton,) " 7 ibi
sedet Castellum.** *
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 78 b.
« Ibid. fol. 93. The Earl of Moretaine bad also a
residence at Bernmndsey in Surrey : <* Isdem comes
habet in Bermundesy de terra Regis i. hidam ubi sedet
domus ejus.'' tom. i. fol. 84.
9 Ibid. foL 95 b. « Ibid. fol. 101 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 105 b. Exeter having been designedly
omitted in the Survey, no notice of the castle in that
City can be expected. Ordericus Vitalis however men-
tions the building of it by the Conqueror in 1067*
<< Locum vero intra mcenia ad extruendum Castdlum
del^t, ibique Balduinum de Molis filium Gisleberti
Comitisy aliosque milites praecipuos reliquiti qui neces-
sarium opus conficerent, praesidioque manerent." Hist.
Normann. Script, antiq. fol. 1619. p. 510.
GXNUUI. IHTBODUCnON TO DOMESDAY. 816
In Cornwall^ the Eaii of Moretaine had one . Prfncipii
^^ . Afftttera Dotiood
Castle at Dunhevet/ and another at Tremetone » this Record,
with a Market^ « 4. ^ono/
In Gloucestershire^ at Gloucester, sixteen F^^ldm!^
houses had been taken down to make a site for
the Castle.* In this County the Castle of Es-
trighoiel in Monmouthshire is entered/ Under
Nesse it is said, " In Nessa sunt v. hid© ptinenl
ad Berchelai q's W. coin misit ext* ad faciendu
ufi castellulu li Roger^ caluniat i .***
In Worcestershire^ the Castle of William Fitz
Ansculf is entered at Dudelei. The manor is
said to have been previously held by Earl Edwin.
<
1 Domesd. tom.i. Fol. 121.
* Ibid. fol. 122. Borlase, Obs. on the Antiq. of Corn-
wall, p. 323. carries the antiquity of Trematon much
higher than the Conquest. According to the Exeter
Domesday Reginald de Valla Torta held this Castle
under the Earl of Moretaine.
5 Ibid. fol. 162.
4 Ibid. See before, p. 38. The mention of Ships
convinced Mr. Coxe that Chepstow Castle was here
intended ; Sir Robert Atkyns supposed the Castle of
Eastbridge hotel in Gloucester was meant; and Rudder
thought it was the Castle of Gloucester, miscalling it
Esbrighoiel. See Coxe's Hist Tour in Monmouth-
sbire, p. 367.
^ Domesd. tom.i. foL 163.
^ Ibid. fol. 177. The Habingdon MSS. say. Dodo, the
famous Saxon, raised a strong fortification here, which
remained till the Conquest. Nash. Collect, for Worces-
tershire, vol. i. p. 358.
P 4
216 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Belintones is, afterwards, said to be in the
Matters noticed
in this Record. CaStelrV • ^
§ 4. Temtoriai In Herefordsfuf^et Ralph de Mortemer occurs
Franddset, sts possessor of the Castlc of Wigemore. It is
— said to have been built by Earl William, upmi
waste ground called Merestun, which one Gun-
nert had held in the time of King EdwanL'
This was William Fitz Osbem Earl of Hereford,
who ended his days in prison in IO7I.* The
Castle of Monemude is stated to have yielded to
the King a hundred shillings annually: the
church within it, with the whole tithe, and two
carucates of land, belonged to the monastery
of St. Florentius at Saumur.^ Ralph de Todeni
is spoken of as holding the Castle of Clifibrd.
Earl William is said to have built it on waste
ground, which in the time of King Edward had
been held by Bruning. *^ Istud Castellu 2. de
regno Anglie. non subjacet alicui hundret neq^
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 177« ^' Isd. W. ten BeliDtones
in castellaria sua."
« Ibid. fol. 180 a. *^ Radulpbus de Mortemer tefi
Wigbemore. Eluuardus tenuit. Ibi dimid. hida. Cas-
tellum Wigemore sedet in ea." 183 b. << Radulfus de
Mortemer ten Castellum Wigemore. Wiftmus comes
fecit iilud in Wasta terra quas vocatur Merestvn qoam
tenebat Gunuert T. R. E."
^ Kelbam, Domesday Book Illustr. p. 84.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 180 b. St. Florent les Saumnr
was an Abbey of the order of St. Benedict, in the diocese
of Angers, founded by the Emperor Charlemagne. Al.
Priories, vol. ii. p. 78. See Kelham, p. 318.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 217
in csuetudine/' * It had been, no doubt, con- Principal
Matters notioed
fiscated. The Castelry is represented as ex- in this Record,
tensive. The Castelry of Ewias is several times $ 4. iwHtonai
mentioned.^ " Aluredus de Merleberge tefi ^f^^oI!!^!^
castellu Ewias de W. rege. Ipse Rex em con-
cessit ei tras quas Witts comes ei dederat qui
hoc castellum refirmaverat. hoc est v. carucatas
rrae ibide. 7 ad Manitone alias v. carucatas.
Terra q°q^ Radulfi de bernai ccessit ei rex. quae
ad castellu ptinebat. Hoc castellum Ewias uat
x. lib." ^ Osbern Fitz Richard is said to have
held the Castle of Avretone : ^ and William de
Scohies, eight carucates in this county in the
Castelry of Carlion.* One Roger is said to
have held two masures in the castle of Henry
de Ferieres.^ In Herefordshire also are two
entries intimately connected with the Castles
of the county. Roger de Laci is said to hold
Herdeslege, situated in the middle of a wood,
" 7 ibi e dowP una dejensabilis.*' ^ Gilbert Fitz
Turold is entered, in another page, as holding
Watelege, which had been Earl Harold's. He
' Domesd. torn. i. foL 183.
« Ibid. fol. 181 b. 184. 186.
3 Ibid. fol. 186. « Ibid. fol. 186 b.
5 Ibid. fol. 185 b. The Ruins of Caerleon Castle in
Monmouthshire were remaining in Leiand's time. See
Gough's Camden, edit 1789. vol.ii. p. 488.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 185.
7 Ibid. fol. 184 b.
218 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal also had a " DonP defensoMUs, 7 silua magna
Matters noticed *^ ' ^ ^
in this Record, aducnand. Wasl fuit**' *
$ 4. Territorial In Cambridgeshire, at Cambridge^ ** pro Castro
Franchiies. sunt destTuctSB xxvu. dovor. ^
In Huntingdonshire^ the castle of Huntingdon
appears £rom several entries as of recent con-
struction.^
In Northamptonshire^ *' Rex te£l Rochingeha.
"Pra e in. car. Hanc rra tenuit Boui cii saca 7
soca. T. R. £• wasta erat q^do rex W« jussit ibi
castellu fieri. Modo uat xxvi. sol." *
In Warwickshire, in the town of Warwick, we
find <^ nil. [masuras] sunt wastes ppr situ
eastern."*
In Staffordshire, it is said, ^< Henricus de
Ferreres hi castellu deToteberie. In burgo circa
castellu sunt. xlii. holes de mercato suo tanl
uiuentes. 7 reddt cu foro. nil. lib. 7 x. solid:.
In Bvrtone hi dimid hida in qua sed ej^ castelliL
In qua T. R. £• erant xii. car. Ibi sunt m** im.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 187 a.
^ Ibid. fol. 189. Cambridge Castle is stated to have
been built by the Conqueror, while the Isle of Elly was
held against him by the English Nobility. Lysons's
Mag. Brit. vol. ii. part. i. p. 135. Grose says, in the
first year of the Conqueror's Reign. Qrdericos Vitalis^
p. 51 1« places the building of it in 1068.
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 203. See Ordericus Vitalis Qt
supra.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 220.
^ Ibid. fol. 238. SeeOrdericus Vitalis, p. 511.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 219
car in dfiio/* * In Cebbesio in the same County Prindpid
we read "Ad hoc ^ ptinuit rra de Stadford in thiTiUoord.
in qua rex pcepit fieri castellu qd m^ est de- § 4. iMimai
structu.'- •"^^SST'
In Shropshire we have this notice of the —
Castle at Shrewsbury : " Dicunt anglig burgses
de Sciropesberie. multu graue sibi ee qd ipsi
reddt tol geld sicuti reddebat r^ • T. R. £• quauis
castellu comil occupauerit. li. masuf 7 alias, l.
masurae sint vastae/' &c.^ Earl Roger, who was
afterwards advanced to the Earldoms of Arundel,
Chichester, and Shrewsbury,^ is said to have held
Meresberie, and Rainaldus under him. It is
added *^ Rex E. tenuit. Ibi vii. hida^ geld. 7
Ibi fecit Rainald castellum Lwre."* One
Helgot is said to have held of Earl Roger Stan-
tvne : « Ibi ht Helgot castellu.'* ^ The Castle
of Montgomery in this county is expressly said
to have been built by Earl Roger : " Ipse com
construx castru Mvntgvmeri uocatii, ad qd ad-
jacent. Lii. hidas 7 dimid. quas tenuef Seuuar,
Oslac, Azor de rege £• q^tas ab omi geldo. ad
venandu eas habuer." ^
In Cheshire^ the Castle of Roelent is several
times mentioned : " In ipso OD Roelend e factu
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 248 b.
• Ibid. » Ibid. fol. 252.
^ Kelham, Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 31.
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 253 b.
• Ibid. fol. 258 b. ' Ibid. fol. 254.
220 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal nouil castcUu. similil Roelent appellai" *
Matters noticed ^ ^
in this Record. Among the lauds between the Ribble and the
:§4. Terntoriai McTsey^ at Peneverdaiit^ it is said, <* Mode e ibi
Franchisa, Castellu." ^
In Derbyshire^ " Terra castelli in Pechesers
Willi Peurel tenner Gemebem 7 Hundine.** *
In Yorkshire^ two castles appear to have been
built by the CJonqueror at York, at an early
period of his reign. They are alluded to in the
following extracts : " In Eboraco civitate tem-
pore Regis Edwardi praeter Scyra archiepi fuer
VI. scyrae. Vna ex his. e vasta in castellis. In
q%q^ scyris fuef mille & quadringentas & xviii**
mansiones hospitatae. De una haru scyraru habet
archieps adhuc tcia parte. In his nemo alius
habebat consuetudine nisi ut burgensis. praeter
Merlesuain in una domo quae e infra casteilu."
" Praeterea de una mafis Vctred cuj^da. dicunt
burgenses. W. de pci asportasse sibi in castellu
postq^ de Scotia rediit. Ipse u"" Witts terra ej^dS
Vctred negat se habuisse. sed p Hugone uice-
comite domu ipsius dicit se in castellu tulisse
p*mo anno p^ destructionem castelloj^.** ^ The
building of the two Castles is also noticed by
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 269. Thi&wBsRidhelan Castle
in Flintshire. See Kelham's Illustr. of Domesd. Book,
p. 815. In Duchesnes Scriptores, p. 993. it is called
Reuelent.
* Domesd. tom. i. fol. 270.
' Ibid. fol. 276. « Ibid. fol. 298.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 221
our historians. * An entry among the " Clamores Principal
_ _, . . • ir^ T M TT^ Matter* noticed
de EvTvicscire in -^streding" says, " Hoes ante in this Record.
de comitatu ta de ilia qua de tota terra ej^ ^A.i^Mtoriai
Willelmu Malet saisitu uider. donee inuasu est '^^^wSIT*'
castellum.'* ^ One of the Castles of York is
undoubtedly here alluded to. In another entry
we have, *^ vi. carucatas ibidem habuit Wilis
Malet quadiu tenuit ca^teUu de Eurtiic.''^ Under
the head of " Terra Rogerii Pictaviensis," we
read " 33. in Bemulfesuuic Gamel. xii. car. ad
gld. Bereng de todeni. tenuit S3 m** e in castellatu
Rog pictauensis." '^ Pontefract Castle is pro-
bably alluded to in the following entry : " Omis
Tomoure sedet infra meta castelli Ilbti."*
Ilbert de Laci was the person alluded to.
The Castelry of Earl Alan, mentioned in the
Summary of the North Riding of Yorkshire,
contained a hundred and ninety-nine manors,
' Simeon Dunelni. Hist. Script. X. Twysd. col. 197.
A. D. 1068. *^ Rex autem Willielmus cum exercitu suo
Snotingaham venit ubi casteilo firmato Eboracum per-
rexit, ibidemque duobus casteUisJirmaiis quingentos milites
in eis posuity et in civitate Lincoinia aliisque locis castella
firmari praecepit." Henr. de Knyghton, Ibid. coL 2S44.
34. '* Hoc quoque anno Rex Willielmus firmavit castnim
apud Snotingham et aliud apud Lincoliam, et duo castra
apud Eboracum." See, also, Bromton. Ibid. 965, 88.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 378. ^ Ibid.
* Ibid. fol. 332. Dr. Whitaker in bis Hist, of Craven,
2^ edit. 4<' Lond. 1812. p. 59. decides that the Castellate
of Ciitheroe is here intended.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 373 b.
222 OEVTERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal of which E hundred and eight were waste.*
Matters notioed ^
in this Record. This Undoubtedly alludes to the Castle of
i A. Territonal RichmOUd.'
Fmnchmi. lu Lmcomsfiire, at Lmcoln, a hundred and
sixty-six mansions were destroyed *^ ppter Cas-
tellum :^ ^ and at Stanford, five were laid waste
*^ ppter opus Castri.** *
In the second volume of the Survey, in Esses,
at ^* Rageneia," we are told *^ fecit Suein suu
Castellii/' ^ This was Raleigh, in the hundred
of Rochford, the chief of fifty-nine Manors held
by the same person who was settled here before
the Conquest'
In Norfolk, we find the only Castle noticed,
in the county, is that of Norwich.'
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 881.
^ ^ Hie AlaDus prime iDcepit &cere Castnim ct
MuDitionem juxta Manerium suum capitale de Gillinj^
pro tuitione suorum contra infestationem Anglomm tone
ubiqne ezbasreditatoruro, nmiliter et DuMxrum; et
nominavit dictam Castrum Bichenumi^ sue idiomate
Gallico^ quod sonat Latine dvoitem montemf in editiori
ac fortiori loco sui territorii situatam. Et obiit nne
exita de corpore sue, et apud Sanctum Edmnndiim
sepultus est." Gale. Registr. Hon. de Richmond*
Mr. Gougb, in his Additions to Camden» vol. iii. p. 9L
speaks of the square tower of this Castie^ now reroainii^y
as the work of Conan Earl of Richmond, in the twdfth
Century.
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. SS6 b. See Order. Vit. p. 511.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. S36 b. ^ Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 4>S b.
^ Morant's Hist, of Essex, voL i. p. 27S.
' Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 116 b. ^^ In ilia 9ra de qua
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 223
In Stiffblkf we are told, " W* Malet fecit suu Prfndpai
^ n- 1 -n* 1 !• • Mstters noticed
castellu ad iiiiam 7 eade die q* erat mercatu in » this Record,
manerio epi. W. Malet fecit aliu mercatu in suo $ 4. Territorial
OF forty-nine Castles here mentioned, one
only, Arundel, is noticed as existing in the time
of Edward the Confessor. Eight are known,
either on the authority of Domesday or our old
historians, to have been built by the Conqueror
himself. Ten are entered as erected by greater
Barons; and one, by an under-tenant to Earl
Roger. Eleven more, of whose builders we have
no particular account, are noticed in the Survey,
either expressly or by inference, as new.
It is singular that the ruins which are now
remaining of almost all these Castles have pre-
served one feature of uniformity. They are
each distinguished by a Mount and Keep :
marking the peculiar style of architecture intro-
duced into our castellated fortifications by the
Normans at their first settlement.
The Castles of Dover, Nottingham, and Dur-
ham, known to have been built by the Conqueror,
Harold^ habebat soca. snt xv. burg. 7 xvii. mai^sure
uacue. que snt in occupatione castelli. & in burgo
CLXXxx. mansure uacue in hoc qd erat in soca reg 7
comitis. 7 Lxxxi. in occupatione castelli." The Castle
of Norwich was besieged by William the Conqueror in
1074. Mat. Par.
^ Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 379.
224 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Prindpia with the White Tower in the Tower of London,
Matters noticed i • . i c^ i
io this Record, are unnoticed m the ourvey.
§ 4. iwono/ The walled Towns and Cities noticed in the
'^I^SJS'^ Survey are fewer than the Castles. Canterbury,^
Nottingham^ and York, appear each to have
been surrounded with a foss. Oxford^ Herqfbrd^
Leicester^ Stafford, Chester, Lincoln, and Col-
chester, are noticed as walled Towns and
Burghs.
Manerium.
Manors^ although in substance, perhaps^ as
antient as the Saxon constitution,' are considered
by our best writers on English Antiquities as of
Norman introduction.'^ Dugdale says, the reign
■ How much the number of these Fortresses had
increased between the time of the Survey and the reign
of King Henry the second, we learn from Matthew
Paris. ^* Castella adulterina, quae tempore IBLsffM
[Henrici secundi] a quocunque constructa sint, diraentiuv
quorum numerus ad undecies centum et quindedffl
excrevit." Sub an. 1 153.
* Eleven houses belonging to the burgesses of Cantei^
bury are mentioned ^^ in fossato civitatis/' Tom.L loLS.
' Blackst. Comment, ed. 4^ 1766. torn. ii. p. 90.
^ Compare Kennctt. Glossar. Par. Antiq. See also
Ducange in voce. Somner, in the Glossary to Twysden's
Scriptores, says : ^^ Ante Normannorum tempora^ vox
apud nos^ in chartis aut aliis nostris bone fidei moaa-
mentisi frustra quseritur. Egfridus (&teor) fiiios regis
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 225
of Edward the Confessor is the first in which Principal
they are mentioned ; ^ a circumstance which is in this rucwrd.
easily accounted for by the fondness of Edward § 4. li^^ritorud
for Norman institutions. « Tenuit de rege E. •^^'J^SlT^
p CC occurs frequently in the early part of the
Survey. The name is either from the French
Manoirj or from the Latin manendOy as the usual
residence of the owner on his land.^
The ancient demesne of the Crown, as re-
corded in the Survey, consisted of 1,422 manors
Ofiae donasse dicitur Ecclesiae S. Albani terrain quiDque
maneriorum, ut in Vitis Abbatum ibid, per Mat. Paris,
pag. S6. Ipsa vero donationis charta, pag. 239. habet,
terrani quinque manentium. Nee in toto legum anti*
quanim gentium exterarum Codice, Manerii vocabulum
reperitur. A Normannis (inter alia ejus farinse verba)
e Gallia hue adduetum eonjieio, quorum in Anglia pras-
cessoribus, Hida^ Familiay Villa^ Sulinga, Casata, Man-
surOf Manens (ut Mansusy Mansioy Mansum^ Colonica^
et eis, et exteris simul) idem signifiearunt, ae ipsis et
aliis posterioris aevi j^o^uWs Manerium : quod quomodo
difierat a Mansione, vide Flet. li. 6. ea. 51."
* Gloss, in voce. See also Whitaker, Hist, of Whalley,
p. 129. who says, ^^ The Lageman habens soeam et
sacam super homines suos, was indisputably the same
eharaeter whieh was afterwards termed Lord of a
Manor."
' Orderieus Vitalis l.iv. says, ^* Galfridus Constan-
tientis Episeopus — dono Gulielmi regis ducentas et
oetoginta villas, quas a manendo vulgo vocamus obtinuit."
In the aeeount of the Wiches in Cheshire, Domesd.
tom. i. fol. 268. we read, '* Homo manens in isto hund.'*
The term had been previously used in Surrey, torn. i.
fol. 30. ^ unde abstulit rusticum qui ibi manebat.*
Q
226 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal in different Counties, besides some scattered
in this Record, lands and farms not comprehended therein, and
§ 4. Te^Htoriai quit Tcnts paid out of several other Manors.^
"^"l!^^!"' According to Brady's calculation, the Earl of
Moretaine, the Conqueror's half brother, held
no fewer than seven hundred and ninety-three
Manors.^ Alan Earl of Bretagne, who com-
manded the rear of the army in the battle of
Hastings, possessed four hundred and forty-two
Manors.* Odo Bishop of Baieux held four
hundred and thirty-nine.** The Bishop of Cou^
tance, who was also a soldier, two hundred and
eighty Manors,* Roger de Busli had a hundred
and seventy-four Manors in Nottinghamshire.*
Ilbert de Laci had a hundred and sixty-four
Manors, most of them in Yorkshire.^ William
Peverel, the Conqueror's natural son, had a
hundred and sixty-two Manors.® Robert de
Stadford a hundred and fifty.* Roger de
' Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. ii. p. 2S7-
Nichols' Hist. Leic. introd. Vol. p. xxxviii.
^ Brady's Introd. p. 13. His usurpations upon other
manors may be found in different parts of the Survey.
Some of them are more particularly noticed, torn. L
foil. 68 b. 121. 121 b. 125. See also the Exeter Domes-
day, p. 491.
^ Brady's Introd. Kelh. Domesd. BooklUustr. p. 40*
^ Hutchins's Dissert, on Domesd. p. 11. His usur^
pations of other property may be found, Domesd. tom.L
foil. 9 b. 176. 216.
^ Hutchins> ut supr. ® Kelham^ p. 117*
7 Ibid. p. 1 18. ^ Ibid. p. 48. ' Ibid. p. 49.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 227
a hundred and sixteen Manors.* Hugh de Principal
i_ U&ttGrs noticed
Montfort more than a hundred.^ William de in this Record
Warren had territorial allotments in Sussex, ^ 4. Territorial
Hampshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, "^^tJ;;^
Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedford- —
shire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Essex, Norfolk,
and Suffolk.
The assistance which William the Conqueror
obtained in his expedition from the Norman
Barons was voluntary,^ and evidently given
' Kelham, p. 50. * Ibid. p. 27.
' William of Malmesbury, edit. Savile, fol. Lend. 1596.
p. 56. says: *' Papa vexillum in omen regni Willielrao
contradidit^ quo ille accepto, conventum magnum apud
Lillibonam fecit, super negotio singulorum sententias
sciscitatus. Cuinque omnes ejus voluntatem plausibus
excipientes magnificis promissis animasset, commeatum
navium omnibus pro quantitate possessionum, induxit
Ita tunc discessum^ et mense Augusto ad sanctum Wale-
ricum in commune ventum, Portus ita per metonymiani
dicitur. Congregntis itaque undecunque navibus, fcelix
expectabatur aura, quae illas ad destinatum eveheret."
Among the Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford, is a small folio, MS. in hyperoo Bibl. Bodl.
num. 166., written upon vellum apparently about the
thirteenth Century, one article in which, upon a single
leaf, is ^^ De Navibus per Magnates Normannite provisis
pro passagio Ducis Willielmi in Angliam." It was
printed in Taylor on Gavelkind, as well as in the
Appendix to the first hook of Lord Lyttelton's History
of Henry the Second. Num. 1. Its authenticity, how-
ever, is doubtful. A fac-simile of it was engraved, for
the last edition of Rymer's Foedera : but the plate was
cancelled before publication.
Q2
228 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal with a vicw to the possessions which were after-
Matters noticed •« i . •■ i mt • n i •
in this Record, wards Obtained. ' This accounts tor the circum-
§4. Terriioriai stance in Domcsday, that the King's lands are
^"^f^!^ almost uniformly those which Edward, Harold,'
Earl Godwin, Ghida the mother of Harold,'
Goda the sister of King Edward, Guert, Tosti,
Stigand, Algar Earl of Mercia/ Earl Edwin,
Earl Morcar,* Edric, or Editha the Confessor's
Queen * had held : ^ while the lands of the
^ William of Jumieges, speaking of the Coun^ of
Hereford, says, it fell to Roger " funiculo distributionis.''
Duchesne, Norm* Script, p. 299.
^ See more particularly torn. i. foil. 120. 143 b.
torn. ii. foil. 1. 4 b. 5. 6. 7. 109 b. 111. 114 b.
' Tom. i. fol. 101. See also one entry, torn. i. fol. 65.
^ See tom. i. foil. 203 b. 246. 246 b. 272 b. 273. 338.
tom. ii. fol. 3 b. 4. 129 b. 289 b.
» Tom. i. foil. 299. 299 b. 837 b. 838. 338 b.
^ See torn. i. foil. 87. 180. 337 b. 338. 338 b.
' " The Terra Regis of Domesday," says Mr. Allen,
<^ was derived from a variety of sources. It consisted in
part of land that happened at the time of the Survey to
be in the King's hands by escheats or forfeitures from
his Norman followers. It was constituted in part of the
lands of Saxon proprietors, which had been confiscated
after the Conquest, and had not been granted away to
subjects. But it was chiefly composed of land that had
been possessed by the Confessor in demesne, or in iarm,
or had been held by his thegns and other servants. Of
the last description part was probably the private bodand
of the Confessor, which had belonged to him as his
private inheritance. But, if we compare the number
of manors assigned to him as his demesne lands in
Domesday with the estates of bocland possessed by
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 229
Saxon nobles appear to have been doled out to Principal
the oflBcers of the Conqueror's army, apparently in tbb Record,
either in proportion to their rank in Normandy, § 4. jwritanai
or according to the supplies they furnished in "^^^v^JS^ST^
the expedition, "Those,*' says Lord Chief
Baron Gilbert, " who held their territories
immediately from the Crown, were said to hold
in capite y but those who held in capite had
other chiefs, or lords, or barons, subordinate to
them ; Ihei/ also granted to hold of themselves.
These intermediate persons were denominated
the mesne lords, of whom so much is spoken
in our laws. Even these divided their lands
among their followers ; and every Lordship or
Alfred, it seems incredible that the whole should have
been his private property. A great part must have
been the folcland or public property of the state, of
which, though the nominal proprietor, he was only the
usufructuary possessor, and, with the licence and consent
of his Witan, the distributor on the part of the public.
The land which is called Terra Regis in the Exchequer
Domesday, is termed in the original returns of the
Exon Domesday, demesne land of the King belonging
to the kingdom ^^ Dominicatus Regis ad regnum perti-
nens in Devenescira," Exon Domesday, p. 75. In the
Exchequer Domesday itself a similar form of expression
is to be found. A particular manor is said to have
formerly belonged to the kingdom, but to have l^een
since granted to Earl Ralph by the King. Domesd.
tom.ii. fol. 119 b." Inquiry into the rise and growth
of the Royal Prerogative in England, 8* Lond. 18S0.
p. 160.
Q 3
230 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal ManoF was itself the similitude of the KiDgdom
in this Record, at large. The lord divided his Manor^ as the
§ 4. T^oriai State had divided the Kingdom, into two parts :
''^"jpy^^*!^ the one he retained for his own support, and
— was pardy cultivated by his villeins and copy-
holders, and was called his demesnes ; ' the
' Dominium, or that part of an estate which was hdd
to the proper use of the lord, among the Normans,
answered to the Saxon Inlanb, as the tenemental land
of the Normans, held in service, did to the Outlanb or
Neatlanb of the Saxons. See the Laws of Edgar, 1.
Wilk. p. 76. Compare also Ingulphus sub. an. 8SS.
Gloss. X. Script, v. demanium. Inland means land
taken into culture with the old demesne, yet not abso-
lutely forming apart of it. In the beautiful Register of
Reading Abbey, MS. Harl. Brit. Mus. 1708. fol. 15 b.
we have Carta Megis Henrici Primi db inlanda de
Chaus IN DOMINIUM convertenda : viz.
*^ H. Rex AngU episcopo San et com. David salatem.
Si vicecomites Berkesire et prepositi de Chels. dedenmt
aliquid et posuerunt extra dominium de inlanda de Chds.
facite totam illam inlandam redire in dominium Abbatb
et Monachorum de Rading per sacramentum l^aliom
hominum de Hundredo. T. &c."
Among the Bishop of Lincoln's lands at Banesberie
in Oxfordshire, it is said, << Ibi st l. hidas. De his ht
eps in dnio tra. x. car. 7 iii. hid. prefer Inland/^ So
foil. 155 b. 159. 219 b.
Bochelandj or Boclandj occurs but once in the
Domesday Survey in its proper acceptation, tom.i.
fol. lib. *< Ilannulf^ de ualbadon ten dimid jugii in
Hamestede. qd tenuer. 11. libi hoes, de rege E» in
Bochelande." As the name of a place it frequently
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 231'
Other part was parcelled out amon^c his depend- Principal
^ ^ Matters noticed
_^^__ in this Record.
occurs. See what Mr. Allen has said of Bocland in his j„^^^jj^
Inquiry into the rise and growth of the Royal Preroga- Franddan,
tive in England, pp. 14f8, 145. 147. 150. 153. 154.
Beoeland occurs but three times : torn. i. fol. 69.
fol. 179 b. and fol. 181. In the last entry we read, ^^ H*
rra fuit tainland T. R. £• sed postea cuersa e. in Reue-
land. 7 ido dnt Icgati regis, qd ipsa tra 7 census qui
inde exit furtim aufert^ regi." Cepep-Ianb is interpreted
by Lye, Diction. Saxon. ^* tributarium Territoriura.*
See Sir Henry Spelman's comment on this passage;
English Works, fol. Lond. 1727. Orig. Growth, &c. of
Feuds and Tenures by Knights service, chap. xxiv. p. 39.
Reveland, says Mr. Allen, is distinguished in Domesday
from villein land and thegn land, and a comparison of
different entries lead to the conclusion that it was land
attached to the office of the gerefa. When land was
fraudulently converted from thegn land into reveland, it
was subtracted from the military service of the state,
and appropriated by its civil servants the gerefan, to the
increase of their own salaries or stipends. Complaints
oF this abuse are made in Domesday, tom.i. foil. 57 b.
69. 179 b. 181. Inquiry ut supr. Authorities and Illus-
trations, p. Ivii.
Under Toresbi and Alwoldebi in Lincolnshire,
** Toruelafid redd. x. sot " occurs, tom. i. fol. 342 b.
Taijiland is defined by Spelman, " Terra haereditaria,
et colonorum servituti nonobnoxia." *^ Thegn land was
distinguished from ferm land, demesne land, and villein
land. Domesd. tom. i. foil. 64 b. 76. 86. 90 b. 98 b.
102 b. If a doubt was entertained whether certain lands
were thegn land or not, the question was tried and decided
in a court of law. Ibid. foil. 98 b. 181. 262 b. Spelman,
Glossary, Teinland. But these different species of
Q. 4
232 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO I>OM£8DAT.
Principal aots, who rctumed him their services.*** Such
in this Record. WES the histoiy, and such the multiplication of
§ 4. Territorial MauoFs iu the timcs immediately succeeding
^""^^^"^ the Norman Conquest The Statute of Quia
Emptores, already noticed in a former pag^
in 1290, put an end to their farther increase.
Aula, HaUa, or HaiUa, a hall or chief mansicm
house was the usual appendage of a Manor.
At Apedroc in Sussex, in the account of the
Earl of Moretaine's lands, it is said, '< Ibi e una
V ubi com hi aula sua." ^ At Westone in Not-
tinghamshire " tibr Ehner. Eluui. Osbn. Grim.
Edric. Stenulf. quisq^ aula sua. 7 un^q^sq^ i.
bo rre.'* ^ Under Fentone in the same county,
" Tra I. car. cu saca 7 soca sine aula." * In
Lincolnshire it is said, <^ In Burtone lib Godric n.
property might be exchanged ; Domesd. torn. L fol. 64 b.
and in some cases the one appears to have been arbi-
trarily converted into the other. Domesd. torn. L
folL 67. 67 b. 76." Allen's Inquiry ut supr. p. Iviii.
* Gilbert on the Law of Tenures, Introd. p. 10.
The whole number of the greater Tenants mentioned
in the first Volume of the Survey, including Bishopfi^
Churches^ Abbeys, Barons, Thanes, Elemosynaries,
Ministri, and Servants, amounts to five hundred and
ten, exclusive of the lands entered under the title of
" Terra Regis." In the second Volume^ in which
many of the Tenants are again repeated^ there are a
hundred and sixty-two titles entered.
« Domesd. torn. i. fol. 21 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 285 b.
« Ibid. fol. 286 b. So again, foil. 12. 295. 307 b. SW.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 233
car rre ad gld. Tra ii. car. soca in Scantune. Principal
s; tarn fuit ibi aula."* In Berkshire, under in this Record.
Ebrige, ofHugolinusStirmanitissaid, *' Trans- 54. Tw^onoi
portavit Halla 7 alios domos 7 pecunia in ^""f^^!^^
alio CD.** ^ At Langeton, in Yorkshire, it is said,
^* Ibi habuerunt Torfin 7 Finegal. 11. haulas.
Torfin cu saca 7 soca, 7 terci^ noe Tor reliq
rra cu saca 7 soca S5 non haula.*** In one
instance ** Halla '* is used for a Manor. * Istos
hoes posuit Ingelric^ ad sua halla." ^ In North-
amptonshire, we have another term for the
Hall : under Pihteslea, we read, * " Hoc 5B.
fuit de firma monachorum [Ecclesiae Lincolien-
sis] 7 ibi fuit diiicu aedificiu/' ^^ Caput Ma-
nerii " also occurs several times in both volumes
in the same sense/
' Domesd. torn. i. foL S68 b.
« Ibid. fol. 63. ' Ibid. fol. 809.
^ Ibid. fol. 29 b. Under Bocheham in Surrey, torn. i.
fol. 32 b. we have ^* Ferraria quae operat' ad halla:"
a smith's forge.
* Ibid. fol. 222.
6 See torn. i. foil. 11. 26. 166. tom.ii. foil. 227. 293 b.
Bishop Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. says, *^ Caput
Baroniae, head of a Barony, was the capital Village of
a Barony, where the Baron had his principal seat and
common residence.'^ Under Teodechesberie in Glou-
cestershire, torn. i. fol. 163. we read, ^^ In capite 53
erant in dnio xii. car." Under the lands of Bucfestre
Church in Devonshire, we read, <^ Bucfestre est caput
Abbathiac." torn. i. fol. 104. Of the Manor of Crophille
in Nottinghamshire, among the lands of Ilbert de Laci,
ID
v.«t teVa^® -eao. ^.-— —
^ "9 ^cVSi parte 7 ^^t °\ ^ „\0<
pas""""^ rati '^""^ fl pe^^- ^^6! ^efccef'
C(
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 235
una hid. qua pfect^ uillae huj^ [Patricesy] ppt Principal
inimicitia q.da ab isto CD abstulit 7 misit in in this Record.
Certesi." Under Ordie in Hampshire, " Terra, s 4. xerritonai
e. I. car. maneriu fuit. mode e. appositu in alio ^Fnmchua.
S.*' * Before this, in the lands of Robert Rtz
Gerold, under Tedorde,it is said, ** Duo libi hoes
tenner in alodiu de rege £• p u^\ CD. Tc 7 m°
geld p. IIII°^ hid. Robt^ fecit un. S." ^
Of two Manors in Essex at Lamers, torn. ii.
fol. 7* b. the Record says, " Haee duae terrae
erant sic divisae duobus fratribus T. R. E. Post
ea datas sunt Ranulfo pro uno manerio ut dicunt
sui homines.*' Tom. i. fol. 142 b. the transfer
of a hide of land from Stansted Manor to that
of Hoddesdon in Hertfordshire is mentioned :
•^ Hodesdone. De hac terra tenuit Aluuinus
Godton homo R. E. i. hidam et vendere potuit.
Radulfus Tailgebosc accep. eam de Stanestede
et apposuit huic Manerio."
A curious instance of the formation of a new
Manor occurs in the account of Gloucestershire.
*^ In Lindenee fecit com W. uii OD de iiii. tris
quas ab earu dnis accepit De diiio epi Here-
ford. III. hid. De diiico uictu monachoj^ de P'sore
VI. hid, ubi erant vi. uilti cu iiir. car. De duob}
teinis accep. iii. hid 7. diin/*^
In Bura, in the county of Essex, we read,
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 46 b.
- Ibid. Compare other instances in fol. ]SS.
' Ibid. fol. 164-.
236 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOltESDAT.
Principal « Huic maneiio addite si xl. ac. I regis Willi :***
Matters noticed i . -i .1
in this Record, and a Similar entry occurs m the same county
§ 4. Territorial undcr Lallinga.^ In another passage in the
jpvtmdtf^ description of Essex, we read, " In Castes-
tuna nil. liberi homines HeroldL cciiii. aS trae.
7 s&t additi huic Manerio postqua rex adueEL
suo precepto.'* ® In Norfolk we read, ** Est
gamera ten& Eluolt i. lib homo. L f. e. et fiiit
libata frederico p terra ad pficiendu mafi.** ^ So
again, under Gunatorp, <* Haec terra fiiit libata
ad pficiendu i. manerium. bemai.'' ^ In Suffidk^
under Brantestuna, it is said^ *^ Addite si hide
manerio. lxxx. ac. terrae p man. tr.e.'** Under
Wimundwelle, in Leicestershire, we read, ** Hanc
rra tenner, ii. f rs p ii. ^ 7 postea emit alter
ab altero parte suam. 7 fecit unu CD de duobj.
T.R.E."^
An abstraction from a manor is recorded in
Devonshire, tom. i. fol. 112 b. under Neweiitone,
<< Colsuen ho Episcopi Coutantiensis aufert ab
hoc CD. communem pasturam q ibi adjacehat
T. R. E. et etiam T. R. W. quinque apnis.^
Sometimes instances occur of the removal of
the ^^ liberi homines," or " sochemanni,'' fiom
one Manor to another. Tom. i. foL 137. ** H08
(sc. ii.) soclios apposuit isdem Engelric^ huic
CD. post adventum R. W. ut homines de huod.
^ Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 86. ^ Ibid. fol. 103.
' Ibid. fol. no. ♦ Ibid. fol. 170 b.
' Ibid. fol. 257 b. See also foil. 206 b. 258.
« Ibid. fol. 431 b. 7 Tom. i. fol. 2SS.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 2S7
testantur.*' At Folsham in Norfolk, the record Principal
says, ** Huic Manerio adjunct! s&t. ii. lib! hoes m this Record,
p radulfu taHbosc. t r. W/' * Under Stiuecai, § 4. T^anai
« Huic man additi si. mi. socem.'' ' Again, "^""t^^!^
under Taterforda, " De hoc Manerio si ablati
iin. soc. XL. acr. 7 tenet W. de War.*' ^ In
Suffolk, " Lxxx. libi 7 III. sflt additi de hoc
hundret [Wanneforda] ad maneriu de Montfort
tepe regis W. de quib} siit sup*dicti. xii. qui il
reddidert uUa consuetudine :" ^ and under Bura
it is said, " In ead. 11. libi hoes heroldi etpoterant
uende. et hiit lx. ac. et i. car et ual v. sol. et
fuer libati ad pficiendu mail.'* * A certain' num-
ber of freemen or socmen were necessary to
every lord of a manor for holding the pleas of
the Manor Court, or Soke.^
» Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 127. * Ibid. fol. 122 b.
' Ibid. fol. 262 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 282 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 4S5 b. In several instances in Suffolk, we
find the following singular valuations of manors, tom.ii.
fol. S57 b. << H' man exceptis libis uat. sep. xl. boI."
Again, fol. 358 b. *^ H' man exceptis libis tc [t. r. e.]
uat XXX. sot. modo xl.'' See also tom.ii. foil. 331.
358 b. 359 b. 362 b.
^ In Cambridgeshire, tom.i. fol. 193 b. under Terra
Rogerii Comitis, it is said^ in Orduuelle, <^ Hanc terram
tenuer. vi. sochi. Unus eorum homo regis £. fuit et
inuuardum inuenit vicecomiti. Tres istorum soche-
mannorum accommodavit Picotus Rogerio Comiti pfopter
placita sua tenenda ; sed postea occupaver. eos homines
comitis et retinuer. cum terris suis sine liberatore*"
238 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Many of the Earl of Moretaine*8 Manors in
Matters uoticed ^ .
in this Record. Somersetshire appear to have made payments to
§ 4. TerrUariai the paramount Manor of Cori, belonging to the
^Fr^t^. King.* So, in the same county fol. 97> among
the lands of Ralph de Limesi. Under Aires-
ford it is said, *' Hoc W redd p Ssuetuding xii.
ones p anfl in Carentone OD regis. RadubP
hanc csuetudine usq^ m" detinuit." ^ At Leof-
minstre in Herefordshire, we read, '* Ad hoc
53 ptineb. II. W. Stanford 7 Merchelai T.R.E.
qui reddt m^ regi xxx. lib. ut supius dictu est"
A large enumeration of lands follows, which in
the time of Edward belonged to Leofininstre.*
Among the Terrae Regis in Devonshire, under
Alseminstre, we read, " Huic OD debent' xv.
denar de Cherletone CD* epi. cstantiens. 7 de
Honetone 53 comitis MoriL xxx. defl. 7 de
Smaurige CD Radulphi de Pomerei. xxx. deft. 7
de Maneberie CD. With cheure. xxx. deii. 7 de
Rouerige CD S. Marie Rotomag. xxx. denar. Hos
denar ja p plures annos rex ii habuif * The
parent Manor had belonged to King Edward.
To the King's manor of Mollande in Devonshire,
it is said, <^ Ipsi manerio ptiii rcius denarius de
Hund Nortmoltone. 7 Badentone 7 Brantona
7 r ciu animal pasturse mora?.'* So, again, " Ma-
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 91 b. 92.
* Ibid. fol. 97. ' Ibid. fol. 180.
' Ibid. fol. 100.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 239
nerio M ortone ptifi taP denari^ de Tanebrige Principd
XT * ,• 1 Matters noticed
Hund:. ' ^ in this Record.
That Manors were sometimes shifted from i ^. Territorial
one Hundred to another, we have an instance ^Franchu^^
in Gloucestershire, under Wenric, belonging to
the abbey of Winchcombe. " Hoc CD que tefl
Elsi de ai^e. injuste jacuit in Salemonesberie
hd, postq^ BoUe mortuus fuit. Modo jacet in
Bemitone hd. judicio houm ej^de hund." ^ In
Northamptonshire, the Manor of Tingdene, con-
sisting of twenty-seven hides, was situated in six
different Hundreds. " Huj^ C5 tra sic jacet.
In Hecha Hund :! x. hid 7 diih. In Hocheslau
Hundr' I. hid 7 dim. In Geritone Hd. una
hida. In Rodeuuel hd. iii. partes i. hidae. In
Ordinbaro hd iiii. hid 7 una v rrae. In Neues-
lund hd. IX. hidag 7 dimidia.'* ^
In Yorkshire, the Manors are frequently
measured more minutely than in other Counties :
the length and breadth being usually set down.'*
Maneriolum occurs once in the Survey, in
Lincolnshire : " Remigius eps hi. i. maneriolu
cu. I. car. contiguu in ciuitate Lincolia. cu saca
7 soca 7 cu Thol 7 Theim/*
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 101. ^ Ibid. foL 165 b.
^ Domesd. torn. i. foL 220. Small parcels of land are
sometimes entered as appertaining to no Manor; as
tom. i. fol. 30 b. at Dorchinges, ^^ Ex his hid. hf Ricard^
de Tonebrige una. quae nulii S ptin.'^
* As <^ To? maner. 11. lev Ig. 7 i. lal."— «' Tot
maner. dimid lev Ig. 7 m. q*ren? laf."— " To? x. qua?
Ig. 7 v. quar. 7 dim la?."
240 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Villa,
Principal
Matters noticed
in this Record.
5 4. T^orhi In the Domesday Survey, was another term
'^"i^^^!^'^ for a Manor or Lordship ; " two or more of
which/* says Nichols, " were usually united to
form a Villata, though in some few cases a Villa
was sufficiently large to stand single^ when it
was said to answer pro villa integra ; and when
two were joined together, each was called
dimidia villatae." *
A BerewiCf or Berewite, according to Dr. Nash,
is in some antient Books explained to be used
synonimously for Manerium: but it implied
rather a member severed from the body of a
Manor, as a vill or hamlet of a Manor or Lord-
ship.^ Bromesgrave in Worcestershire had
eighteen Berewicks, Chideminstre sixteen, Ce-
deslai eight. Recordine in Shropshire had eight,
Membrefeld eighteen. Suduuelle in Nottingham-
shire had twelve Berewicks. In Yorkshire they
occur in greater numbers, and more frequently
than in most counties. In two or three entries
they appear to be called Members of Manors :
as in Leicestershire, under Rodolei, ** Huic
W ptin subsequentia mebra,'' to the amount
of twenty.^ So in Warwickshire, " H r' dao
* Hist. Leic. In trod. Vol. p. xlv.
^ Hist. Wore. Diss, on Domesd. p. 8. See also
Chauncy's Hist. Antiq. of Hertf. pp. 30. 3S0.
' Tom. i. fol. 2S0.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 24 1
mebra jac ad Stanlei 55 regis/* * ^ 7 B' for Principal
"^ o / Matters noticed
in this Record.
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 288. See also, fol. 260 b. jutitdicHontami
In the first volume of the Survey, fol. 111b. in the Franckues.
account of Baentone in Devonshire, it is said, " Huic S
adjacet una hida. qua teneb v. taini in Paragio p v. manef,
T. R. E." Cowel says, from Spelman, that Parage signifies
equality of name, blood, or dignity ; but more especially of
land, in the partition of all inheritance between co-heirs.
Brady, from Dufresne, says, " Or it is when the younger
brothers hold their share of the fee of the elder brother,
and he of the lord, and does the homage and service,
they contributing their shares." Paragium, however, in
the language of Domesday, meant holding in equal
portions, as well in rights and privileges as in actual
property. So, Du Cange, in one explanation of the
word, *^QuaBvis portioin re aliqua," quotes «*Tabularium
Vindocinense, fol. 54<. < Guido de Blasone dominicus
vassus accedens ad Dom. Odericum Abbatem donavit
eis tractum sagenae unius in universis aquis suis, ubicum-
que piscaturas habere dinoscitur, ita ut ipse in eadem
sagena unius hominis habeat portionem, quam nominant
Paragium, reliquce autem portiones sunt S. Trinitatis et
Monachorum.' ''
So in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 7. " Hanc tra tenuer
T/ R. E. duo hoes in paragio." Fol. 45. Ipse. H. ten,
Warneford. Vluric^ 7 Oluuard^ tenuer in paragio de
rege. E. 7 11**. Aulas habuer." Fol. 46. ^ Ipse. !!•
ten in Chenep una hida. 7 Hugo de eo. Tres alodiarij
tenuer in paragio de rege. E. 7 iii^. aulae fuer."
Fol. 63 b. " Tres taini tenuer in paragio. 7 potuer ire
cu terris suis quo uoluer." Fol. 96 b. " Huic S3 additae
St. XXII. masurae. quas teneb. xx. hdes in paragio.
T. R. E. reddt. xii. solid."
Among the " Clamores quae sunt in Sudtreding
Lincoliae & Concordia eoru p homines qui iurauef,'
R
242 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAT.
, prindpa! Manerium et Berewica frequently occur in
Matters notiocd ^r i i • i x ^
in this Record. Yorkshire.
^ 4, Terriiorial
Jwrudkikmtand -mjf
Franckiiet. MonSiO.
In the Exeter Domesday Mcmsio is almost
constantly used for Manerium: and there is
one entry in the second volume of the Great
Survey which at least serves to shew that in the
return for Essex the two words were considered
as synonimous. << Haneghefelda, p uno Man.*
^* In ead tenner xxiii. libi hoes xiiii. hid. q^
possent recede sine licentia diii ipsius MansiSis.^
torn. i. fol. S75« are two entries explanatory of the tenure.
^< De calunia in? epm dunelih 7 Eudone filiu S^ireaaic.
portauer testimoniu hoes de Homecastre Wapenlf.
annuente toto Treding. qd. iii. frs Herold 7 Oodeuert
7 Aluric diuiser dnica terra patris sui aqtioliter'j pari--
liter. 7 solum^ Herold 7 Godeuert diuiser so^ patris
sui sine tcio fro. 7 equalit 7 pariliL tenuer earn T. R.EL**
<< De soca. vi. bouaf unde. e calunia in¥ epm 7 Eud in
Langetone 7 in torp. dnt h5es dc Waragehou Wap qd
pdicti duo frs eg^UT 7 pariliT habuer soca. T. R. E. s;
eo anno quo isd rex mortuus est filii Godeuert habebant
soca tota. s; nesciunt qua ratione ea habebant. utrii qL
uel dono patrui sui.^ Tom. i. fol. 168 b. under Wadane
we read, ^< Quinq^ frs tenuer p v. 35 7 poterant ire quo
volebant 7 pares erant/*
^ See torn. i. foil. 327 b. 328. Compare also the
previous folios 299. 299 b. 300. 302. 302 b. 305 b.
Fifteen Berewicks are enumerated belonging to the
manor of Hovingham.
* Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 25. ^^ Quomodo yocatur
Mansio?" are the Words of Enquiry in the Ely Manu-
script. See p. 22.
GICNERAL INTRODUCTION TO POMESDAY. 243
In Other instances the Mansio seems to have PHncipia
Matters noticed
been but a member or hamlet of the Manerium. in this ReoordL
Under AInoitone in Kent, we read, " Huic 55 54.2^07*1/
adjacent in. Mansiones tras in Roucestre." * ''"JwS^
In the account of Lincolnshire it is said, ** In
Stov. tib Eddiua in. mansion cu saca. 7 soca
Rad hV* 2 In Huntingdon, ** Siuuard^ coin tift i.
mansion cii domo cu saca 7 soca quieta ab oiiii
csuetudine qua m° hi Judita comitissa.** ^ So,
after the enumeration of the Mansiones and
their possessors in Stafford, it is said, " Hiomshilt
sacha 7 socha. Rex h? de oinib} geldii p p.nii.**'*
Under Cratafelda in Suffolk, it is said, " 7 huic
manerio iacent v. franci hoes de xxvi. ac. 7
semp II. car & silua ad vi. pore. 7 ual. vi. sol
7 VIII. den. Et isti redd soca huic man pterea 11.
hoes, de xl. ac. 7 i. car 7 uat. v. sot. 7 soca de
istis duob} in bledeburc. Et has 11. mansiones
tenet uuilielmus bainardus." ^
Bracton, de Legibus et Consuetudinibus
Anglian, fol. Lond. 1569. lib. v. cap. 28. De
Except, p. 434. gives us the following as an
explanation of the difference between the Man-
sio, the Villa, and the Manerium. " Videndum
igitur quid Mansio, quid Villa, et quid Ma-
nerium. Mansio autem esse poterit constructa
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 8.
« Ibid. fol. 363. ' Ibid. fol. 203.
* Ibid. fol. 246. ' Ibid. torn. li. fol. 4-15.
R 2
24f4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal ex pluribus doniibus/ vel una quae erit habitatio
Matters noticed , . . . ^ • i« •
in this Record. UHE et sola siDc vicino ; etiam etsi alia mansio
§ 4. Territorial fueiit viciiiata non erit Villa, quia Villa est ex
•^"5S!S'^ pluribus mansionibus vicinata, et coUata ex
pluribus vicinis. Manerium autem fieri potent
ex pluribus villis vel una, plures enim vilte
possunt esse in corpore manerii sicut et una, et
ad unam mansionem pertinere potuerunt plura
tenemental* ^
* In the account of Nottingham, Domesd. torn* i.
fol. 280. it is said, *< Rogerus de Bnsli hS in Snolinglm
III. mansion, in quib} sedcnt xi. dom^ reddentes iiii*
sol. 7 VII. den.'*
* In a few entries of the Survey Mansiones seem
meant for houses simply. ^^ Mansio and Domus,'' says
Mr. Kelham, Illustr. of Dcmesd. p. 267* *^ seem to be
distinguished, but wherein the difference connsted is
not easy to say." Of the same import was Bttmsuram
Dr. Nash, in his Collections for Worcestershire^ says
that Mansura, in a town, signified a House; in the
country, a Messuage, that is house and land : bat he
gives no authority for this. Blomefield, in the History
of Norfolk, says that Mansura signified a mansion-
house in decay, or a place where a mansion-hooae
formerly stood, or a place convenient to make a boose
in. Cowel says, Mansura and Masura are used in
Domesday, and other ancient Records, for fMnsiones
vel habitacula viUicorum. In the Survey^ tom. i. foL S.
there are said to have been three hundred and eighty-
three mansurae in Sandwich : and in Shrewsbury, a
hundred and ninety-three mansurae occur. In Hamp-
shire, under Edlinges, tom. i. fol. S8 b. it is said, <* In
Foresta sunt occupalae. xvi. mansurse uillanorf 7 bor-
dariorf." At Thvinam in the same county, foL44.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 245
The Prefecti or Prepositi Maneriorum or Villa^ Principal
Matters noticed
rum, were the Reeves, Bailiffs, or Stewards of in this Record.
Manors, whose business it was to collect the rents, § 4. TerrUmai
to levy distresses, to prevent trespasses, to keep ^jFranchui^
the peace, and to do all the offices of Equity
and Right between the Lord and Tenants.*
^^ In burgo vi. masurae de xiii. sot 7 iiii. denar.'^ In
tbe account of Walingford in Berkshire, we read, fol. 56.
^^ In Suttone una acra in qua sunt vi. masuras. de. xii.
dcnar. 7 in Braio una acra. 7 ibi xi. masuras de iii.
solid. Rainald^ hi una acra in qua sunt xi. masurae de
XXVI. denar. 7 ptin in Eldeberie quae e. in Oxeneford.'*
In Derby, fol. 280. *^ Hugo com hf. 11. masuras. 7 i.
piscar cu saca 7 soca. Henric^ de ferariis iii. masur
cu saca 7 soca simit." ^^ Adhuc in eod burgo sunt. viii.
masurae cu saca 7 soca. Hae fuer iBlgar. m^ sunt
regis."
Hagce occur principally in the Cities, Burghs, and
larger Towns, as at Rochester, Canterbury, Chichester,
Lewes, Boseham, Arundel, Rochintone, Waltham,
Itratone, Epinges, Guildford, and Winchester. From
a passage in tom. i. fol. 30. Haga and Domus appear to
have been synonimous : and from one or two entries
under Walingford the same opinion will probably be
formed in respect of Haga and Masura. In the account
of Norwich, however, a distinction seems intended
between Mansura and Domus.
> Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. In the Hundred of
Wilge in Bedfordshire, a curious entry occurs in Domes-
day, tom. i. fol. 218 b. <^ In eoA hund ten Osiet regis
pfect^ dim hid de rege. Hanc ?ra tenuit. i. sochs. T. R. E.
que rex W. cu ¥ra hac pdicto pfecto comdauit. ut quadia
uiueret uictu 7 uestitu ei pberet." Among the posses-
sions of Robert de Oilgi in Buckinghamshire, we find
at Evreham, fol. 149. four fisheries yielding '^ mille 7
q'ngent anguiS 7 pisces p dies ueneris ad op^ p*posili
R 3
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
apai The office of the Prepositus Vilte* is more
ftecord. particularly explained in the following law d'
^oriia King Edward : " 28. De Animalibus et dUa re
'^l^H^ inventa. Si quis adduxerit animal in villain,
vel apportaverit pecuniam, et dixerit se invenissep
priusquam in domum introducat suam vel etiam
alterius, ante Ecclesiam ducat, et coram sacer-
dote Ecclesise, et prseposito Vills, et meUoiilMis
hominibus totum ostendat inventum quicquid
sit. Praefectus Villae mox mittat ad quatuor
Villas propinquiores pro Sacerdotibus et Prae-
positis villarum, qui adducant secum tres vel
quatuor de melioribus hominibus de unaquaque
villa, quibus congregatis ostenditur totum inven-
tum. Postea vero testimonio ipsorum praspositus
(de cujus dominio inventor est) custodiat inven-
tum usque in diem crastinum. Die autem crastino
cum aliquantis vicinorum suorum qui viderunt
inventum, ad Hundredi eat pracfectum, in quo
Hundredo sua villa est, et ipsi ostendat totum.
Et si homo alicujus domini sit in cujus terra
inventum est hoc, et Dominus in cujus terra
inventum est non habet consuetudines suas»
uilUv.*^ These Prepositi Villas seem to have had great
power. Under Etwellc in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 30 b. we
read ** Testantur Homines de Hundredo quod de hoc
manerio subtractae sunt duae hidie et una virgata quaa
ibi fuerunt tempore Regis Edwardi sed Prepositi
accommodaverufU eas suis amicisy el unam denam silue
et unam crqftamJ*
* Sax. Buph-jepepa. In the first volume of the
Survey, fol. 2 b. *' Alestan prepositus Lundm* occurs.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. !347
scilicet sake et soke, omnia tradat Praefecto Principal
Hundredi (si habere voluerit) cum bonis testi- in thia Record,
bus. Sed si Dominus habuerit consuetudines ^ 4.1^^Htoridi
suas, in Curia Domini rectum teneatur/* ' '^^^^SST'
The BedelU were the Under-Bailiffs of Manors.
In Leominstre in Herefordshire, the Manor of
which had sixteen members or berewicks, there
were eight prepositi and eight bedellL* At
Feccheham in the same county we find " xxx.
uitti 7 XI. bord 7 pposit^ 7 bedel." ^
'* Prefecti Regis et BedelU et Elemosinarii *'
occur at the close of the tenants in capite in
Bedfordshire. ^
The following is the enumeration of stock
received with a small estate of tenemental land
held under Eudo Fitz Hubert, detailed in the
Survey in the Hundred of Hertford in Hertford-
shire. " Cu qua supsit Hunfrid^ qdo de
Eudone recep r' lxviii. Aalia* 7. ccc***. l.
oues.^ 7 CL. pore. 7 l. cap*s. 7 i. ' equa. 7 xiii.
sot. 7 nil. den de censu regis. 7 int pannos 7
uasa r' xx** sof The estate consisted of half a
Hide, with one plough in demesne, and another
belonging to four bordarii. It had seven cot-
' Wilk. pp. 202. 20s. * Domesd. torn. i. fol. 180.
3 Ibid. fol. 180 b. * Ibid. fol. 218 b.
* Cattle. Animalia otiosa were cattle not fit for
husbandry.
^ In Norfolk, torn. ii. fol. 206 b. SB. in Einvlvesberie
— " In eadem villa est quoddam Ovile sexcent. 7 lxii ,
ovium."
n 4
248 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal tagers, a mill yielding six shillings and eighth
in this Record, pencc, and wood for fifty porkers. It had
S 4. Tei^oriai beloHgcd to one of King Edward's bailifis, and
"^^tr^ its value both under the Confessor and the Con-
queror had stood at sixty shillings. *
Markets and Tolls.
At what period the establishment of pubUc
Markets first took place in England, we are not
told ; but the constantly increasing severity of
the Anglo-Saxon laws against Theft probably
multiplied their number. To escape this seve-
rity, it was necessary that every man, and
especially a dealer in goods, should be always
able to prove his legal property in what he
possessed.^
In the Laws of Ina, it is expressly said, '^ Si
mercator inter vulgus mercetur, faciat hoc
coram testibus. Si furto ablatum iUud emptum
inveniatur, et ipse non emerit id coram bonis
testibus, confirmet poenss loco, quod nee furti
conscius, nee furatus sit, vel compenset pcenffi
loco triginta sex solidos :'* ^ and in those of
Athelstan^ it is enacted, that no one shall make
a purchase beyond twenty pennies ** extra por-
tam i** but that such bargains should take place
■ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 139.
^ Turner, Hist. Anglo-Sax. ed. S"*. vol. iv. p. 312.
' Wilk. p. 18. LL. Inae. 25.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME3DAT. 349
within the town, in the presence of the Port- Principal
. ^ . Matters noticed
reve, or some other person of veracity, or or the in tiii» Record.
reves in the folc-mote. ^ § 4. Jh^riionai
The following, among the Conqueror^s Laws, '^^''^^^r^
is copied almost verbatim from one of the Laws
of Canute : 22. " Ne qtus rem aliqiuim emat sine
testibus. Nemo emat quantum iv. denariis sesti«-
matur, neque de re mortua neque de viva absque
testimonio iv. hominum aut de Burgo, aut de
Villa. Et si quis rem vendicat, et is non habeat
testimonium, si nullum habeat Warrantum re-
spondeat alteri Catallum suum, et forisfacturum
habeat qui habere debet, et si testimonium habeat
ut jam diximus advocet tribus vicibus, et vice
quarta disrationet, aut rem reddat"
In the county of Kent two Markets are men-
tioned in the Survey, one at Favreshaunt, which
yielded four pounds /' ^ the other at Newgdene,
which yielded thirty-nine shillings and seven-
pence.^ In Hampshire three Markets occur ;
one at Neteham yielding eight pounds,* oge at
Basingestoche, of thirty shillings,* and at Tice-
felle, •* Mercatu 7 theloneu:' xl. soli^;.*' * In
Berkshire^ we have one at Wallingford, and
another newly established at Cqcheham. " De
iiouo mercato qd ibi. e modo :' xx. sot.'*^ Under
Bertune it is said *^ x. mercatores ante porta
» Wilk. p. 58. LL. iEthelst. 12.
^ Doniesd. torn. i. fol. 2 b. ^ Ibld.foU4.
^ Ibid. fol. 38. * Ibid, fol 39.
« Ibid. 7 Ibid. fol. 56 b.
860 OSMXIUL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT.
PHndpai sBccts maoentes redUt xl. deK.** ^ In WiUsMre
in this Reeord. a Market yielding Torly-five ahillings occurs at
f4.2w^itona/ Biadeford.^ in Scymersetshh^JK^lesmiimDL
Frtmchim. Markets are mentioned, one at Fronie yieUing
forty-six shillings, one at Milebume not sepiu
rately valued, a third at Givelcestre, producing
with its appendages eleven pounds, one at
Cruche producing four pounds,' one at Milver-
tone yielding ten shillings/ one at Tantone
yielding fifty shillings,^ and one at neminstre
yielding twenty shillings.^ In Devonshire a
Market occurs at Ochementone/ In CamwaH
among the Bishop of Exeter's lands at Matele,
it is said, ^< Foru huj^ Manerii hi co&i MoritcA
qd eps habeft T. R. E." ® There was a Market
at St Germains, held on Sundays, but it pro*
duced nothing by reason of its proximity to
the Market belonging to the Earl of Moretaine.'
Launceston had a Market, it is said, in the time
of King Edward, which yielded twenty shillings,
but it was taken away by the Earl of Moretaine.^*
Other Markets occur at Bodmine," at Liscarret
yielding four shillings, ^^ and at Tremetone yield-
ing three shillingsJ^ This last is noticed with the
Earl of Moretaine's Castle at Tremetone. In
' Domesd. torn. i. fol* 58 b. ' Ibid. foL 67*
^ Ibid. foL 86 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 87*
» Ibid. fol. 87 b. « Ibid. fol. 91.
7 Ibid. fol. 105 b. * Ibid. fol. 120 b.
9 Ibid. ^0 Ibid. '» Ibid.
»^- Ibid. fol. 121 b. " Ibid. fol. 122.
G£N£RAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAY. 251
Oj^fordshirej we find a payment of fifty Bhillinfi^ Principai
, -. '^ "^ •' ® Matters nodeed
*< de Mercato *' at Bentone.* In Gloucestershire^ in thu Record,
a Market is noticed at Berchelai, '< Ibi uii foru $ 4. TMiofsir
in quo manent xvii. hoes. 7 reddt censu in
firma :'* another at Teodekesberi^ ^' qd fic^na
constituit/' yielding eleven riuUings; and a
third at Tumeberie, now Thombury.^ In Here^
fordshirey a Market recently established occurs
at Etune.^ In Bedfordshire^ the toll of the
Market at Lestone produced seven pounds ; that
at Loitone a hundred shillings;^ a third at
Alriceseie produced ten shillings.^ In Norths
amptonshire, under Vndele, we have a payment
** de mercato" of twenty shillings.* A Market
also occurs at Hecham of the same value. In
Leicestershire, a Market occurs at Medeltone/
In Staffordshire, at Tutbury.® In Lincolnshire,
a Market occurs at Chirchetone ; ^ another at
Ludes yielding twenty-nine shillings ; a Market
in Bolinbroc lately established ; *® one in SpaU
linge producing forty shillings ; " in Bertone^
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 15* b. « Ibid. fol. 163. 163 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 181b. * Ibid. fol. 209.
» Ibid. fol. 212. « Ibid. fol. 221.
7 Ibid. fol. 285 b. See Nichols's Hist. Leic. iDtrod.
Vol. p. xl.
^ ^^ In Burgo circa Castellum sunt xlii. hoes de
Mercato suo tantum viventes. 7 reddt cii foro int. lib.
7 X. solid.'' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 24<8 b.
9 Ibid. fol. 338 b. ^^ Ibid. fol. 351.
" Ibid. fol. 351b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
ex pluribus domibus,* vel una quae erit habitatio
rd. una et sola sine vicino ; etiam etsi alia mansio
yriai fuerit vicinata non erit Villa, quia Villa est ex
^^ pluribus mansionibus vicinata, et coUata ex
pluribus vicinis. Manerium autem fieri potent
ex pluribus villis vel una, plures enim viD»
possunt esse in corpore manerii sicut et una, et
ad unam mansionem pertinere potuenmt plura
tenementa.*'^
* In the account of Nottingham, Domesd. torn. i.
fol. 280. it is said, ** Rogerus de Biisli ht in Snotingha
III. mansion, in quib} sedent xi. dom^ reddentes iiii.
sol. 7 VII. den."
* In a few entries of the Survey Mansione$ seem
meant for houses simply. ^^ Mansio and Domos,'' says
Mr. Kelham, Illustr. of Dcmesd. p. 267. ^ seem to be
distinguished, but wherein the difierence conasted b
not easy to say." Of the same import was Mansura.
Dr. Nash, in his Collections for Worcestershire^ says
that Mansura, in a town, signified a House; in the
country, a Messuage, that is house and land : but he
gives no authority for this. Blomefield, in the History
of Norfolk, says that Mansura signified a mansion-
house in decay, or a place where a mansion-house
formerly stood, or a place convenient to make a bouse
in. Cowel says, Mansura and Masura are used in
Domesday, and other ancient Records, for mansionet
vel habitacula viUicorum. In the Survey, tom. i. foL 8.
there are said to have been three hundred and eighty-
three mansurae in Sandwich : and in Shrewsbury, a
hundred and ninety-three mansurae occur. In Hamp-
shire, under Edlinges, tom. i. fol. S8 b. it is said, << If
Foresta sunt occupatae. xvi. mansurae uillanorf 7 bo^
dariorf." At Thvinam in the same county, fol. 4
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 245
The Prefecti or Prepositi Maneriorum or Vitta- Principal
, _ _ ...^ ^ . ^ Matters noticed
rum, were the Reeves, Bailiffs, or Stewards of in this Record.
Manors, whose business it was to collect the rents, § 4. Territorial
to levy distresses, to prevent trespasses, to keep ^iranchue^
the peace, and to do all the offices of Equity
and Right between the Lord and Tenants.*
** In burgo vi. masurae de xiii. sot 7 iiii. denar.'* In
the account of Walingford in Berkshire, we read, fol. 56.
^' In Suttone una acra in qua sunt vi. masuras. de. xii.
denar. 7 in Braio una acra. 7 ibi xi. masuras de iii.
solid. Rainald^ ht una acra in qua sunt xi. masurae de
XXVI. denar. 7 ptin in Eldeberie quae e. in Oxeneford.'*
In Derby, fol. 280. *' Hugo com hL 11. masuras. 7 i.
piscar cu saca 7 soca. Henric^ de ferariis iii. masur
cu saca 7 soca simit." *^ Adhuc in eod burgo sunt. viii.
masurae cu saca 7 soca. Hae fuer iBlgar. m^ sunt
regis."
Hagce occur principally in the Cities, Burghs, and
larger Towns, as at Rochester, Canterbury, Chichester,
Xrcwes, Boseham, Arundel, Rochintone, Waltham,
Itratone, Epinges, Guildford, and Winchester. From
a passage in tom. i. fol. 30. Haga and Domus appear to
have been synonimous : and from one or two entries
under Walingford the same opinion will probably be
formed in respect of Haga and Masura. In the account
of Norwich, however, a distinction seems intended
between Mansura and Domus.
^ Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. In the Hundred of
Wilge in Bedfordshire, a curious entry occurs in Domes-
day, tom. i. fol. 218 b. *^ In eoi hund ten Osiet regis
pfect^ dim hid de rege. Hanc tra tenuit. i. sochs. T. R. E.
que rex W. cu ¥ra hac pdicto pfecto comdauit. ut quadia
uiueret uictu 7 uestitu ei pberet.'* Among the posses-
sions of Robert de Oilgi in Buckinghamshire, we find
at Evreham, fol. 149. four fisheries yielding *^ mille 7
q'ngen? anguiS 7 pisces p dies ueneris ad op^ p*posUi
R 3
254 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOBfESDAT.
PHncipai Angliam fieri consueverant, constituefentur in
Matten noticed •■ i i i < - /* • •
inthisium^. una hebdomadas sequentium tenarum: sicque
$ 4. T^i^iumid Dominicis diebus fidelis populus divinis solum-
modo vacans obsequiis, omne opus servile
penitus abdicavit. Veruntamen, tempore pro-
cedente, plerique ut canes ad vomitum, sunt
reversi." » The Statute of the 27th of King
Henry the Sixth intended to have abolished the
custom entirely: but it continued in use in
Wales and its Marches even in the time of
Queai Elizabeth.^
■ Mat. Par. Hist Major, ed. fol. Lend. 1684. p. 169.
* Among the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British
Museum, Num. 79. art. 72. is a Petition from the
Preacher at Bishop's Castle in Shropshire to Lord
Burghley, which establishes the fact of this late con-
tinuance.
'< To the right honourable William Baron of Baigb-
ley, Lorde High Treasorer of England :
^* Your suppl^ Walter Stephens preacher at Bus-
shoppes castle in the Countie of Salop. Where contrarie
to the expresse word of God and contrarie also to the
Lawes of this Realme, the Fayres holden not onlie in the
towne of Busshoppes castle, but also for the moste parte
in all other townes in Wales and the Marches thereof
happening upon the Sundaie and Saboath daie are holden
upon the same Sundaie and Saboath daie on which they
fall, to the high displeasure of Almightie Grod* And
where in all the chief citties and townes of this Realroe^
and in all East, West, and South parts of the Realme,
and in many other civ ill and well ordred places^ the
same great abuse is reformed, and remaineth unrefinined
chicflie in Wales and the Marches thereof^ which
QEKERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 255
On the subject of holding Markets in forti- Frtnetpai
fied places, we read the following in what is mtiiiiRMord.
called^ '* Carta Regis Willielmi Conquisitoris de ^ 4. iw^towi
quibusdam Statutis." ** Item nullum mercatum ''^'^JSSdSa^
vel forum sit, nee fieri permittatur, nisi in civi-
tatibu9 regni nostri, et in burgis, et muro vallatis^
et in castellis, et in locis tutissimis, ubi con-
suetudines regni nostri, et jus nostrum commune,
et dignitates coronae nostras, quse constitutse
sunt a bonis praedecessoribus nostris deperiri
non possint, nee defraudari, nee violari, sed
omnia rite et in aperto, et per judicium et
justitiam fieri debent. Et ideo castella, et burgi,
et civitates sitas sunt et fundatas et asdificatae,
scilicet, ad tuitionem gentium et populorum
regni, et ad defensionem regni, et idcirco obser-
causeth (no doubte) God's heavie hand over tliem. Your
humble suppl^ meaneth by your Lordship's favour to
exhibite a Peticion unto your Lordship and the rest of
the Lords of her Ma*'^ most honourable previe Councell
for reformacion therein to be had : wherein he most
humbliebesechethyourmostehonourable Lordship, being
one of the chief patrons of true religion, that it would
please the same in this so charitable and good a service
to give your Lordship's speciall assistaunce and counte*
nance a worke (no doubte) most acceptable unto
Almightie God."
This Petition is indorsed with the date of 24 Oct 1595.
Above it in Lord Burghley's own hand is, <^ Lett this
sute be moved to the Counsell, and I will further it
W. Burghley."
256 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal vari debent cum omni libertate, et integri-
Matters noticed . ,
in this Record, tatc, ct ratioue. *
§ 4. T^otiat Feridf a fair, occurs once only, in the second
'''^IZs!^ Volume of the Survey, at Aspella, a manor
belonging to Ranulph Peverell : " In ead Icia
pars fficcliaB. & Icia pars feriae.*' ^
'' De Thol.
" Thol (quod nos dicimus TholoneumJ esl^
scilicet quod habeat libertatem vendendi et
emendi in terra sua."* Toly ThoU or Theloneum,
in the language of the Domesday Survey, was
not merely the liberty of buying and selling,
or keeping a market; it also signified the
customary dues or rents paid to the Lord of a
Manor for his profits of the Fair or Market,^
as well as a tribute or custom for passage/ In
the very first page of the Survey, the burgesses
» Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax. p* 229. LL. W. Conq.
61.
> Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 418.
' Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 202. LL. Edw.
Conf. 24f.
^ Kennett, Gloss. Par. Antiq. Edmund Earl of Corn-
wall granted to the Rector and Bonhommes of Asherugge
and their Tenants *^ ut in omnibus burgis et villatis
nostris et etiam in singulis nundinis et niercatis nostris
libere valeant emere et vendere omnes mercandisas
absque ullo theloneo sen stallagio.^
* See Bracton. lib. ii. cap. 24. § 3. So MS. Cotton.
Galba E. iv. « Toln. Quite de ton doner."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDiAT. 257
of Dover are represented in the time of King Principal
Edward to have been free of toll through in this Record.
England. ** Quicunq^ tnanens in villa assiduus. §4. Tutorial
reddebat regi cosuetudine r' quietus erat de '^"^Sl^*''
theloneo p tota Anglia.*' Under Cedeorde in
Gloucestershire, Wlward^, who held it in the
same reign, is said to have received, ^*Theloneu
satqd veniebat ad aula/'^ At Lestone inBedford-
shire, we have, " Theloneu de Mercato redd.
VII. lib." ^ Under North wich in Cheshire, it is
said, << Quisq^s ex alia scira carru adducebat
cu. II. bob} aut cu plurib} dabat de theloneo.
mi. denar." * Among the Clamores in Lincoln-
shire, several cases occur of the exaction of Tolls
unknown in the time of King Edward. Among
those of the North Riding of the County, we
read, " In Bertune 7 in Ferebi accipiunt hoes
Gislebti de Gand Theloneu aliud qua accepunt
T. R. E. de pane, piscib}. coriis. 7 aliis reb}
plurimis. unde nunq datu fuit. In Castre faciunt;
simiir hoes regis." ^
» Domcsd. torn. i. fol. 164. * Ibid. fol. 209.
^ Ibid. fol. 268. * Ibid. fol. 375 b*
2^^ GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Sect. 5.— TENURES and SERVICES.
1. Instances and Peculiarities.
Tenure in frankalmoigne frequently occurs.
MJtoJtSced '^^^ ^ ^^^ tenure by which the antient Monas-
in this Record, terics and Religious Houses held the larger
hs.Temara and poftiou of thcii lands. The high and exalted
. nature of the Service which they rendered^
discharged them from all secular burthens but
that of the trinoda necessitas, of repairing the
bridges, building castles, and repelling invasions.
They prayed for the soul of the donor and his
heirs.
Among the possessions of the Church of
Saint Martin Canterbury, we read, " Terra
Nordeuuode 7 tra Ripe. 7 rra Brandet reddt
XX. sot. 7 VI. deii ad S. Martiil in elemosina.'' *
Under *^ Terra ^cctae S. Augustini'* it is said,
" Juxta ciuitatg Cantuar hi S. Aug^tin^ iiii.
ac^ tre q^ teii. iiii. Moniales in elemosina de
atflie.*'* In Sussex we find several clerid
holding single hides of land <' in elemosina.** '
The abbey of Almanesches held Clepinges, in
that county, of Earl Roger by the same tenure.*
The abbey of Troard, also, held Rochintone of
the same Earl in alms.' In Berkshire, the
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 2.
« Ibid. fol. 12. ' Ibid. fol. 22.
' ' Ibid. fol. 25. » Ibid. fol. 25 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION vftt&90J^PI||^||(. 259
Bishop of Durham held Walprari of the King Principal
in alms; Vluuinus the Canon had before held in this Record.
it of Harold.* Under " Terra Walterii filii ^5.Tli^and
Ponz," in the same county, at Etone, we read, ^™«^
*« De isto fB. III. hid ded Ponz S. Petro de
Westmonas? pro anima sua." ^ Of a hide of
land at Horcerd in Dorsetshire, it is said, " Hanc
hida ded Hugo p anima sua aecctas de Crene-
bume." ^ In Somersetshire, we read, " Goduin^
teS dimid hid in ^ qd uocat :! Ragiol. de rege
in elemosina. Valet iii. sot.*' ^* Eddida monialis
tefl in elemosina de rege. xii. ac*s rrae. ibi hi
q^r XX. ac*s siluse 7 pasturse. Vat v. solid. Duae
nonnse teS de rege in elemosina 11. v rrsB 7 dimid
in Honecote." ^ In Hertfordshire, at Deneslai,
we find, *^ I. francigena elemosinari^ regis.' •*
In Wales it is said, immediately after the entry
relating to the city of Gloucester, " in Elemosina
regis e una uilla quae p anima ej^ redd aecctae ad
fesl S. Martini. 11. pore. 7 c. panes cu ceruisia." *
In Gloucestershire, it is said, " Eccta de Cire-
cestre teii de rege. 11. hid in elemosina. 7 de
rege. E. tenuit q^etas ab oihi csuetudine." ^
Under Alac and Lene in Herefordshire, *• Horum
ii*"" C5. aecctas 7 pbros 7 decimas. 7 duos uittos.
teK S. Maria de Cormeliis in elemosina de
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 58.
« Ibid. fol. 61. ' Ibid. fol. 8*.
^ Ibid. fol. 91b. ^ Ibid. fol. 132 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 162. 7 Ibid. fol. 166 b. •
S 2
260 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal rege.** ^ Under Toruei in Bedfordshire we find
Matters noticed ^
in this Record. Aluuinus, a pricst, holding the third part of
§5.Tetturetand half 3. hide. It is added, << Rex u^. W. sibi
^^"^^*' postea in elemosina ccessiL unde p anima regis
7 reginas omi edda. ii. feria missa psoluit*' ^ In
Essex, under Estinfort, we read, <^ Ad Ecctiam
huj^ manerii jacent xxx. ac q^ vicini deder in
elemosina.'* * In Norfolk, " in Heuincham. i.
lib ho pr. XL. ac trsB in elemosina & cantat
unaq^'q^ ebdomada tres missas." ^ Again in Wit-
tuna, <* I. pr xxx. ac in elemosina semp. ix»
soc. de XII. ac rrae. semp. ii. car. 7 11. ac p*ti.
Ex hoc cantat. iii. missas p rege & regina. 7
tnc redd. 11. sol. 7 totu hL** * Under Bertuna in
Suffolk, we read, " Eccliae huj^ uillae l. a8 de lifea
tra ptin p elemosina."^ At Saint Edmunds-
bury, the abbat had ^^ xliii. Elemosinarii. q^K^
hi. I. bord." '
The Services performed by the Towns and
Burghs have been noticed under a separate heacL
Firma unius NoctiSy one night's entertainment^
is a Service which frequently occurs, usually as
having been rendered in the time of Edward
the Confessor. As at Borne and Beddingham
in Sussex : ® at Cavna, Bedvinde, Amblesberie,
Guerminstre, Chepeham, and Theodulveside in
Wiltshire:^ at Warham, Bridetone, Bere, Win-
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 179 b.
« Ibid. fol. 218 b. ^ Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 24 b.
« Ibid. rd. 133. ^ Ibid. fol. 133 b.
• Ibid. fol. 361 b. ' ibid. fol. 372.
<" Ibid. torn. i. fol. 20 b. 9 Ibid. fol. 64 b. 65.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO OOME8DAY« 261
borne, Pinpre, and Winfrode in Dorsetshire:^ Principal
Matters noticed
at Summertone, Cedre, Nordperet, Sudperet, in this Record.
Churi, Willetone, Candetone, and Carentone in ^s.'^i^and
Somersetshire :^ and at Betune and Wesberie in
Gloucestershire.* Under Wititone in Shropshire
we find this Service referred back at least as *
far as the time of Ethelred. " Tepore Adelredi
patris E. regis ••' reddb ti tria CD dimid firma
noctis/*^ At Lintune in Herefordshire •* quarta
pars firmae unius noctis ** occurs.* At Neuport
in Essex, " firma de duabus noctibus.'* ^ The
county of Oxford rendered the entertainment
of three nights, or one hundred and fifty pounds.^
In Hampshire, it is said, ** H. tria CD. Basinge-
stoc. Clere. Esseborne. reddunt Firmam unitts
dieL" ® Under Saham, Fordham, and several
other manors on the King's demesnes in Cam-
bridgeshire, we find the entertainment of three
Days noticed, *^ inter mel, frumentum, et bra-
sium }" ^ a service which, in the Conqueror's
time, appears to have been uniformly com-
muted in each for the payment of thirteen
pounds eight shillings and four-pence " de albis
nummis.''
In the account of Lanpiran in Cornwall we
read, " De hoc maner ablatas si ii". rrae q
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 75.
« Ibid. fol. 86. 86 b. » Ibid. fol. 162 b. 163.
^ Ibid. fol. 253 b. * Ibid. fol. 179 b.
^ Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 7* ^ Ibid, tom.i. fol. 159.
« Ibid. fol. 39. 9 Ibid. fol. 189 b.
s 3
262 GK^ERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal rcddcb canoiiicis [S. Pierani] T. R. E. Jirma
Matters noUccd L J */
in thb Record. ////O'. SepHmanarum. 7 decano xx. solid p Ssue-^
%5,Tenure»and tudinC." '
*' The Castle of Arundel yielded in the time
of Edward the Confessor " de 11^. Conuimis
XX. solid.'' ^
Under Newetone in Surry it is said, •• De ffi
de Mildentone reddit r' in Neuuetone una Ssue-
tudo id est xxriii. pensce Caseo^.** ^ The ** Con-
suetudo Caseo^ - occurs again in Berkshire/
At Chintenham in Gloucestershire a render
was made, in the time of Edward, of three thou-
sand cakes of dog-bread : *^ ter mile panes
canibus" For this at the time of the Survey
sixteen shillings were paid in Money.* From
the county of Warwick, in the time of the Ccm-
queror, twenty-three pounds were paid **p
csuetudine Canum.**^
Of the manor of Cumbe in Kent, it is said,
" T.R.E. ualeb. lx. sol. 7 post l. sot. Modo
nil. lib. & seruitium urvP militis.** ^ The same
Service occurs in Surrey.® This must have been
by finding a man for the wars.
In Cornwall, " De ^ccla S. Germani ablata
e I. hida trsB q reddeb p csuetudiii ima Cupa
Ceruisice. 7 xxx. densu^.** ^
' Domesd. torn. i. foL 121.
« Ibid. fol. 23. ^ Ibid. fol. U b.
« Ibid. fol. 59 b. ' Ibid. fol. 162 b.
» Ibid. fol. 238. ^ Ibid. fol. 10 b.
" Ibid, fol 32. ' Ibid. ful. 120 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 268
The Royal demesne of Portland in North- Principal
amptonshire, in the time of Edward, beside in this Record.
forty-eight shillings rent, paid ten shillings *^pro §5.r^^,aiid
fiUris sommario^ regis ;" for skins or rugs for *'^«*»-
the King's sumpter horses.'
Among the baser Services was ^^Auera^ which,
with the exception of two entries in Kent, occurs
principally in Hertford and Cambridge shires,
generally accompanied in the latter county by
^* Ingvardj** or " Inward.*^ Auera is usually
interpreted a day's work of the Plough, though
it also signified that service which the tenant
owed to the King or other Lord, by horse or ox,
or by carriage with either.^ Inward was the
guarding the person of the King when he lodged
in a city, or the attendance on the Sheriff. It
also implied certain servile works about the
King's demesnes or the lords' inlands.^
At Barham in Kent, it is said, " De Auera
id est seruitium lx. sot."^ At Chenepeworde in
Hertfordshire, *« De Ssuetud. i. Auera inuenieb.
cu rex in scyra veniebaL Si non r' v. denar
reddebat."* In Cambridgeshire, under Esse-
linge, " un^q^sq^ in servitio regis inuenit Auera.
t viii*^. deii t mancipiu." ^ Under Waratmg, it
is said, " Hanc rra tenner x. soclii. hoes afebis
fuer. 7 absq^ ej^ licentia rra sua uende ii potuer.
> Domesd. torn. L foL 219 b.
* Kelham, Domesd. Book Illastr. p. 159.
^ Ibid. p. 240. ^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 9 b.
* Ibid. fol. 139. ^ Ibid. fol. 189 b.
S 4
264 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Hoa. VI. Inueiiieb Aueras. 7 iiii. inu. inguard.
Matters noticed . ^ ' , ^
in this Record. SI PCX uciiiret 111 scyFE, Si iioh. VIII. den p auera.
k5.Tenureiand "J IIII. p inguard. reddcbant** ^ Under Svafam
in Cambridgeshire, we read " Hanc tra tehu^.
VI. soclii sub Eddeva. il potuer sine ej^ licentia
recede. S3 inuenieb uicecomiti iii. jneuuard 7
I. Auera p annum." ^ The repetitions of this
Service are very numerous upon the lands which
had belonged to the fair Eddeua. In Warate-
uuorde, it is said, <* Hanc tra. ii^. sochi r^s
E. tenuef. 7 11. Aueras inuenef. 7 uende potuer ;**
and again, under Euresdone^ '< alij xiii. hoes.
R.E. una hid 7 diih 7 x. ac's tenue?, 7 ix.
Aueras 7 v. ine^ uicecomiti inuenerunt. Oms
u** terras suas dare t uendere potuerunt." *
Several instances of baser Service occur upon
the lands belonging to Westminster Abbey, in
Worcestershire. As, " In Bricstelmestune.
sunt. X. hidae. Ibi. x. uitt 7 x. bord. cu vi. car
7 arant 7 seminant vi. ac*s de pp*o semine.'**
*^ In Depeforde. Ibi viii. uitti 7 x. bord cu vi.
car. 7 arant iiii. ac^ 7 seminant de suo semine^
-^Alcot monac^. i. hid. 7 faciebat seruitiii qd
ei pcipiebatur.*' * " In Aichintune sunt xvi.
hida^. Ibi vi. colibti. redd p anii. xi. sot 7 ii,
deii. 7 arant 7 seminant de pp'o semine xii*
acras." ^ Of the Servi on the same land, it is
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 190 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 195.
' Ibid. fol. 200. ^ Ibid. fol. 174 b.
i Ibid. « Ibid.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 265
j^aid, ** Hi duo Dunning 7 Brictric secab in PrfncipiJ
p^tis dfii sui p consuetudine. una diem/'^ In in thu Record.
Longedune, it is said, " De hac rra T.R.E. ^5.T^i^and
teneb. ix. libi hoes, xviii. hid. 7 secabant uno ^'"^^'
die in pHis d&i sui. 7 facieb seruitiu sic eis
pcipiebatur." So again, under Poiwic, Snodes-
byrie, Dormestun, and other Manors belonging
to the Monastery. At Ofienham in Worcester-
shire, belonging to the Abbey of Evesham, it is
said, " Ibi sunt boves ad i. car. sed petra trahunt
ad aecctam/* ^ Osbern Fitz Richard held
Wicelbold in the same county. " Ibi xiii.
burgses in Wich secantes 11. dieb^ in Augusto
7 Marcio. 7 seruientes curiae."^ In the Hun-
dred of Neweton, between the Ribble and the
Mersey, we read, " Huj^ Hvnd hoes libi p?.
1I°^ erant in ead csuetud qua hoes derberiae. 7
plus illis. II. dieb} in Augusto metebant in cul-
turis regis." ^ At Elmelie in Herefordshire, on
the land of Saint Guthlac, it is said, ^* Alterius
uillae hoes laborant in hac uilla. 7 reddt. xxxvii.
solid 7 VIII. denar."* Upon the King's lands
at Lufenham and Sculetorp in Northampton-
shire, it is said, " Hoes opantur opa regis quae
ppositus jusserit." ^
The Servi on the manor of Bledelai in Buck-
inghamshire, belonging to the Earl of Moretaine,
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 174 b. * Ibid. fol. 175 b.
5 Ibid. fol. 176 b. •» Ibid. fol. 269 b.
^ Ibid. fol. 182 b. « Ibid. fol. 219.
266 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMSBDAT.
Principal from the profits of pannage paid money sufficieiit
in this Record, to puTchase the iron work of two Ploughs : ^< Slua
%s.Tli^oM mille pore, et de reddil. siluas ^/%rra cca^. su^
^""^^ cienter:' ^ The tenants on the estate at Estone
in the same County, belonging to Edward of Sa-
lisbury, appear to have done the same. *^ Silua
ccc. pore. 7 ferra carucis dflicis.*' ' Under Que-
nintone, one of Roger de Laci's manors in Glou-
cestershire, we find a burgess of Gloucester
entered yielding '^iiii. soccos" or plough-shares.^
Four buigesses of Hereford yielded eighteen
plough-shares to the manor of Mercheiai in
Herefordshire.^
Other Services of a special sort occur. At
Henret in Berkshire, it is said, " Henric^ tefi
ibi I. hid quas fuerat in firma regis. Godric^
tenuit Aluric^ de Taceha dicit se uidisse brevS
regis qd ea dederit feminas Godrici in dono eo
q*d nuiriehat canes suos. Sed nemo e in Hund.
qui breue uiderit pter Aluricum.*' * Of certain
lands at Achelei in Buckinghamshire, of the
fee of Robert de Oilgi, we read " H© v. hidas
7 III. uirgs sunt viii. hidas. De his tenuit
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 146.
« Ibid. fol. 150 b. ' Ibid. fol. 167 b.
* Ibid. fol. 179 b. At Eggefield in Lancashire,
20 Hen. III. Walter le Rus and Alice his wife are said
to have held twelve acres of land by the service of repair-
ing the iron work of the King's Ploughs. Plac. Coron.
30 Hen. III. Lane. Blount, p. 93.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 57 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 267
Aluuid puella. ii. hid. quas potuit dare t uendere ^ ^nodpn
'^ 1 r Matters noticed
cui uoluit. 7 de diiica firma regis E. habuit ipsa >» tbu Record,
dim hida qua Godric^ uicecom ei Scessit quadiu i5.Temtrt9ami
uicecoin eefc ut ilia doceret Jilia ^ Aurifrisiu '__
op^ari. Hanc tra tefi m® Robt^ filius Walterij
testante hundret** * Under Lene in Hereford-
shire, which in the Conf'essor's time had been
Earl Morcar*8, it is said, « T. R. E. ualb vi. lib.
Mode XII. lib de candidis denar. pposit^ huj^
OD csuetud habeb T. R. E. ut veniente iFna stta
in OD p'sentaret ei xriii. oras denar\ ut e*et ipsa
Iwto animo. 7 dapifer 7 aly ministri habeV de
eo X. solid.* ^'*
The last Service to be noticed is that which
was yielded by the manor of Biscopestreu in the
hundred of Atiscross in Cheshire, which at the
time of the Survey was held by Grifin King of
North Wales. ** In eod Atiscros Hd habuit.
Rex Grifin. i. maneriu Biscopestreu. 7 in d&io.
I. car habeb. 7 Hoes ej^ vi. car. q'do ipse rex
ihi uerueV i reddeV ei unq^q* car* cc. Iiesthas. 7
unacuua plena ceruisia 7 una butiri Rusca.*^^
Hesthas were Loaves ; a tub of Ale, and a rush
basket of Butter.
It is remarkable how many Services which in
the time of Edward the Confessor were yielded
> Domesd. tom. i. fol. 149. In Wiltshire, torn. i.
fol. 73 b. 74? a. it is said, ** Leviet ten Cvnvche. Vir
cj^ tenuit T. II. E. H' Leuiede fecit 7 facit Aurifrisium
regis 7 rcginje." May not the Aluuid of Buckingham-
shire and the Leuiede of Wiltshire be the same person ?
- Domesd. tom. i. fol. 179 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 269.
268 GENERAI* INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal in kind, in the time of the Conqueror were
Matters noticed
in this Record, changed to€ money payments.
§ 5. Tenures and
Services,
2. Heriots and Reliefs.
Harieta, Heriet, Heriete^ or Herigete^ the
Heriot, occurs more rarely in the Domesday
Survey than might have been expected. The
first establishment, if not the introduction of the
compulsory Heriot into England is found in the
following Law of King Canute.^ " De Heriotis.
<^ Et sint armamenta prouti dignitati convenit,
Comitis prouti ad eum pertinet, nempe octo
Equi, quatuor ephippiati et quatuor absque
ephippiis, et quatuor Galese, et quatuor Loricas,
et octo Hastas, ac totidem Scuta, et quatuor Enses
et ducentae Mancusse auri. Et postea Regii Thani
et armamentum, qui ei proximus, sit iv. equi, ii.
ephippiati, et ii. absque ephippiis, et duo Enses
et IV. Hast^, et totidem Scuta, et Galeae^ et
Loricas^ ^t quinquaginta Mancuss auri. Et in-
ferioris conditionis Thani, Equus cum omamen-
tis ejus et armis, vel ejus mulcta obstricti colli
in Saxonia occidua, et in Mercia dues libras^ et
in Anglia orientali duas libras. Et Regii Thani
armamentum apud Danos, qui suam immunita-
tem habet quatuor librae, et si Regi ulterius
notus sit, duo Equi, unus ephippiatus, et alter
absque ephippio, et Ensis et duas Hastas, et
> Leg. Anglo-Sax. Wiik. p. 144.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 269
duo Scuta, et quinquaginta Mancusae auri : et Principal
, , '^ ^ • . /> -. 1 Matters noticed
qui minus habuent^ et minus potens luent, duae in this Record.
librae." The Word Herioty or Dejie-jeat, im- ^5,Te^^and
plies the habiliments of war. These, it should ^<^'^«'-
seem, were delivered up to the sovereign on the
death of the vassal, who could no longer use
them, to be put into other hands for the service
and defence of the country.' The Heriot of
the Lagemen at Cambridge has been already
noticed in a former page.^
Upon the plan of the Danish Heriot, William
the Conqueror fashioned his law of Reliefs. 22.
** De Releoio Comitis. De Relevio Comitis,
quod ad Regem pertinet viii. Equi ephippiati
et fraenis ornati, et Loricae ii, et iv. Galeae, et
IV. Scuta, et rv. Hastae, et iv. Enses, alii caeteri
IV, Veredi, et Palfredi cum fraenis et capistris.'*
23. " De Relevio Baronis. De Relevio Baronis
IV. Equi cum sellis et fraenis ornati, et Loricae ii.
et II. Galeae, et Scuta ii. et ii. Hastae, et ii.
Enses ; et alii caeteri ii. unus Veredus et unus
Palfridus cum fraeno et capistro." 24. ^* De
Vavasoris Releoio. De Relevio Vavasoris ad
legitimum suum Dominum. Quietus esse debet
per ^quum patris sui talem qualem habuerit
tempore mortis suae, et per Loricam suam, et per
Galeam suam, et per Scutum suum, et per Has-
tam suam, et per Ensem suum, et si adeo fuerit
inermis ut nee Equum habuerit nee Arma, per
' Blackst. Comment, edit. OxF. 17G0. torn. ii. p. 423.
5 See p. 197.
270 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Priocipai centum solidos." 29. " De Servorum Releoio.
iiTthu Record. De Relevlo Villani. Melius animal quod habuerit
%5,T^mmand id (sive Equus sit, sive Bos, sive Vacca) donabit
*'"''^^** Domino suo pro Rdevio, et postea sint omnes
Villani in franco plegio." 40. *^ De Rekvio
eorum qtd clientes censum pendunt. Eorum qui
fundum suum tenent ad censum, sit rectum
Relevium tantum quantum census annuus est**
The Relief was, in fact, a fine paid to the
King by all who came to the inheritance of lands
held in capite or military service, to relieve^ or
as it were to redeem their estate and obtain
possession of \V It consisted at first, as we see
by tlie Conqueror's Laws, in horses and arms,
till, by the Ordinance called the Assize of
Arms, in the 27th year of Henry the Second,
every man's armour was directed to be preserved
for his heir, and the Relief became payable in
money; the fixed rates of which were after-
wards determined by Magna Charta.^
Such was the difference between the Heriot
and the Relief in their origin. ^* But," says
Sir Henry Spelman, << there is great difference
between Heriots and Reliefs ; for Heriots were
MititicB apparatus which the word signifietb,
' Kennett, Par. Antiq. Gloss.
* Ibid. The Reliefs were originally paid in money
even in Normandy : as we learn from ^ La Coustame
reformee du Pays et Duche de Normandie, anciens
Ressorts, et enclaves d'iceluy." 4<> Rouen, 1612. pp. 184.
185. 186. 187. 188. See also Wright on the Law of
Tenures, p. 100.
GENXRAL INTRODUCTIOH TO DOBfESDAT. ^l
and devised to keep the conquered nation in sub- ,, ftinopd
jection, and to support the public strength and in thii Aeoard.
military furniture of the Kingdom : the Reliefs s^Tenurttand
for the private commodity of the Lord, that he '
might not have inutilem proprietatem in the
Seignory. The Heriots were therefore paid in
habiUments of war; the Reliefs, usually in
money : the Heriot for the tenant that died,
and out of his goods ; the Relief for the tenant
that succeeded, and out of his purse : the
Heriot, whether the son or heir enjoyed the land
or not ; the Relief by none but him only that
obtained the land in succession." " I stand the
longer," adds Sir Henry Spelman, " herein, for
that not only the Report, but even Doomsday
itself, and generally all the ancient monkish
writers ' have confounded Heriots and Reliefs/'
In the account of Kent in the very first page
of the Survey, in what relates to the Customs of
Boruuar Lest, Estrelest, Linuuartlest, and Wi-
uuartlest, it is said, ^' Quando morif^ Alodiarius :f
rex inde habet releuatione rrae. excepta tra S.
> Bromton, in what may be termed a perpetual Com-
mentary on the Laws of Canute, rather than a transcript
of the Code, represents the Heriot and the Relevatio as
the same. ^^ Si quis ex hac vita decedat sine distributione
rerum suarum, vel per incustodiam, vel per mortem
improvisam, non usurpet sibi dominus ejus de pecunia
sua, nisi quantum ad justam Releoationem pertinet quas
Anglice vocatur Hereget." The Monkish historians
were at a loss for a Latin term to express the Heriot^
and they adopted Relevatio.
2T2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
prfncip^ Trinitatis. 7 S. Augustini. 7 S. Martini. 7 ex-
in thb Record, ccptis his. Godiic dc Bumcs. 7 Godric Carle-
^5,Tg^sMid sone. 7 Alnod cilt 7 Esber biga. 7 Siret de
^''^' Ciileha. 7 Turgis- 7 Norman- 7 Azor. Sup
istos hi rex forisfactura, de capitib} eo^ tantii
m®. 7 de terris eo^ hi releuamen. qui h!lt
sua saca 7 soca.*' Which shews that Reliefs
were not confined only to the King as prime
Lord. In the account of Kingston in Surrey,
we read : ** De uittis huj^ uillae habuit 7 hi
Hufrid^ camerarius unu uillaii in custodia causa
codunandi lana reginae. De ipso etia accep xx.
sol in releuaih cu pal ej^ fmt morL*' ^ In the
account of Berkshire, it is said, " Tainus vel miles
regis dKic^ moriens:' p releuamento dimitteb
regi ofnia arma sua. 7 equu i. cii sella, aliii sine
sella. Qd si. eent ei canes t accipitres r' psenta*
bant regi ut si uellet accipet**^ In Notttfig"
hamshire and Derbyshire : ** Tain^ hfis plusqua.
vi. maneria. non dat tree releuatione nisi regi
tantu. VIII. lib. Si hi. vi. tantu uel min^ i uice-
comiti dat releuatione. iii. Markas argenti.
ubicunq^ maneat in Burgo uel extra."* So,
again, in Yorkshire: " Releuatione ?raru dant
solum® regi. illi taini qui plusq^. vi. maneria
habuerint. Releu. e. viii. lib. Si u^ vi. tanl man.-
uel min^ habuerit :! uicecomiti p releuat dat in.
mark argenti. Burgenses aul Eborace ciuiL fl
dant releuatione." ^
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 80 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 56 b.
' Ibid. fol. 280 b. ' Ibid. fol. 298 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 278
Sect. 6.— CRIMINAL and CIVIL JURISDICTIONS.
1. Their Denominations.
Saca^ Soca, Therm.
These terms arc thus explained in the laws Prmcipti
of Edward the Confessor. " 22. De Sacha — in*2u\u22rd.
Sacha est, quod si quilibet aliquem nominatim ^ eTciiimnai
de aliquo calumniatus fuerit, et ille negaverit, j^^iJ^S?^
forisfactura probationis vel negationis (si evenerit)
suaerit. 23. DeSoca — Soca est, quod si aliquis
quaerit aliquid in terra sua, etiam furtum, sua
est justitia si inventum fuerit, an non. 25. De
Theam — Theam, quod si quispiam aliquid inter-
ciet^ super aliquem, & interciatus non poterit
warrantum suum habere, erit forisfactura sua,
et justitia similiter de calumniatore, si defecerit.**
Infangthefe follows : after which it is said, *' lUi
vero qui non habent has consuetudines coram
justitia regia rectum faciant in Hundredis, vel
in Wapentachiis, vel in Scyris.'* ^
Saca was the power and privilege of hearing
and determining causes and disputes, levying
forfeitures and fines, executing laws, and
administering justice within a certain precinct.
Soca was the territory or precinct in which
' sc. penes alium deprehendat.
- Wilkins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 202,
T
274 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
prindpai the Saca and other privileges were exercised.
Matters noticed i tt /»
in this Record. Soca, Soke, says Kelham, generally signifies
§ 6. Criminal franchise, liberty, or jurisdiction ; sometimes a
juritdictions, territory or precinct ; and sometimes a rent
paid for using the land, with some privOfige
or liberty, or for protection of the limd.* Under
Somerdebi in Lincdnshirey we read, ^ IT Soca
talis erat. qd nichil reddebat. sed adjuvabat in
exercitu regis in rra 7. in mari/*^
At Burtone in Lincolnshire is an entry which
indicates that an ^^ Aula" or mansion frequently
accompanied the Soca." " In Burtone tlb
Godric 11. car. tre ad gld. Ttb, ii. car. Soca in
Scantune s; tarn fuit ibi aula." Tom. L fol. 369*
In the second volume of the Domesday Survey,
* Nichols's Hist. Leic. In trod. Vol. p. xlvii. Compare
also Fleta, lib. i. c. 47. § 6. Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax.
p. 427. says, ^^ A soca autem hac, sensu quo privil^uniy
immunitatem, libertatem signat, venit terramm ilia apod
nos possessionis species Sockaoium alias Socaginin
dicta, sumpto hinc nomine, quod terra eo modo possessa
(sub certis scilicet et nominatis servitiis in pacto inter
Dominum et Vassallum ejus conventu contentis) a qai-
buscunque aliis oneribus immunis sit et libera.'*
The jurisdiction of the Soca was sometimes divided.
Under Hertesmera in Sufiblk, Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 437 b.
we read, '^ De hac ?ra habuit Abbas [S. Edmmidij tres
partes sochae. 7. Rex quarta." Of the manor of Wi in
Kent belonging to Battle Abbey, it is said^ ^< De. xxii.
hund ptiii isti S saca 7 soca. 7 oma forisfacta quae juste
ptin regi." tom. i. fol. lib.
^ Domesday Book lUustr. p. S30.
3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. S68.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 275
*^ Soca falde," the privilege of the Lord's fold, Principal
. 1 1 • 1 Matters notioed
occurs in numerous instances : ^ that is^ the in this ReoonU
privilege of the Lord to take the profits of the $ gTomiuu
fold withm his manor. /J^^
Team or Theame says Cowel, from the Saxon
cyman propagaref to teem or bring forth,
signifies a royalty granted by the King's charter
^ Tom. ii. fol. 203 b. ^< In ead uilla [Halgatana]
XII. hoes* vi. quoru erant in soca fiilde. 7 alii. vi.
erant libi." Fol. 206. Bertuna. ^* Huic man semp jacent
VII. libi b5es ad so<& de falda." Ibid, in Stou. ^ Adja-
cent huic man. v. libi h5e$ de oi consuetudin. 7 ad soca
adjacent etia xvii. lifti hoes consueti ad falda. & comdati
de xxiiii. ac.'' Du Cange says^ *^ Falda denique sumitur
pro libertate habendi Faldam, quae libertas Faldsoca
dicitur. Soc enim Saxonibus libertas. Nulli quippe
olim licuit vel in terris propriis Faldam erigerC) aut
gregem alere, nisi domino feodali^ neu manerii, hoc ex
jure publico gaudenti. Est igitur libertas Faldse, seu
Faldagium, praerogativa dominicalisi tenenti plebeio non
competens. Atque bac nodone passim usurpari videas
in veterib. Chartis. Monasticum Anglic tom. i. p. 340.
^ In Snetesham unam carrucatam terras cum Falda
propria.* Tom. ii. p. 209. * Et quod oves Canonico-
rum eant in pastura cum propriis ovibus ejus ubique, &
quod sint levantes et cubantes in propria Falda Canoni-
corum pra^lctorum.' Ibid. 625* ^ Quadraginta acras
terrae .... cum libertate habendi Faldam suam.'
Tom. i. p. 302. * Haberet et Faldas, ubi omnes homines
villae praeter Seneschaldum, qui propriam Faldam habet,
tenentur ponere Oves suas.'" Faldsoca (faldspgne)
occurs Monast. Anglic, last ed. tom. iv. p. 206. '' Cum
libertate faldee/' Ibid. tom. vi. p. 419* Faldagium,
Ibid. tom. ill. p. 330. 332. tom.iv. p. 17. torn. vi. 419.
Compare also Spelman in voce,
T 2
276 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal to the Lord of a Manor, for the having, re-
Mattere noticed j -i
in thia Record, straining, and judging bondmen, neifs, and vil-
$ 6. Criminal lains, with theiF children, goods, and chattels, in
jwiadktiiant. his couitJ Tyman, says Cowel, signifies also to
> Law Interpr. fol. 1727- in v. Spelman, noticing the
occurrence of the wt>rd in Saxon Charters^ and more
particularly in those of Edward the Confessor, saysy
*^ Ubi Theam significare videtur jurisdictionem cognos-
cendi in Curia hua de advocationibus, sive intertiatis ;
hoc est, ut Jureconsulti hodie loquuntur, de vocatis ad
Warrantiam. Sic enim ibidem sequitur cap. 25. * Theam
est quod si quisquam aliquid intertiet super aliquem, et
intertiatus non poterit Warrantum suum habere, erit
forisfactura sua, et justitia similiter de calumniatore si
defecerit.' De hujusmodi autem advocatione satis fuse
disscritur in fcedere Ethelredi regis cum Anlavo, &c.
cap. 10. p. 87. quod Be ceamum, i. de Advocatione
inscribitur. Unde hoc Saxonice IDpilom j*rob f man
fceolbe Spypa tyman. Sed Team tam in hujusmodi
chartis quam in maneriorum consuetudinibus nuperiores
etiam intelligunt pro nativis bondos et villanos ipsoqae
jure habendi eos eorum'que propaginem quam sequelam
vocant, ubicunque inventi fuerint in Anglia : coercen-
dique et judicandi eos infra Curiam suam. Anonymos
in MS. ' Themy hoc est (inquit) quod habeatis totam
generationem villanorum vestrorum cum eorum sectis et
catallis ubicunque fuerint in Anglia ; excepto quod si
quis nativus quietus per annum unum et unum diem in
aliqua villa privilegiata manserit, ita quod in eorum com-
muniam sive gildam, tanquam civis reccptus fuerit, eo
ipso a villenagio liberatus est. Qui autem jurisdictionem
habent hujusmodi, curiam de Theme^ i. de nativis, vel
servis dicuntur habere, in qua olim licuit inter caeteros
cognoscere de statu vassalli sui, viz. utrum liber esseC, an
servus :' dequa curia sic ex antiqua lege refert Skenaeusi
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 277
advocate. In the ^* Expositio Verborum Angli- Pnncipd
... 1 ^ -»«■ • ^^ 11 ¥^ Matters noticed
corum* in the Cotton Manuscnpt Galba h. iv. in thb Record.
Then is explained, *' Auer serf, ou uyleyn, ou 5 e.'MmiHoi
inul Garni
neyf, et lur issue." Cowei quotes a similar jurudktumt.
explanation of old date from the register of the
priory of Crokesford. " Them. i. e. Quod Prior
habet totam generationem Villanorum suorum,
cum eorum secta et catallis ubicunque in Anglia
invent! fuerint."
The names of those who had Sac and Soc
and Thol and Thaim, in Nottinghamshire and
Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire, are
enumerated at the beginning of the respective
Counties.^
< Quod si quis teneat Curiam de Theme (scil. de libertatc
ut is exponit) et ilia querela in ilia curia movetur, ad
quam Theme vocantur ; non debet ilia curia elongari^
sed ibidem determinari ; et omnes Theme ibidem com-
pareant.' v. Glanv. I. v. c. 2. Reg. Ma. lib. ii. cap. 11."
Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p.5SS.
* ** In Snotingeham scyre 8c in Derbiscyre. Hie no-
tantur qui habuer so(S 7 saca 7 Tbol 7 Thaim 7
consuetudine regis 11. denarft)^. Archieps Eborac. super
maneria sua. 7 Godeua comitissa sup Neuuerca Wapen?.
7 Vlf fenisc sup tra sua. A19S. de Burg sup Colingeham.
A% de Bertuiie. Hugo comes sup Marcheton. Eps de
Cestre. Tochi. Suen f. Suaue. Siuuard Bam. Azor f.
Saleuffi. Vlfric cilt. EIsi Iliinge. Leuuin f. Aluuin.
^lueua comitissa. Goda comitissa. Elsi f. Caschin sup
Werchessope. Henric de Ferrar sup Ednodestune 7
Dubrige 7 Breilesfordham. Walterus de Aincurt sup
Granebi 7 Mortune7 Pinncsleig. Horum omnium nemo
habc potuit ?ciu denar comitis nisi ejus concessu. 7 hoc
T 3
278 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal
Matters noticed >*» t% >• • « -n*
in this Recoil. 2- DeUfiquenctes and Fvnes.
5 ^j9"^?^ The Delinquencies more particularly noticed
^«»**c<»»«' in the Laws and Customs of the diflFerent dis-
tricts, are Adulterium^^ Burgheristh, Forestel^
Furtvm^ Gribrige, Hainfare^ Handsoca^ Hom^
cidiuniy Raptum, Revelach, and the Forisfactura
Sanguinis.
^diu uiueret pter Archiepm 7 Vlf fenisc 7 Oodeue
cotnitissa." Tom. i. fbl. 280 b.
<^ Evrvicscire. Hi habuerant soca 7 saiS 7 Tol 7
Thaim. 7 oms csuetud. Harold^ comes. Merlesa^i.
Vlffenisc. Turgod lag. Tochi f. Otta. Eduin^ 7 Morcar
sup $ra Ingold tan{. Copsi sup Cucualt tanL 7 CnuU
Ex his qui forisfecit nemini cmdauit nisi regi 7 com.^
Ibid. fol. 298 b.
^ Lincolescire. Hie notant' qui habuer in Linoole-
tcire saca 7 soca. 7 Tol 7 Thiam. Eps Lincolie. Eddid
regina. Abb. de Burg. Abb. de Ramesy. Abb. de Croi-
land. Haroldus Comes. Morcar Comes* Waltef Comes.
Radulfus Comes. Vlfienisc. Merlesuen. Turgot. Tochi £
Outi. Stori. Radulfus stalrel. Siuuard Bam. Harold stalre.
Fyacb. Rolf f. Sceldeware. Godricus f. Toruort. Achi f.
Siuuardi 7 Wilac fr ef sup ?ra patris eo^. Leuuine f.
Aluuine. Azer f. Sualeuas. Ailric f. Marsete. Outi f. Azer.
Adestan f. Godran. Tori f. Rold. Toll f. Alsi. Azer f.
Burg. Wluuard UUite. Vlf. Haminc. Bardi. Suan f.
Suaue." Ibid. fol. 337.
» <^ De Adulterio u« p totu chent h? Rex homine. 7
Archieps muliere excepta tra S. Trinitatis^ 7 S. Augus-
tini. 7 S. Martini de quib} rex nichil hV* Domesd.
tom. i. fol. 1. See also fol. 56 b.
* <^ Si q's lib ho faceret furtu. xl. sot emdabat."
tom. i. fol. 269 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 2^79
Bwrgheristk or Bwrgeret is a word of rare Principal
J ^ . Matters noticed
occurrence and is supposed by our antiquanes in this Record,
to be the samie with Burghbrech m Bojihbpece» § eTci^nmai
fidejussionis fractio, mentioned in the Saxon juriMdktkms.
LawsJ Burgheriia occurs in a Charter of
Edmund I. A.D. 944.^
ForesteU Forstel^ or ForisteU is explained in
the laws of Henry the First : " Forestel est, si
quis ex transverso incurrat, vel in via expectet
et assalliat inimicum suum/' ^ It was an assault
upon the road, or an hindrance of a traveller
going upon his lawful business. At Worcester
and Shrewsbury it is said, " Forestellum q*
fecerit c. solid, emd."'* At Chester, on Sun-
days, and certain of the higher festivals,
** Forestel qui facieb r' iii. lib. exsoluebat. in
aliis aul dieb} xl. solid." *
Gribrige was the same with Pacis infraction a
violation of the Peace. In the laws of Canute ®
it is called Irpyjibpy ce, and in those of -dithel-
red ^ FpiJ?bpec It is also noticed in the Con-
stitutiones Canuti Regis de Foresta,® and in the
■ Spelm. Gloss, edit 1687. p. 92.
« Will. Malmesb. ed. Saville, 1596. lib.ii. cap. 7.
fol. 29 b. A Register of Christ Church Canterbury,
MS. Cotton. Galba E. iv. fol. 46 b. explains Burgh-
breche : " Trespas des burgeys vers sa commune."
' LL. Hen. I. c. 80. Wilk. p. 272.
« Domesd. torn. i. foil. 172. 252.
» Tom. i. fol. 262 b. ^ P. ii. 58. Wilk. p. U2.
7 Wilk. p. 105.
^ Spelm. Gloss, p. 241. See also Ducange.
T 4
280 GENERAL INTRODUCTION tO DOMESDAY.
M«f ""^^^ced ^^^^ ^^ Henry the First^ In the very first page
in this Record, of Domesday we read " De Gribrige u*^ siq%
§6.cnmmai eS fcceiit 7 calumniat^ in calle aut divadiat?
jurisdictumt. fueiit t^ VIII lib regi emdabit Sin aute quiet?
erit erga rege non erga dfim cuj^ homo fuerif
The breach of the p6ace given under the King^s
hand or by his seal is noticed in several passages
of the Domesday Survey to have been punished
with greater severity than that preserved by the
Sheriff.^
Ham/are, or Heiri/arey appears to have been
the flight for murder. Among the Consuetu-
dines Walensium in Arcenefeld, it is said ^* Si
q^ occid hoem regis 7 facit Heinfaram dat regi
XX. sol. de solutione hominis. 7 de forisfactura
c. sol. Si alicuj^ taini hoSm occiderit :f dat. x.
sol. dHo hois mortui.'* ' Under Worcester and
Shrewsbury we read " Heinfara q^ fecerit:' c.
solid.'* At Chester the mulcts varied in the
same manner as for Forstel. Another interpre-
tation of Hainfare will be found in the next
paragraph.
Handsocdy or Hamsocna, occurs but once in
Domesday.^ It was a breach of the peace in a
man's house.. The following is the explanation
of it in the laws of Henry the First : " Hamsocna
* MS. Cotton, ut supr. Grithbreche: ^^ Aver amendes
de pes enfreinte."
« Domesd. torn. i. foil. 252. 298 b. 336.
' Ibid. fol. 179. * Tom.i. fol. 1.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 281
quod domus invasionem Latine sonat^ fit plaribus Principal
modis, extxinsecus vel et intnnseciis accidentus. in this Record.
Hamsocna est si quis alium in sua vel alterius § e.'ciiiiunai
domo cum haraido assailiaverit, vel persequatur j^m^!^,
ut portam, vel domum sagittet, vel lapidet, vel
colpum ostensibilem undecunque faciat Ham-
socna est vel Hamfare, si quis prsemeditate ad
domum eat ubi suum hostem esse scit, et ibi
invadat** *
Raptum. In what relates to Worcester in the
Survey we read : *' Raptu q^ fecerit :/ fl sit
emendatio alia nisi de corpore iustitia/* ^ This
is more fully explained by the Laws of William
the Conqueror. " Qui prostraverit foeminam ad
terram et ei vim inferat, mulcta ejus Domino
est X. solidi. Si vero eam compresserit, foris-
facit membra." *
Revelach occurs in the account of Chester
only. ** Qui Revelach faciebat:^ xl. solid
emdabatur." Kelham in his Domesday Book
illustrated, p. 315. explains Revelach to have
been any traitorous act or insurrection : but its
real signification was that of robbery or rapine.
» Wilk. p. 272. *^ Heinfar prsecogitata/' occurs
under Hoelend in Domesd. torn. i. fol. 269. In an
*^ Expositio Verborum Anglicorum/' MS. Cotton. Galba
E. IV. beFore quoted, we have, ^^ Hamsocne. An^t amendes
de cely q entre aforce altri maison/'
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 172.
5 LL. Gul. Conq. 19. Wilk. 222.
282 GBMSRAL INTRODUCnOir TO DOMSSOAT.
prindpei See the Laws of Ina, cap. 10. In Canute's Laws ^
Mitlen noticed .
in this Record, we read << Si quis rapinam (peaplac) commiserit,
$6.^1^ reddat et compenset, et sit aestimatione capitis
^ ^ dignus apud Regem, vel apud eum qui immuni.
tatem illius possidef
Forisfactura Sanguinis was bloodshed. In
the account of Lewes in Sussex it is said ** San-
guinem fundens emdat p vii. sol 7 iiii®' den." '
Among the Laws of Berkshire in the time of
Edward the Confessor <^ Si q^s occidet homine
pace regis habente r' 7 corp^ suu 7 omem sub-
stantia forisfacieb erga regS.'' ^ The punishment
for bloodshed at Chester has been already
noticed in p. S02.
In the Wiches of Cheshire homicide and theft
were punished with death :^ ^^Exceptohomicidio
vel furto de quo ad mortem iudicabat:^ latro*':*
and among the Customs of the Lands between
the Ribble and the Mersey, " Pugna quae post
sacramentum factum remanebat,'' as Kelham
translates it, the continuing a fight after the
office of the Sacrament began, or more probably
' P. ii. 60. Wilk. p. US.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 26* ^ Ibid. torn. i. fol. 56 b«
^ In the Wiches whoever so loaded his Cart that it
broke down within the <^ leuua" of a Wich, paid two
shillings to the King's or the Earl's Officer. Whoever
broke his horse's back by overloading him within the
^< leuua" paid two shillings. Whoever [by adulteration]
made two semes of Salt of one, forfeited forty shillings*
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 268. col. 2.
GENERAL INTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 283
after an oath of airreement or truce, is noticed ,, Principal
^^ Matters notioed
as a crime for which no smaller mulct than forty >«» *»>" lUoord.
shillings was demanded J § e. cnmmai
The payments for Transgressions are Blode- junmscthnt,
utdtOf Hangewitha, Honuddium, Latrocinium or
LatroneSf and Legreuuita.
BlodewitUy from the Saxon blob, blood, and
pite, a fine or penalty, was a customary amerce-
ment paid as a composition for the shedding
or drawing of blood,* See the Laws of Henry
the Furst, chapters 39. 70. 81. See also Du-
cange's Glossary in voce.
Hangewitha is explained to have been the
offence,* or rather the amercement for the
offence, of hanging a thief without judgement
or for letting him escape from custody.^ It
occurs in Domesday in the account of Chester
only. " Hangeuuitha faciens in ciuitate r^ x. sol.
dab. pposit^ aul regis uel comitis banc forisfac-
tura faciens :! xx. solid emdabatur.** * The Laws
of the Conqueror say : " Is qui prehenderit
Latronem absque secta et absque clamore, quem
' Ibid. foil. 269 b. 270.
^ Kennett's Gloss. Par. Antiq.
3 See Kelham, p. 228.
^ See Rastall. Ducange terms it << Mulcta pro
Latrone prseter juris exigentiam suspensp, vei elapse.*'
In the Register of Christ Charch Canterbury, MS.
Cotton. Galba £. iv. it is explained by <* Quite de laron
pendu abatu ou pendu sanz bailif le Roy."
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 262 b.
284 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
principd dimiserit ei cui damnum fecerit, et venerit post
Matters noticed '
in this Record. esL, Justitiam postulatuTus, rationi conveniens est
§ 6. Criminal ut det X. soUdos de Hengwite et finem faciat
Justitiae ad primam Curiam, et si confirmetur in
- Curia, absque licentia Justitiae, sit foris&ctura
de xc. solidis.*' *
Homicidiumy^ in a secondary sense, was the
mulct or payment for homicide : called by the
Saxons COanbote. In the ** Decreta et Emen-
dationes" prefixed to the Conqueror's Laws, the
word occurs in this sense. " Volumus autem
et firmiter prsecipimus, ut omnes homines quos
nobiscum adduximus, aut post nos venenmt,
sint sub protectione et in pace nostra^ per
universum regnum praedictum. Et si quis de
illis occisus fuerit, Dominus ejus habeat intra
quinque dies homcidam ejus, si potuerit: sin
autem, incipiat persolvere nobis, xlvi. marcas
argenti, quamdiu substantia Domini illius per-
duraverit, ubi vero substantia Domini defecerit,
totus hundredus in quo occisio facta est, com-
muniter sol vet quod remanet.** *
' LL. Gul. Conq. 5. Wilk. p. 220.
> Domesd. tom.l. fol.61 b.
» Wilk. p. 217. So in Ducange: << Donatio Al-
phonsi VI. pro Monast. S. Facundi, to. iii. Cone. Hisp.
p. 284. Homo percussus si ad mortem venerit, et
dixerit Clerico, quia ille homo percussit me unde
morior, per testimonium Clerici dabit Homicidium.
Charta Williclmi Comit* Ceritan. ann. 1071. in Append.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 285
Latrocinittm was also sometimes used for the , Prmcipd
1 11 1 • XT 1 -Ti Jlattere nodoed
mulct as well as the cnme. Under Broctune m in this ReoonL
Huntingdonshire it is said : " Isti soctii dicunt se $ e. cnmmai
habuisse LegreuuitS 7 Blodeuuita 7 Latrociniu* MMtiahns.
suu usque ad 1III°^ deii. 7 post iiii. denar. habeb
abb [de Ramesyg] forisfactura Latrocinij.*' ' In
the Laws of the Conqueror we read " Si Latroci-
nium sit inventum in cujuscunque terra sit et
latro simul, Dominus terrae et Uxor ejus habe-
bunt medietatem bonorum Latronis, et vindica-
tores eorum Catalla si ilia invenerint, et alteram
medietatem ; si repertum sit intra Sache et Socbe
perdat Uxor, et Dominus habebit** ^
Legreuuita, or Lairwita, is explained by
Spelman : " Stupri sive concubitus illegitimi
mulcta/'^ The forfeiture for Adultery or
Fornication.
ad Marcum Hispan. col. 1162. Dono prserato Coenobio
omnes apparatus, slve albergas, sive census,
sive usaticos, sive Homicidiay* &c.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 204.
« LL. Gul. Conq. c. 31. Wilk. p. 224.
^ ^lossar. p. 349. See also the Laws of Hen. I.
24*. 81. The Cottonian " Expositio Verborum" before
quoted, says, ^^ Lecherwyte. Aver amendes de scngle
hoEhe et de fcmme sans engendrure."
280 QKNBRAL INTBUDUCTIOM TO DOMUDAY.
Sect. 7.— ECCLESIASTIC AL MATTERS.
1 . — Places.
Mu^^lS^evd ^'^ ^^"^ **^" already mentioned, that the
in this Record. Preccpt which directed the formation of the
iT.^rMojrtM/ Domesday Survey, laid no injunction on the
jurors to make a return of Churches. The
mention of them, if at all made, was of course,
likely to be irregular.
So well acquainted with the Domesday Sur\*ey
as Sir Henry Spelman must have been, it is
somewhat singular that he should have advmnced*
on the authority of Sprott's Chronicle, that it
the time of its formation there were found to
be no less than forty-five thousand and eleven
parish Churches within the Kinplom/ whereas
in truth the whole number actually noticed in
the Sun'cy, amounts to a few more than one
thousand seven hundred : and it is remarkable^
that while two hundred and twenty-two Churches
were returned from Lincolnshire, two hundred
* S|)olm. Glossar. edit* lfi87. p. 818. SproCt,
Ilcanie, p. 114. s|)etkiiig of Willitm the
My», ** Fecit ctitm lolain Angliam detcribi
IvTrw (|ui!i liaronum |Mn»se(iil, et quot fcodatos et
c|uot corucatot et villeiuii« cjuotque ecclcsiamai
taic». Et re|)ertum fuit primu cle ftumoui
xi.v. M. XI." Sfiroulivetl aUnil ri74.
OBITBEAL INTBODUCnON TO DOMKSDAT. S8T
and forty*three from Norfolkt and three hundred
and sixty-fbtir from Suffirfk, one only can be bT^
found in the letttm ibr Cambridgeshire, and none §7.
in f jmcashirct (between the Ribble and the
Mersey,) Cornwall, or even Middlesex, the seat ^
of the metropolis. The whole number of
Churches recorded in the Survey falls con*
siderably under what there are grounds for
concluding they must have amounted to about
or soon after the time of the Conquest
Unexceptionable evidence has been adduced
of the existence of one Church in Kent, and of
several others in Northamptonshire, which cer-
tainly arc not noticed in the Survey ; ^ and in
Oxfordshire no mention whatever is made of the
Church of Dorchester, although the seat of a
Bishoprick had been removed from it but a
short time before the taking of the Survey.^
* See Denne's Doubu and Coojectures concemiiig
die reaMNi commoDly assigned for inserting and oroiuing
the words EccUsia and Presbyter in Domesday Book.
Archaeoi. Soc Antic], vol. viii. p. SIS.
* See p. 9. Malmesbury, Script* ap. Savile, fol. 165 b«
says *' Dorecestria est villa in pago Oxfordensi, exilis
et infrequens : majestas iamen EccUsiarum magfUh
sen veteri opera, sou seduUtate nova."
King William the Conqueror, in his first charter to
Westminster Abbey granted in 1067, gives, among other
lands and possessions, the Church of Blocbesham in
Oxfordshire, but no such Church occurs in the Domes-
day Survey of ihat County. The words of the charter
are* *' Delude vero in Oxenfordictre equali ut supra
286 QKNEEAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMBSDAY.
Sect. 7.— ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS.
1. — Places.
u^^n'^ceA ^'^ ^^ ^^^^ already mentioned, that the
in this Record. Precept which directed the formation of the
ki.E^iesUuticai Domcsday Survey, laid no injunction on the
jurors to make a return of Churches. The
mention of them, if at all made, was of course,
likely to be irregular.
So well acquainted with the Domesday Survey
as Sir Henry Spelman must have been, it is
somewhat singular that he should have advanced,
on the authority of Sprotf s Chronicle, that at
the time of its formation there were found to
be no less than forty-five thousand and eleven
parish Churches within the Kuigdom,^ whereas
in truth the whole number actually noticed in
the Survey, amounts to a few more than one
thousand seven hundred : and it is remarkable,
that while two hundred and twenty-two Churches
were returned from Lincolnshire, two hundred
* Spelm. Olossar. edit. 1687. p. 218. Sprott, edit*
Hearne, p. 114. speaking of William the G>nqiieror,
says, ^* Fecit etiam totatn Angliam describi quantam
terras quis baronum possedit, et quot feodatos et milites,
quot carucatos et villenni, quotque ecclesiarum digni-
tates. Et repertum fuit prime de summa Ecclesiarum
XLV. M. XI." Sprott lived about 1274.
OENEBAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT. 887
and forty-three from Norfolk, and three hundred
and sixty-four from Suffolk, one only can be inthiiRcoatd.
found in the return for Cambridgeshire, and none %7.E^^icai
in Lancashire, (between the Ribble and the ^^^"^*^
Mersey,) Cornwall, or even Middlesex, the seat ~"
of the metropolis. The whole number of
Churches recorded in the Survey falls con-
siderably under what there are grounds for
concluding they must have amounted to about
or soon after the time of the Conquest •
Unexceptionable evidence has been adduced
of the existence of one Church in Kent, and of
several others in Northamptonshire, which cer-
tainly are not noticed in the Survey ; ^ and in
Oxfordshire no mention whatever is made of the
Church of Dorchester, although the seat of a
Bishoprick had been removed from it but a
short time before the taking of the Survey.^
' See Denne's Doubts and CoDJectures concerning
the reason commonly assigned for inserting and omitting
the words Ecclesia and Presbyter in Domesday Book.
Archaeol. Soc. Antiq. vol. viii. p. 218.
^ See p. 9. Malmesbury, Script ap. Savile, fol. 165 b.
says *^ Dorecestria est villa in pago Oxfordensi, exilis
et infrequens : majestas tamen Ecclesiarum magna,
sen veteri opera, seu sedulitate nova."
King William the Conqueror, in his first charter to
Westminster Abbey granted in 1067} gives, among other
lands and possessions, the Church of Blochesham in
Oxfordshire, but no such Church occurs in the Domes-
day Survey of that County. The words of the charter
are> <^ Deindc vero in Oxenfordscire equal i ut supra
288 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal The fourfold distinction of Churches, speci-
Mattera noticed ^-, , i»ii n r>t atx^ .r^ aa i
in this Record, tied m the third law of Canute, A.D. 1033,^
^i.E^Mattieai seems to impoit that in his time all these sacred
^'^^^ edifices might together amount to a large num^
ber; and it is manifest that in the reign of
Edward the Confessor, there must have been
a very great increase of what were strictly
denominated Parish Churches, it being asserted
libertatis conditione in Blockesham aliam matrem
ecclesiam eidem {sc. Coenobio) subjeci, et terrain unios
hidfie et dimidiae ad earn pertinentem, et pratum et domos
et capellas onines et cimiteria ad earn pertinentia, cunc-
tasque alias consuetudines, quietas et liberas sicut egomet
eas sub mea propria ditione unquam melius vel liberius
babuerani." Reg. Westm. MS. Cott. Faust. A. in,
fol. 40. In the same Chartulary, fol. 59. a Church at
Aiete in Hertfordshire is mentioned in a charter firom
the Conqueror, which is unnoticed in the entry in
Domesd. tom.i. fol. 135. Another instance may be
quoted from the Register of Battle, MS. Cotton. Doroit.
A. II. fol. 26. whence it appears that William the Con*
queror gave a church in Reading to Battle Abbey which
is not noticed in the Survey.
' ^^ Non sunt omnes ecclesias asquali modo terreno
honore dignas, licet eandem habeant ecclesiasticam con-
secrationem. Violatio pacis primarim ecclesia est eadem
ac compensatio rerum pro Regis pace, hoc est, quinque
libris, secundum Anglorum leges ; et in terra Cantii pro
violatione pacis v. libris Regi, et iii. archiepiscopo ; et
mediocris ecclesuB cxx. solidis, et idem est pro Regis
mulcta ; et tunc adhuc minoriSf ubi parvum est minis-
terium, et ccemeterium tamen, Ix. solidis ; et iempli
campestris, ubi coemeterium non est, xxx. solidis/' Wiik.
Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. i. p. 300.
GENERAL INTRODUCTIOK TQ DOMESDAY. 289
in one of the laws ascribed to that King, that Principal
11 1 /• ^1 1 Matters noticed
in many places there were three or tour Churches in this Record,
where in former times there was but oneJ And ^i.E^d^riattiaU
if, as is commonly reported, thirty-six Churches -^""^^
were destroyed by the Conqueror, in order to
enlarge the new forest in Hampshire, this is an
argument that they could not be so few as the
number entered in Domesday is surmised to
imply.^ It has been further remarked, that if
it was the landed property of the clergy that
was the object principally in view, we need not
be surprised that those Churches, and their
incumbents, should be omitted, which did not
possess any quantity of Glebe ; or if, as a matter
of private observation. Churches without any
land annexed to them might be often minuted
in the Return, others might be frequently left
out as being thought of no consequence in the
enquiry.^
The circumstance of Presbyteri occurring
most frequently in Counties where scarcely any
Ecclesice are noticed, gives strength to the pre-
sumption that the officers of the Exchequer who
abridged the inquisitions considered the entry
of the one as in most cases implying the exist-
ence of the other. In Leicestershire, we have
an enumeration of Presbyteri at no less than
^ Wilk. Concil. Mag. Brit. torn. i. p. Sll.
^ Denne, ut supnu Archaeol. vol. viii. p. 223.
' Ibid. p. 228.
u
SOO GENERAL IKTRODUCTION TO DOltESDAT.
Prinoipti forty-one places. At Medeltone in that county
inihUReeord. two piiests are mentioned ; at Wichingeton two»
ii.Ecdiaiattiau ^ clcricus distinct from the presbyter ; and at
^'"^^^^ Boseworde two, a presbyter and a deacon. Yet
the word Mcclesia occurs in the account of the
town of Leicester only, where Hugo de Grentc-
maisnell is said to have had four Churches, and
the Bishop of Lincoln two.* In Norfolk the
iBcclesise are numerous, and tlie Presbyteri few.
In short, Domesday Book cannot be decisively
appealed to for the non-existence of Parish
Churches in the age in which it was compiled.
Inasmuch as the enquiries of the King's Com-
missioners were probably not meant to extend
to Churches un-endowed with land, we need
not be suprrised to find the Tithes of Churches
entered, for the most part, incidentally: and
some counties without the slightest mention of
them, even where there are Churches, as if the
Churches had been entirely supported by volun-
tary oblations, dues, or masses. No Tithes are
1 Nichols's Hist. Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xL In Wilt-
shire, torn. i. fol. 65. we find the Priest several times
identified with his Church. As at Bretford, <' Huj^ 8
scctam ten Osbn^ pbr cu i. hida trse ptin seccfae. Vit.
XL. sot." At Aldeborne, '^ Ad secctam buj^ 8 ptin.
II. hidce. Tra. ir. car. Has ht pbr ej^d aecct® 7 uai.
XL. solid." At Melchesham, ^ Huj' 8 aecctam cu
I. hida trie ht Rumold^ pbr. 7 uat. xl. sot." At Combe,
<< ^cctam huj^ 8 cu dimid hida xtm ten Leuric pbr. 7
uat. XX. solid."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT. 291
tioticed in Somersetshire! Devonshire, Cornwall, Prindpai
Matters DoCloed
Middlesex, Hertfordshire, or Leicestershire. fa thu Record.
At the end of the enumeration of the lands ^i.E^^atUeai
of Toui, in Norfolk, Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 265. ^"^'^^
it is said, " 0ms eccte St in ptio 2 maneriis,'-
although the names of none are separately
entered.
Selden, in his " History of Tythes,** 4**. Lond.
I6l8. dwells much on the frequent consecration
of them, between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1200, to
any Church or Monastery at the owner's choice.
He says, " Although, out of any continuance
alone of voluntary payment, a kind of parochial
right were created, yet consecrations of Titlies
(not yet established by a civil title) made to the
Church of another Parish at the lay owner's
choice, were practised and continued in force.*' *
In the Domesday Survey, he goes on to say,
** frequently enough. Churches are mentioned
by the Words of * Ibi ^cclesia 7 Presbyter/ or
such like ; and how many Carues or Hides of
land, how many villans and other endowments
Bxid revenues belong to them, are reckoned,
with their values. But very rarely any Tithes
* Chap. vi. p. 72. The payment of Tithes generally
is several times enjoined in the Saxon Laws : and in
the Liber Legum Exclesiasticarum, printed in Wilkins's
Concilia, vol. i. p. 265. there is an express Law, to
which the date of 994 is assigned, <* Ut sacerdotes'
aliorum parochianos ad se non alliciant ob contrahendas
decimas." Still the practice which Selden speaks of
continued.
V 2
292 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOM£SDAT«
Principal among thosc Church revenues are there found :
Matters noticed iiiii •!• -ii
in this Record. II Houe at all had been nam d, it nught nave
i7.E^^dasiicai been thought that they had been omitted as a
Molten. niore sacred profit than was fit to be taxed in
such a Description. But some, although very
few, occur in it : as under Terra Osberni Epis*
copi in Boseham in Sussex, you may there find,
that Decimam EcclesicB Clerici tenent^ et valet xl $•
where the least value of the Manor is made at
xl/. per annum.' In Hampshire under Terra
Osberni Episcopi, you read Ecclesia S. MichaeUs
de Monte tenet de Rege in Basingestoches Hun^
dredf unam Ecclesiam cum i. hida et Dechnam de
Manerio de Basingestoches. Ibi est Presbyter?
So, in the same Shire under Terra Regis ; Ipse
Rex tenet Wallope^ &c. ibi Ecclesia, cui pertinent
una hida et medietas Decimce Manerii et totum
Curse t, et de Decima viUanorum xlvi. denarii
et medietas agrorum. Ibi est Ecclesiola ad
quam pertinent vni. acrce de Decima.^ And
in the same Shire also among the Abbot of
Lire's possessions, the Tithe of Cladford ia
reckoned, as also of Adrintone : and also the
Tithes of Stanham : ^ and under Terra Canoni-
' See Domesd. tom. i. fol. 17 b.
« Ibid. fol. 43. ' Ibid. fol. 88 b.
^ Among the lands '< de vestitu Monachonim Win-
ton." at Stanham, we read, *< Hqi^ S5 aecciam ten
Richer!^ cleric^ cu. ii*^. aliis ascctijs juxta hantone quae
ad banc aeccta matre ptiii. 7 ibi adjacet. i. hida rrae. 7
oms decim ej^d uille 7 etia^ de fra regis. Vat. xx* aoh
qd de epo teri. Qd de rege. xx. sot." Tom. i. fol. 41 b«
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAr. 203
corum de Twinham is found, Ad hanc Ecclesiam Principal
periinet tota Dechna de Twinham, et tertia pars in this luomi.
Decmarum de Holehest ;^ and in the Isle of \'j,E^^^daaticai
Wight there are vi. Churches, belonging to the ^««<^-
Abbey of Lire, Decimas habent de omnibus red-
ditibus Regis.^ So, in Bedfordshire, the Church
of St Mary de Cormeliis hath divers Tithes
among its revenues.' But the mention of Tithes
where Churches are nevertheless spoken of, is
but very seldom through that whole Descrip-
tion : and indeed in certain Counties, as Somer-
set, Devon, Cornwall, and some few others, you
shall rarely have a Parish Church noted, but in
others, very often Churches are, but very few
examples of their having Tithes: sometimes
also grants of Tithes by lay owners are there
mentioned, out of the use of which, it may be
well thought that the moieties or third parts of
Tithes belonging to this or that Church, had
their beginnings."
The arbitrary consecrations of Tithes were
finally remedied by Pope Innocent the Third,
in a decretal Epistle sent to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, and dated from the Palace of
Lateran, about the year 1200.^
The following are among the principal pas-
sages in the Domesday Survey, beside those
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 44. ^ Ibid. fol. 52 b.
^ It should be Herefordshire. See pp. 294, 295.
^ Blackst. Comment. 4^ Oxf. 1766. vol.ii. p. 27.
Innocent. III. Opera, torn. ii. p. 452.
U 3
294 GSNERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Mr. Selden quotes, which add strength to his
Matters noticed • . x i /• ▼»
in this Record. oDservations. ID the account of Boyeoome lo
iLE^d^tieai Hampshire, torn. i. fol. 52. it is said " Hiy^ CD
Mauars. ^cctam cu una V ?r8B tefi monachi de Lire. Ad
hanc a^ctam adjacent xx. masurss bordario^ 7
reddt xiiii. sot. Onis decimse Bouecome sunt
ipsius aecctce." If alienations of Tithes firom
their respective Parishes had not been occa-
sionally made, it would have been unnecessary
to have noted here that the whole of the Tithes
of Bovecome belonged to the Parish Church.
By the testimony of the two shires of Notting-
ham and Derby, <^ de Stori antecessore Walterii
de Aincurt. dicunt quqd sine aUcuj^ licentia
potuit facere sibi aecctam in sua tra 7 in sua
soca 7 sua decma mttere q^ tipUetJ*^ Under
Colingeburne in Wiltshire we find the Tithe of a
ruined Church transferred to the priest of another
Parish. ** Ad fficctam ptiii dimid Hida. Huj^
aecctae decima ten Girald^ pbr de Wiltone. 7 uat
X. solid, ^ccta uasta 7 dissipata."^ Among the
Clamores in Chetsteveq, we read, *^ Dicant
ptinere ad ^cctam de Qrantha decimas 7
aecctasticas consuetudines de Winebruge WafS
7 de Treos Wap de oniib} socis 7 inlandis quas
rex habet ibi."* The Churches and Tithes and
even the Priests on many of the King's manors
in Herefordshire are stated to have belonged to
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 280.
- Ibid. fol. 65. 3 Ibid. fol. 377.
GENERAL INTEODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. ^^^
St Mary de Cormeliis. Under Stanford in that ivindpai
"^ Matters nottoed
county the Tithes only are mentioned as belongs in thb Record,
ing to the Monastery.^ %7.EccieatuHaa
Among the endowed Churches, that of Bose- ^
ham in Sussex was probably one of the richest*
In the reign of King Edward it had land be-
longing to it to the extent of a hundred and
twelve hides, which, at the time of the Survey,
was reduced to sixty-five hides.^ The gene-
rality of Church endowments were infinitely
smaller. A hide, a half-hide, or, in different
degrees, from five to fifty acres, formed the
usual extent of what was to support the Church.
At Berchingas in Suffolk, a Church occurs en^
do wed with eighty-three Acres j * at Barsham in
Norfolk, with a hundred acres/ The Church
of Wellingovre in Lincolnshire had a hundred
and twenty-nine acres of meadow, beside four-
teen acres of other land.^ The Church of Stan-
tone in Shropshire had a hide and a half belong-
ing to it® Throughout Norfolk the value is
added to almost every Church, with the quan-
tity of land, however small, annexed to it
*^ jEcclesia sine terra ** occurs a few times in
the second volume of the Survey, in the returns
■ ■ - — ■ — ■ — " — • — ' — ^ -^ -- ^
1 Domesd. torn. i. foil. 179. 180. 184 b.
» Ibid. fol. 17. The Church of Boseham is repre-
sented in the Baieux tapestry as a structure of consider-
able consequence.
3 Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 382 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 168 b.
* Ibid. torn. i. fol. 337 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 260 b.
If 4
296 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDATi^
Principoi from Norfolk and Suffolk. In the Survey for
Matters noticed ^^,,. -i-r^* /»ii« i
in this Record. Yorkshire, under Esingetun we find the singular
S7.E^d^icai entry of " MccVa sine p^Jfro.*^ ^ Under Mortes-
Matters. fmjde lu Hampshire we read ** Thomas Archieps
~ teii una aecctam 7 vi. capellas cu omH (fsuetudine
muo^ 7 mortuo^.**^ At the beginning of the
account of Herefordshire it is said, ^< In Arcene-
felde habet Rex tres ascctas. Presbiteri JiarU
wccVoTum ferunt legationes regis in Waks 7
quisq^ eo^ cantat pro rege 11. missas una quaq^
ebdomada. Siquis eo^ moritur; rex habet de
eo XX. sot. p csuetud'.''^ Under Hamme in the
same county, *< Ad hoc 55 ptiK una aeccta
uocaf^ Ladgvern. 7 ibi sunt iii. car sed non gekT
fra hjQ^ CBCcVcB. Pbr redd 11. sot inde.*'* In
the account of Hertford we find one layman
selling Churches to another. *< Petrus de
ualongies hi //• ceccFas cu una domo. quas emit
de Vluui de Hatfelde redd^ onis c^suetudines*
Ipse Vluui 7 dare eas 7 uende poterat***
Under Celsea in Berkshire, the Dues of the
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. S05. « Ibid. fol. 42.
« Ibid. fol. 179. * Ibid. fol. 181 b.
» Ibid. fol. 1S2. On the estate of Geoffrey de Man-
nevile (or Mandeville) at f^tralei in Berkshire, tom.K
fol. 62. we find another entry which shows that Churches
were frequently in lay hands. ^^ ^cctam buj^ S ten
WitSt^ pbr de Goisfrido. cu i. hida." In the same
county, under Waneting, fol. 57- it is said, ^* In hoc S.
tenuit Petrus eps ii. partes ascctse cum iiii^^ hid ptinenL
Tertia pie pdictae aecctae leii Witts diacon^ de rege. cu.
J. hida quae n geld.''
GENERAL INTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 807
Church as well as the Tithes appear to be PHndpai
I— I Matters noticed
valued. *^ De hoc QD teii Abbatia de Monte in this Record.
S. Michaelis de rege una aecctam cu hida. Duo ki.EccUnaakai
etia pbri in ead uilla ten de rege in decima 7 ^"^'
aeccta qd uat. iiii. life.*'*
In " Terra Colebni pferi.** in Norfolk, it is
said, •^ Fecit ColeVnus (fdJcL eccVam s(fi NkhoUu.
concessu regis 7 si rex concedit dabit xx« aS.
7. ideo. cantat missa una quaq^ ebdomada.
7 psalliu p rege. 7 11. sot uat."^ In Suffolk,
under Tomai, we have an entry of some cu-
riosity. " Ecctia tpr. R. E. de. i. car rrae. libe.
sed hugo de monteforti. hi de hac carrucata.
XXIII. acr. 7 reuocat ad qtumda^ capeUa^. qua\
iiii.fr' s. libH ho*es hugonis &stnuver^t in p^j^a.
fra juxta cimiteriu^ matris eccFce. 7 juerH ma-
nenles de parrochia matris eccV(B. q^ n* pofat
cap^e tota^ parrochid. H. mal aeccta medietate
sepulture oihi tepe. 7 quarta parte aliaru elemo-
sinaru q fiebant. habuit p eptione. & h capella
si fuit dedicata ut ii. hund nescit In hac car-
rucal ecctaj fuer v. bord. 7. i. uitt. sep. 11. car.***
In Stanham, in the same county, we find, " i.
seccta. XX. ac. q^s ibi deder' ix. libY ho^es jp' ani-
mab} suisJ^^
The jEcclesioke and CapeUce of the Survey
appear to have been sometimes subordinate to
I Domesd. torn. i. fol. 57. ^ Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 263 b.
' Ibid. fol. 281 b. ' Ibid. fol. 438.
298 OBNXftAL IMraQDVCEiON TO DOMKSOAT*
prfncgMi^ the Ecclesictj and sometimes separately endowecL
tills Reooi^ At Cebeham^ in Suny, it is said, *^ Ibi aeccla
§7.jB^fe^jrica/ 7 oUa capeUa.*^ * In Suffi)Ik, under Wisseta a
MautTu Capella is mentioned as subordinate to tke
Church.^ In Norwich it is said, " In burgo
tenent burgenses xliii. Capellas/' ^ After the
mention of the Church of Tarentefort in Kent,
it is said, *^ extra hanc sunt adhuc ibL iii.
secclesiolae." ^ At Postinges in Kent, '^ ii. flecde-
siolffi" occur without any notice of a Church.*
The iEcclesiola at Wallope in Hampshire, men-
tioned in a former page,^ appears to have been
independent of the mother Church.
Beneficiumf as applied to a Church, is a term
but once used in Domesday/
It may be worth remarking, that whUe many
of our antiquaries suppose that the Churches
of the Anglo-Saxons, more particularly in the
earlier periods, were built of wood, one instance
only of a Church so constructed occurs in
Domesday, at Begeland in Yorkshire, " Ibi pfcr
7 eccta lignea.'' «
1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 32 b.
« Ibid, tonuii. fol. 293 b. ' Ibid. fol. 117.
* Tom, i. fol. 2 h. 5 Ibid. fol. IS.
^ See p. 292.
7 Tom. i. fol, 158. ^^ pro. i. manerio tea cum beneficio
S. Petri.'* This was St. Peter in the East, at Oxford.
« Ibid. fol. 320 b.
aSNSRAlU INTROBUGTIOK TO P0MB90AY« 29B
FrincHMl
0 P/>vcnM(p Matters Dotioed
X. jTcrsms. in thif jUwfd.
FfissBTTEEi occur m several i^ tiw coyBtaai f 7.AoMMtii»/
as holding lands like ordinary tenants. In ^^«<<<^
Leicestershire, under the title of '* Elemosinse
Regis," we find four priests and a fen^ale
holding separate parcels of land in capite.^ In
Dorsetshire, at Hinetone, it is said, " De hac
ead tra tenuit q^da pbn i. hida iQ tainlande (that
is, in hereditary succession) 7 poterat cu ea
ire q^ uoleb. Modo e in dKio regis. X>e ipsa
ead tra terl alius pbr manens in Tarente. una
hid 7 rcia parte, i. hidae. 7 ibi hi. iii. uitioSii 7
mi. bord. cu. i. car, 7 i. ac p*ti.** ^ In many of
the counties, more especially in Herefordshire,
Leicestershire, and Warwickshire, Presbyteri
frequently occur classed with the villani, rad-
manni, and bordarii upon the lord's demesne.
As on Earl Aubrey's demesne at Cliptone in
Warwickshire, '* In diiio, sunt. 11. car. 7x11.
uitti cu pbro. 7 xx. bord." ^ So again, more than,
once, on the lands of the Earl of Mellent. In
the account of Worcestershire, at Nadford,
among the lands belonging to the abbey of
Westminster, we read, ** Ibi. e pbr. sine car sine
pecunia." ^ In EsseXi under Bracteda, we read,
** Tc. III. bor. m^ viii* 7 i. pbr."
Kelham gives Rector as one interpretation of
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 231. * Ibid. fol. 76.
' Ibid. fol. 239 b. * Ibid. fol. 175.
900 OENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOHESDATi
Principal Presbyter.^ In torn. i. fol. 141 b. " Turtt pfcr
Matters noticed
in this Record. Stdgandi OTclL** occuTS. Tom. i. fol. 151.210 b.
i7.£^d^daMicai " Wlmar^ pbr R. E/* Ibid. fol. 208. " Vitalw
"^^^ 7 Bemardus pbri R. E." and, tom. ii. foL 348.
" Goduuin^ prb. ho Heroldi.'* " Pbr qui aeccte
seruit" occurs, tom. i. fol. 378 b.
The CapeUani were frequently domestic priests,
as Capellanus R. E. ; CapeUani Comitis Rogerii ;
Capellanus Episcopi de Hereford ; CapeUani
Radulfi Comitis.
The Qerici appear to have been in some
instances the same with the CapeUani. At
Bos^ave, in Sussex, tom. i. fol. 25 b. '' Clerici
^cctas" occur, and at EUntone in Devonshire^
tom.i. fol. 100 b. « Clerici uillae.'* At Taceham
in Berkshire, tom.i. fol. 56 b. we read, ^^ Mcctam
huj^ 55 teii. II® clerici. cu iii. hid.'* In torn. L
fol. 16 b. Presbyteri and Clerici are used synoni-
mously.
Sacerdos occurs twice in the second Volume
of the Survey.
At Westberie in Wiltshire, tom. i. fol. 65. we
read <* iEccta valet l. soUd. quidam Ckricohis
tenet.'*
3. Church Dues.
Circet.
Circessetf or Circieti, (pronounced Kirkesset
and Kirket) from the Anglo-Saxon Eypic peeat^
> Illustr. of Domesday Book, p. 500.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT. 901
was Church-payment or Contribution* The Principal
_ . -Tfc. 1 TJT t Matters noticed
JLatin writers, says Bishop Kennett, have com- in this Record.
monly called it Primitue SenUnum, because it ^^E^d^amcat
was at first a quantity of Com paid to the Priest -^^^^^
on St Martin's day, as the first fruits of Harvest ;
enjoined by the Laws of King Ina» cap. iv. and
King Canute, cap. x.' So, in the Survey, in
the account of the lands belonging to Pershore
Abbey in Worcestershire, we read " Dicit
comitat^ qd eccta de psore deb habere Circset
de oinib3 trecentis hid. scilicet de unaqq^ hida
ubi francus ho manet una summa annonas in
festo S. Martini'* : ^ and in the page immediately
preceding, ^* Dicit uicecomitat^ qd de unaquaq^
hida tree, libera uel uillana. quse ad secctam de
Wircestre ptinet. debet eps habe in die festo
S. Martini una suma annonae de meliori quse
ibide crescit. Qd si dies ille fi reddita annona
transient r^ qui retinuit annona reddet 7 undecies
psoluet 7 insup forisfactura eps accipiet. quale
de sua terra habere debet.'* * The payments for
it, of course, varied. At Epinges in Sussex we
read *^ de Circet xl. denar." ^ At Essebome in
Hampshire, *' Circesset qd appciat r' xiiii. sol."*
At Wadone in Dorsetshire, " De ea habeb aeccla
' Gloss. Par. Antiq. in v. See also Wilk. LL. Anglo-
Sax, p. 396.
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. 175 b. A similar entry occurs
concerning the Lands of the Church of Worcester, in
fol. l?^. col. 1.
5 Ibid. fol. J 74. ^ Ibid. fol. 29 b.
' Ibid. fol. 39.
902 GBMERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
PriDdpai Abodesber T. R. E. vi. ac^s messis 7 m. Circaez
lutten noticed '
in this lUconL dc csuctud." ^ At BesiutoDe in Oxfordshire,
i7.£ccieMiaMieai ** dc Circct XI. 8ol." ^ At Hedintoiie in the
»me county, '^ x. sol. 7 vi. defl'' : » and in the
account of Lappewrte in the county of Wor-
cester, ** De hac ?ra p singulos annos reddunt /
VIII. deil ad secctam de Wirecestre p Cirsette 7
recognitione terrae.** ^
Bishop Kennett says, it was afterwards taken
for a reserve of Com rent, paid to the secular
priests, or to the religious. So in the reign of
Henry the Third, Robert de Hay, rector of
Souldem, claimed from the abbat and convent
of Oseney a certain measure of G)rn under the
title of Churchscet for their demesne lands in
Mixbury. He adds, it was sometimes a general
word, and included not only com, but poultry
or any other provision that was paid in kind to
the religious. So in the Inquisition of the
rents of the Abbey of Glastonbury, Anno 1201,
^ Manerium Glaston' reddit per an. in gabulo
VII. lib. VI. sol. 11. den. in Churchscet Ix. gallinas
et semen fmmenti ad tres acras. Cartul. de
Glaston. MS. fol. 38/^ ^
1 Bomesd. torn. i. fol. 79. * Ibid. foL 154 b.
^ Ibid. ♦ Ibid. fol. 174.
* Gloss. Par. Antiq. Compare also DucaDge In p.
By the laws of Ina, cap. 61. Cyjuc j*ceat was ordered
to be paid for the roof and hearth where men were at
Mid-winter; i.e. Christmas. The payment seems not
to have been actually made till the Martinmas following.
See the previous injunction in the laws of Ina already
referred to.
GENERAL INTEODUCTION TO DOME6DAT. 803
§ 8. — HISTORICAL AND OTHER PARTICULAR
EVENTS NOTICED IN THIS RECORD.
Of historical facts, there are but few decided PnncJpii
Matten nodeed
notices ; and by far the greater number of these in this lUoord.
are accidentally introduced. The references to 5 s. muimad
Reigns earlier than that of Edward the Confessor pof^cuiar
are scarcely worth noticing. In two or three en- ^^s^^
tries the time of Cnut is mentioned. Four hides
of land at Wenloch in Shropshire, belonging to the
abbey of Saint Milburgh, are stated to have been
released from geld ** tempore Regis Chnut.**\
Two hides of land at Bedesfeld in Cheshire,
claimed from the manor of Robert Fitz Hugh,
are mentioned as having belonged to the See of
Chester at the same period.^ And at the end
of the entry of Sudminstre in Essex, it is said>
** Hanc ?ra tulit Gnut rex."* *' Imma r^ina **
is noticed as a benefactor to the Church of
Winchester, tom. i. fol. 43 h. Once also we
have the mention of iExHELRED the father of
King Edward.'*
The memory of Edward the Confessor ap-
pears to be treated with the greatest respect
throughout the Survey. In two instances he is
* Domesd. tom. i. fol. 252 b. The time of Cnnt 19
also mentioned, tom. i. fol. 65 b.
« Ibid. fol. 263. ' Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 10.
^ Tom. i. fol. 258 b. See the passage^ p« 26 1 .
304 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal termed *^ gloriosus rex Edwardusr ' We have
Matters noticed . „ . n n i •
in thu Record, also allusions to a few facts and circumstances
§ s.'HutoHcai of his Fcign. His gifts to monasteries are more
^IJJi^ than once entered.^ His ^ft of Sandwich to
EverU* noticed ^
in this Record. " ""^
« » Domesd. torn. ii. folU 416 b. 425 b.
^ Tom. ]. fol. 12. under Forewic» ^* Hujus burgi ii**
partes dedit rex E. Sancto Augustino, tertiam vero par-
tem, quae fuerat Godwini comitis, Episcopus Baiocensis
concessit eidem Sancto annuente Rege Willelmo/' See
also tom. i. fol. 40 b.
Tom. i. Fol. 157« King Edward is recorded as the
donor of the manor of Teintune in Oxfordshire to the
Abbey of St. Denys near Paris. This was in 1059. The
charter is printed in the Appendix to Felibien's History
of that Monastery, p. Ixxxv. Baldwin, a monk of
St. Denys, was at that time King Edward the Confessor's
physician. This charter is now preserved amongst the
Archives of Franceat the Hotel Soubise in Paris, together
with a charter of William the Conqueror dated in 10699
one part of which confirms this donation of K. Edward
the Confessor. The writer of this Note saw both charters
in 1828. Very fine impressions of the Seals of the
Kings are respectively appendant
Tom. i. fol. 154 b. Lands are noticed at Cherielintone
in Oxfordshire which had been given by King Edward
the Confessor to the Abbey of Westminster, ** S. Petro
de Westmon et Balduuino FiLlOLo suo/* Filiolus b a
godson or adopted son. These lands, in all probability,
were given by King Edward for the education and
support of Baldwin as a novitiate, or for his maintenanoe
during his profession as a monk. From the entry of
them under the Terra Regis of Oxfordshire, it is evident
that they had reverted to the Crown before the formation
of the Survey. Filiolus Regis occurs in the Laws both of
Ina and of King Henry L Leges Inae. 76. Be jKin sij:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 305
the church of the Holy Trinity at Canterbury Principal
..11 . 1 1 TT . 1 1 Matters noticed
IS particularly noticed/ He is stated to have in this Record,
bestowed the manor of Melehou in Bedfordshire, § g. ^oncai
which at the time of the Survey was held by ^rOcu^r
the Bishop of Durham, on Harold's foundation ^"^'^.
man oj^ef jobpunu plea o66e hif jobjraebep, &c. De eo
qui Jilium lustricum vel susceptorem suum occidit. ^^ Si
quis alterius filium in baptismate susceptum occidat, vel
susceptorem ejus, cognati occisio homicidio aequalissit:
Emendatio crescat juxta aestimationero capitis, similiter
ac homicidiuro quod pro Domino sol vend um. Si autem
Regis Jilius lustricus sity lestiraationem capitis compenset
Regi eodem modo ac cognatis ejus; si autem de paren-
tela sit qui eum interfecit, tunc subtrahatur compensatio
susceptori eodem modo ac mulcta Domino. Si sit
Episcopi filius, dimidium hujus sit mulcta.*' Wilk.
p. 26. Leges Hen. I. c. 79. De liberatione filioli vel
matrini. ^^ Qui alterius filiolum vel patrinum occiderit,
erga eum, et parentes mortui conjunctim reus sit, et
crescat emendatio secundum weram sicut manbota secun-
dum Dominum. Si Jiliolus Regis sit, per weram
emendetur Regi sicut cognation!." Wilk. p. 271* Com-
pare Dufresne, Gloss, med. & inf. Latin, v. Filiolus.
Anstis in his MS. illustration of his Aspilogia, MS.
Hargr. Brit. Mus. 104. p. 323. says << Willielmus
FiLiOLUs seals a deed to the Abbey of Coggeshall with
th« impression of a Font, on one side whereof is a
King, on the other a Bishop holding a child over the
font as baptizing. One may be induced to guess that
he was godson to the King, such as I take ' Baldwinus
filiolus Regis,' mentioned in Domesday, to have been."
Other notices of Edward the Confessor's gifts to
Monasteries will be founds toni. i. fol. 138 b. ii. foil. 288b.
360 b.
' Domesd. tom.i. fol. 3.
X
806 OENEUAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAT.
Principal at Waltham.^ And, in his sickness, to have?
Matters noticed . ... ai iaiv i»
in this Record, givcn two hides at Araesbury to the Abbess ot
Ss.'miumcai Wiltun,2
Xi^r Once, in the account of Huntingdonshire, we
f!^^!^ have an allusion to Edward the Confessor's resi-
tnthu Record*
_ dence abroad, before he came to the throne*
In the account of the lands belonging to the
See of Chester, King Edward is said to have
given all the land beyond the Dee to Grifin ;
but when Grifin forfeited it, it was restored to
the See/ This Grifin was Griffith ap Llewellyn,
King of North Wales, whose irruption into
Herefordshire with filein or Blethyn, in 1054»
had been before noticed, when the land in
Arcenefeld is said to have been wasted.*
Eddid or Edith A Regina, the Confessor's
Queen, is mentioned torn. i. foL 153. as bestow-
ing several parcels of land in dower upon one
Alsi, who had married the daughter of Wluuard.
One of her giils was made after King William
had obtained the kingdom. A gift of eight
' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 210 b. ^ Ibid. fol. 64 b.
^ << De V. hid. de Broctone dfit qd rra sochemanorom
fuit T. R. E. sed isdem rex dedit terrain 7 soca de eis
S. Benedicto de Ramesy propter unum servitium quod
abb* Altminus fecit ei in Saxonia 7 postea semper earn
habuit/' Aluuinus became abbat of Ramsey at the very
beginning of King Edward's reign, A.D. 1048. He
was abbat at the time of the Conquest.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 26S.
^ Ibid. fol. 181. ^^ Rex Grifin 7 Blein uastauer lianc .
rra T. R. E. 7 ideo nescitur qualis eo tempore fueril.'*
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. SOT
hides of land by her, at Ferles in Sussex, to the Principal
Matters noticed
Abbey of Grestein also occurs torn. i. fol. 21 b. in this Record.
She appears to have held the whole of the ^s.Hi$toricai
possessions, which had belonged to her as Queen, ^rtktUar
till the time of her death in 1075 ; ' when they f^'X^^^
reverted to the Crown. She is uniformly men-
tioned in the surveys of the different Counties
its Edid, Eddid, Eddida or Eddied Regina.^
Goda, the sister of King Edward the Confessor,
more frequently called Goda Comitissa, occurs
in various entries. The manor of Lambeth
which she held^ was afterwards given by King
William Rufus to the Church of St Andrew at
Rochester, ** ita libere sicut Comitissa Goda
prius habuit." ^
* See Gibs. Cbron. Sax. p. 183.
^ Compare the Index of Landholders T. R. E.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 34.
^ The original Deed, signed with a cross in the body
of the instrument by King William Rufus himself, is still
preserved among the Charters in the British Museum,
L. F. C. VII. I.
In a List of benefactions to the Church of Rochester,
printed in the Registrum Roffense, p. 119. are parti-
cularized some ornaments belonging to Countess Goda^
which were found at Lambeth, by Ralph, the first
keeper of the manor there, and brought by him to
Rochester. They are thus described: " Feretrum
(a pix) partim de auro, partim de argento; Textus
Evangeliorum argento et hpidibus preciosis ornatos;
Scampna ferrea plicantia et argentata ; et pallia quatuor ;
et baculos cantoriales ; et cruces argenteas et candelabra
de cupro deaurata."
X 2
308 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Fiom a passagc in torn, ii. p. 379. a fact appears
Matters noticed , . , . ^- j i n i- ^ •
in this Record, which IS unnoticed by any oi our histonans or
is.'nutoricai topographcrs ; that the bishoprick of Dunwich,
^^rikuiar sooie time in the reign of King Edward the Con-
^"tl^B^^ fessor, was fixed at Hoxne, at least within the
manor of Hoxne, probably at Eye. " In h. maiL
e flBcctia sedes Episcopatus de Sudfolc, t. r. e." *
The site of the Bishoprick appears to liave
been swallowed by the sea between the time of
King Edward the Confessor and the taking of
the Survey.^
Among the more eminent persons of the
reign of Edward the Confessor, mentioned in
different parts of the Survey, we find Siward Earl
of Northumberland ; another Siuuard " teinus et
cognatus regis Edwardi ;" ^ Godeva the cele-
brated countess of Mercia; and Edric the
admiral, " rector nauis R. E.," who after Wil-
liam's arrival is said to have lived an outlaw in
Denmark.'* Hereward also is mentioned, the.
mirror of Knighthood in the Saxon period ;*
^ A Seal of Athelwald bishop of Dunwich, found at
Eye, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries
Jan. lOth, 1822. It is engraved in the Archa^logia^
vdI. XX. p. 479.
^ The inroad is noticed in Domesd. torn. ii. fol. SI 1 b.
^< Duneuuic ten Edricus de Lesefelde. t.r. e. pro uno
manerio et modo ten Robertus Malet. Tunc ii. car.
terrae. modo i. Mare abstulit alia,*'
3 Domesd. tom. 1. fol. 180 b. * Ibid. torn. ii. foI.SOO
*"In the Clamores de Chetsteven, tom. i. fol. S76 Ik
^* Terram Asford in Bercha hund. die. Wapent a
intku Record.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 309
and " j^Iueua soror Heraldi/* of whom, if we Principal
, Matters nodoed
may judge from the minute account given by in this Record.
Sir William Dugdale of Earl Godwin's family ^s.Histaricai
in the Baronage, no mention has been made by ^aHkuiar
our historians.^ 4^natod
The exile of Godwin and Harold is once
alluded to in Herefordshire. Godwin, in an
interlineation above his name, is occasionally
stiled comeSy but more generally liber homOj a
title which appears, throughout the Survey, to
have been given to the greatest and most powerful
Earls of the preceding time : ^ and even to Harold
himself.
There is a remarkable allusion to Earl God-
win's stripping the nuns of Berkeley of their
possessions, in the account of Gloucestershire ;
tom. i. fol. 164.*
habuisse Herewardu die qua auAigiit" Ibid. fol. 377*
^< Terra S. Guthlaci qua tenet Ogerus in Repinghale.
dnt fuisse diiica firma roonacho^. 7 Vlchel a!dSem
comdasse ea ad firma Hereuuardo. sic int eos conueniret
unoq^q^ anno sed atiS resaisiuit ea anteq Hereuuardus
de patria fugeret. eo quod conuentione n tenuisset"
Ingulphus, Rerum Anglicaruro Script. Vet. ap. Gale,
tom. i. pp. 67. 68. 70. dwells minutely on the incidents
of his life.
' Dugd. Bar. vol.i. pp. 14. 15* * Seep. 68.
3 ^( Gueda mater Heraldi comitis tenuit Vdecestre.
Goduinus comes emit ab Azor et dedit suae uxori, ut
inde viveret donee ad Bercbelai maneret. Nolebat enim
de ipso manerio aliquid comedere pro destructione
abbatiae. Hanc terram tenet Eduuardus in firma de
Wiltescire. injuste ut dicit comitatus quia non pertinet
X 3
310 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal There is a mention also of Earl Godwin's
Matters noticed i i rr« t* • /» o
in this Record, name under the Terra Regis of Sussex, tom. i.
$ 8. Hiuoricai foL l6. which desefves a short comment. The
Articular Survcy says ** Rex Willielmus tenet in dominio
b^'S^, BosEHAM. Goduuintis Comes tenuit"
Florence of Worcester and the Saxon Chronicle
inform us that in 1050 Earl Godwin, when he
and his sons were banished the kingdom for
rebellion, repaired to Boseham, and getting on
board all the treasure wliich haste and the short
time allowed him, took ship, and with three
of them, Tosti, Suane and G3rth, sailed into
Flanders, where they passed the winter; the
other two, Harold and Leofwine, went from
Bristol to Ireland.*
It is singular that Earl Godwin should be
here named as owning Boseham in the time of
Edward the Confessor, he having died in 1053 ;
and Harold having subsequently possessed the
property during the remainder of the Confessor's
reign. ** Prsedium sui juris" are the words
which William of Malmesbury and Matthew of
Westminster use when noticing Boseham as
Harold's possession. Whilst Harold spent some
time here in 1059, one day, going out to sea in
a fishing-boat for diversion, he was forced by a
sudden storm upon the opposite coast The
ad aliquam firmam. De quo maDerio nemo Legatis
Regis reddidit rationem, nee aliquis eorum venit ad
banc descriptionero. Haec terra redd. vii. lib.*'
' See Flor. Wigom, sub an. Gibs. Chron. Sax. p. 1 54.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 311
consequence is related by all our historians : Principal
- - , - Matters notioed
and the event was such as drew upon himself in this Record.
his own destruction, and produced that great § s.'m^oncai
Revolution in the Kingdom called the Conquest, ^^I^^
Throughout the Domesday Survey Harold is ^^^^
constantly spoken of as the usurper of the realm :
" quando regnum invasit*^ ^ Once only, at
Sudbertune in Hampshire, it is said, *^ quando
regnabat.^^ ^ Of William it is as constantly said
" postquam venit in Angliam/* Once only does
the expression occur, " postquam W. rex con-
quisiidt Angliam ;" when he conquered, or ac-
quired England.* Haroldus invasit is also the
language of the Chartulary of Battle Abbey.
" Anno ab Incarnatione Domini M.lxvi. Dux
Normannorum nobilissimus Willelmus cum manu
valida pugnatorum in Angliam transnavigavit,
ut regnum Anglise, sibi a suo consanguineo Rege
-^dwardo dimissum, de manu Heraldi, qui illud
tirannica fraud e invaserat, abstraheret.** ^ In a
' Tom.i. fol.38. « Ibid.
^ Compare Script. Norm, antiq. a Duchesne, p. 204.
^ MS. CoUon. Domit. A. ii. fol. 21. The words
^^ sibi a suo consanguineo Rege ^dwardo dimissum"
in this passage, will perhaps justify the quotation, here,
of a passage in another Chartulary, that of Abingdon,
MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. explaining the relationship
of King William the Conqueror to King Edward the
Confessor. << Duxit autem rex ^thelredus Norman-
norum comitis Ricardi filiam in conjugium nomine
Emmam, quam Angli Elfgivam Immam cognominarunt,
de qua Edwardum et alios liberos genuit, magnie
X 4
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMBSDAT.
few instances the names of persons are recorded
^ pietatis hominem. Frater vero ejusdem Reginae Ri-
cardus junior dicebatur, de quo natus est Robertas
^ Willelmi pater qui Angliam postea aggressus r^^num
'_ illic sibi usurpavit." foL 126.
Richard D. of Norm.
1
iEthelred
r
EMMA
2
Cnut
Richard junior.
EDW. coNF. Hardacnut.
Robert
WILL. CONQ.
King William the Conqueror's first Charter to West-
minster Abbey, MS. Cott. Faust. A. iii. fol. 37 b.
begins,
^^ In nomine sanctae et individuas Trinitatis, anno
dominicae incarnationis M.Ix^vijo. I^o Willelmus Dei
gratia Dux Normannorum, per misericordiam divinam
et auxilium beatissimi Apostoli Petri pii fauctoris nostri,
favente justo Dei judicio, Angliam veniens, in oregladii
regnum adeptus sum, Anglorum devicto Haroldo n^
cum suis complicibus, qui michi regnum, providentia Dei
destinatum, et beneficio concessionis Domini et cognaH
meigloriosi Regis Edwardi concessumf conati sunt auferre.
Cum ergo," &c.
William Rufus went farther than the Conqueror; in
an instrument which will be found in the last editioD
of Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. iii. p. 877} he speaks of hi
father's hereditary right.
The << tirannica fraus" attributed to Harold in t!
Chartulary of Battle Abbey, above quoted, as relates
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY,
318
who fell either in the battle between Harold Principd
Matters noticed
in this Record.
the Kingdom in general} is ascribed to him in minor
matters in the Survey, more especially in regard to his
violations oF the property of the Church.
Domesd. torn. i. fol. 2, Kent. *^ Alnod per violentiam
Heraldi abstulit S. Martino Merclesham et Hauschesten,
pro quibus dedit canonicis iniquam commutationem."
Tom. i. fol. 21b. Sussex. In Apedroc <^ Ibi est una
virgata ubi comes [de Moritonio] habet aulam suam.
Similiter Heraldus comes habuit. et abstulit S. Jokanni/'
Tom. i. fol. 69. Wilts. Under Alentone. «' Hanc
terram tenuit Heraldus comes. In eadem villa sunt iiii.
hidse terrae quas injuste abstrax^ Heraldus ab aecclesia
Ambresberie testimonio tainorum scirae."
Tom. i. fol. 75 b. Dors. " Rex ten. Melcome.
Heraldus comes abstulit injuste S. Marias Sceftesberiie/'
Ibid. 78 b. under Cesebuma. ^< Istum maner. et Sture
abstvlerat Heraldus comes S. Marine T. R. E. sed W.
rex eam fecit resaisiri, quia in ipsa aecclesia inventus
Brevis cum sigillo R. E. praecipiens ut aecclesiae resti-
tuerentur cum Melecome." Ibid. fol. 80. under Elsang-
tone. '^ Elnod tenuit T. R. E. per comitem Heraldum
qui eam abstulit cuidam clerico.*'
Tom. i. fol. 121. Coniw. ^* Heraldus comes abstulit
S.Petroco injuste i. hidam terrae pro qua W. rex pre-
cepit judicamentum teneri, et Sanctum per justitiam
resaisiri.'*
Tom. i. fol. 132. Herts, at Wimundeslai. *^ Hoc
manerium fuit in dominio aecclesiae S. Mariae de Cetriz.
sed Heraldus comes abstulit inde, ut tota Syra testatur,
et apposuit in Hiz manerio suo, tribus annis ante mortem
regis Edward i."
Tom. i. foil. 181 b. 182. 182 b. it is said respectively
of each of seven manors belonging to the Church of
§ S. HitUmcal
and other
parUctdar
EwfUi noticed
in ihit Record.
314 GENERAL INTBODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal and the Norwegians! or in the fatal field of
Matters noticed .
in this Record. UastingS.
§ 8. Historical — ^—-^--— ——--—— -^—^-—^_—
and other Hereford. ^^ Hoc Manerium tenuit Heraldos oomes
Evenunodced iDJuste :" and of another in fol. 192. ^ De bto manerio
m thit Record, tenuit Heraldus comes injuste i. bidam.'^
, Domesd. torn. i. foil. 50. 177. 208 ; torn. ii. foH. 275.
409 b. 449. It is true that the mention of these events
is merely casual. In two instances however, among the
possessions of Battle Abbey ,^ and almost throughout the
lands of the Earl of Ow in Sussex,^ the destruction
occasioned by the Conqueror's army on its first arrival
is apparent ; more particularly under Witinges^ Holin-
ton,<^ Bexelei,*^ Wilesham, Crohest5^ Wiltingham, Wat-
lintone/ Nedrefelle,^ Brunham,^ Haslessei Wigentonoy
Wilendone, Salhert, Drisnesel, Gestelinges,.' Luet^
Hiham/ and Selescome. The value of each manor is
given as it stood in the reign of Edward the Confessor ;
afterwards it is said ** vastatum fuit,'^ and then
follows the value at the time of the Survey. The reader
who takes the Map of Sussex and proceeds eastward
from Fevensey, by Bexhill, Crowherst, HoUingtoo,
Guestlingy and Icklesham, round by Ledesoombet
Wartlington, and Ashburnham, will trace a circuit of
country very near the centre of which stands Battle^ the
spot of the Conqueror's victory. It is remarkable that
of the places above enumerated from Domesday, several
are mentioned as having been originally the property of
Earl Godwin, Harold, or the Countess Goda.
Thus far the present Note was formerly printed in
the General Introduction to Domesday. The writer
• Domesd. torn. L foL 17. ^ Ibid. foil. 17. 18. &c.
« Now Hollington. ^ Bexhill. • Crowlient.
' Wartlington. ' Ketberfield. ^ AahbitnibaBi.
* Guettling.
^ JhtOD, the nte of the present town of Wincbilaea.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* S15
In the account of Canterbury, torn. i. fol. 2. Prinopai
*^ Matter* noticed
• in this Record.
of it has since found that the same discovery, that, in § s. HutoHeai
the entries alluded to, the destruction occasioned bv ''ll/^
' * ptuttcuiar
the Conqueror's army upon its first arrival in England JBvenu noticed
was apparent, had been made by Mr. Hayley of Bright- *" **" record.
ling ; who, living in the immediate neighbourhood, had
leisure to compare the entries of Domesday deliberately
with the face of the country ; and who among his Manu-
script Collections toward a History of Sussex has left a
Memorandum which it would be injustice to give in any
other form than that of transcript.
<< It is the method of Domesday Book,'' he obsenres,
** after reciting the particulars relating to each manor^
to set down the valuation thereof at three several periods,
to wit, the time of King Edward the Confessor, after-
wards when the new tenant entered upon itt and again at
the time when the Survey was made. Now it is to be
observed in perusing the account of the Rape of Hastings
in that Book, that in several of the manors therein at
the second of those periods, it is recorded of them that
they were waste,* and from this circumstance I think
* The following arc the entries in the Survey alluded to by Mr. Hayley.
Domesd. tom.i. folL 17 b. 18. 18 b. 19. 19 b.
In Witingaw, " i. virg. teme wast."
Holintun, ** i. virg. terra wast."
Bexelei, ** Totum manerium T.R.E. valebat xx. lib. et post wasta
fuit. Modo xvni. lib. et x. soL**
Wilesham, ** Totum manerium T. R. £. valebat xiiu. lib. Postea
vastatum fuit. Modo xxu. lib.
Crohest, ** T.R.E. valebat viu. lib. Modo c. sol. Vastatum fiiit.'*
WUtingham, ** Totum manerium T.R.E. valeb. c. soL Modo lui.
lib. VasUtum fiiit.*'
Watlingetone, <* T.R.E. et modo val. u sol. Vastatum fuit."
Nedrefelle, *' T.R.E. valeb. c. sol. modo l. sol. Vastata fuit."
Brunham, << T.R.E. et modo xx. sol. Vastata fuit."
Haslesse, ** Totum manerium T.R.E. valebat cxiiii. sol. Modo
VII. lib. Vastatum fuH."
316 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal it is Said, << Radulfus de Curbespine habet mr*.
Matter* noticed
in this Record. — -
§ 8. Historical 1^ may upon good ground be concluded what parts of that
and other Rape Were marched over by, and suffered from the
Evenu noticed ravages of the two armies of the Conqueror and King
in tkit Record. Harold. And indeed the situation of those manors is
such as evidently shows their then devastated state to be
owing to that cause. The wasted manors on the East
were Bexelei (now Bexhill), Wilesham, Luet, and Ges-
telinges, which are all the manors entered in the Survey
along the Coast from Bexelei to Winchilsea; and thb
clearly evinces another circumstance relating to the
Inrasion, which is, that William did not land his army
at any one particular spot, at Bulverhithe, or Hastings^
as is supposed ; but at all the several proper places for
landing along the coast from Bexelei to Winchilsea*
After which, in drawing together toward the place c^
battle, the left wing of the Army just brushed the manor of
Holligton, so as to lay waste a small portion, which after-
wards fell to the lot of the Abbey of Battle : and after quite
over-running the manors of Wittingham and Crobest^
arrived at Brunham, in which and the adjoining manors
of Whatlington and Nedrefelle the battle was lost and
won.
<^ We may trace likewise the footsteps of King
Harold's army by the devastations which stand upon
record in the same Book. Where they begin we suppose
Wigentone, *' i. virg. Tunc v. aoL modo x. soL Vast ftiit.**
Wilendone, << dim. virg. Tunc et modo xii. den. Vast fiiit.**
Salherst, « T.R.E. yaleb. xx. sol. Modo xxx. soL Vast, fiiit.'*
Drisnesel, « T.R.E. yalebat in. lib. Modo iiii. lib.
fiiit."
" I. hid.— tunc et modo xxx. soUd. Vast fuit
Gestelinges, « T.R.K et modo c. solid. Vastat fuit
Luet, « T.R.E. et modo xx. soL Vastat fiiit
Hiham, « T.R.E. valebat c. sol. Modo vi. lib. Vast fuit
Selescome, " dim. hid. nd. x. sol. IVasta fiiit
lUlti "
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
317
mansuras in civitate quas tenuit quasdam Concu-
the Army entered the County : and the state of the
manor of Parkley in the Hundred of Skayswell points
out the place, in the parish of Tysharst. They then
desolated their way through two parcels of land in the
same Hundred belonging to the manor of Wilendone,
and laying waste Wigzell, Saleherst, and another manor
in the Hundred of Henhurst, with Hiham and a small
part of Sadlescombe in the Hundred of Staple, they
came to Whatlington, through which and the manor of
Netherfield they extended themselves to face and oppose
the invading enemy.
^^ We might attribute a share of the devastation of
the places North of the field of battle to the Army of the
Conqueror in its progress towards London, were we not
assured by one, present at the time, that his route after
he had buried the dead and placed a garrison at Hastings,
was to Romney, the inhabitants whereof he chastised
for the defeat of some of his men, who by mistake
had put on shore there ; and then proceeded to Dover.*
* Gulielmus Pictaviensis says, *' Humatis autem suis, dispositaque cus-
todia Hastingas cum strenuo praefecto, RomenaeriuxD aocedens, quam
plactiit pcenam exegit pro clade suorumi quos illuc errore appulsos fere
gens adorta proelio cum utriusque partis maximo detrimento fuderat.
Hinc Doveram contendit ubi populum innumerabilem congregatum acoe-
perat; quod locus ille inexpugnabills videbatur. At ejus propinquitate
ADgli percuLsi, neque naturae vel operis munimento, neque multitudini
virorum confidunt. Situm est id castellum in Rape mari contigud, quae
naturaliter acuta undique ad hoc ferramentis elaborate incisa, in speciem
muri directissim& altitudine^ quantum sagittae jactus permetiri potest, con-
surgit, quo in latere untI4 marinft alluitur. Cum tamen Castellani sup-
plices deditionem pararent, armigert exercit£ka nostri praeda cupidine
ignem injecerunt. Flamma leviute sua volitans pleraque oorripuit. Dux
nolens incommoda eorum qui secum deditionaliter agere coeperant, pretium
dedit restituendarum allium, aliaque amissa reoompensavit. Severiiis
animadverti praeoepisset in auctores incendii, ni vilitas et numeroaitaa
ipsorum occultavisset eos.**
Ordericus Vitalis details the same circumstances almost in the same
words.
Principal
Matters noticed
in this Record.
§ 8. Histtmeai
and other
particular
Eventt noticed
in this Record.
318 GENERAL INTRODXTCTION TO 1>OMESDAY;
Principal i^ifia Heraldi : dc quibus est saca et soca
Matters noticed __ . , i t_ • »s
in this Record. Regis, sed usque nunc non nabuit.
§ 8. Historical —
^ttfikuiar The eagerness of his men for plunder would not wait
Evenu noticed for the form of surrendering the Castle, but during
"* ' the parley they set fire to the Town, which consumed
great part of it (if not the whole) : a circumstance
which is likewise confii'med to us by the indubitable
authority of the same Record. Speaking of the Privileges
and Payments of Dover, Domesday says, ^ Omnes bae
consuetudrnes erant ibi quando Willielmus Rex in
Angliam venit. In ipso primo adventu ejus in
Asgi^iam/uU ipsa villa combusia; et ideo pretium ejus
non potuit computari quantum valebat, quando episcopus
Baiccensis eam recepit/ "
Thus far, Mr. Hayley. Mr. Hamper of Birminghamt
in his <^ Observations on certain ancient Pillars of
Memorial called Hoar Stones," p. 9. conjectures that
either Waterdown Forest or Ashdown Forest, must
have been the place of rendezvous for Harold's Army.
The passages of Domesday already referred to certainly
give the preference to the former.
There is another County in the Domesday Survey^
in which the word wasta appears to bear a similar im-
port with that used in the entries under Sussex.
In 1069, it will be remembered, Edgar Athelingy
Waltheof^ Gospatric, Merleswain^ Siward, and other
exiles from Scotland^ with a party of Northumbrians^
joined by an Army landed from the Danish fleet, took
York by assault, putting the whole garrison, consisting
of three thousand men, with a very small exception, to
the sword. When King William heard of this^ he is
stated by our historians to have been inflamed with the
utmost rage, and to have sworn that he would lay the
whole country in that neighbourhood desolate, and
extirpate its inhabitants. To execute this threatened
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
319
EvenU noticed
tn thii Records
Godwin, son of King Harold, occurs in ^ Principal
' o ^ Matters noticed
in this Record.
vengeance he invested York ; took it ; received Waltheof ^ ^'^'^^jf*^
its then governor into favour ; and having past his particuiar
Christmas there with the usual solemnities, in the
beginning of the succeeding year, marked his way toward
Durham with a desolation which had been rarely, if
ever, equalled in this country before. William of
Malmesbury expressly says that the resources of the
Province were so cut off that the ground, for more than
sixty miles, remained totally uncultivated and unpro-
ductive even to his time.
Ordericus Vitalis is still more minute upon this
vengeance, the passage concerning it has been already
quoted in p. 38, note '. William, he says, had never
practised such cruelty before.
It would be impossible, as well as unnecessary, here
to name every place in Yorkshire in the Return re-
specting which the term wasta is used in the Domesday
Survey. It may be sufficient for the general purpose to
state that under the title of ** Terra Regis," among the
lands then vested in the Crown, which had belonged to
the Earls Edwin and M0RCAR5 'wasta almost every where
occurs.* In the manor of Bodeltone, which had been
Edwin's, seventy-seven carucates are marked as waste.^
In Amundreness, in the same page, after the enumeration
of no fewer than sixty-two places, the possessions in
which amounted to a hundred and seventy carucates, it
is said, ^< Omnes hie VillsB jacent ad Frestune et iii.
Ecclesias. Ex his xvi. a paucis incoluntur, sed quot sint
habitantes ignoratur. Reliqua sunt wasta." In the
folios 303. 303 b. and 304. among the lands belonging
to the Archbishop of York wasta is added to numerous
places, which, in the time of Eldward the Confessor, had
■ Domesd. torn. L foil. 399. S99b.
k nrid. fol. 301 li.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 821
manors of Netelcumbe and Langeford in that Principal
, Matters noticed
county/ in this Record.
The decision of the cause tried by virtue of § g. ^iZncai
a special commission in the county court of Kent ^^J^^^
at Pinnenden, about the year IO72, when Arch- f^"^^^
bishop Lanfranc recovered twenty-five manors
in different counties, of which he had been dis-
seised by Odo Bishop of Baieux and Earl of
Kent, is pointedly alluded to.^
The irruption of Trhearn ap Coradoc in 1074
is clearly noticed in Gloucestershire, where we
find *^ nil. uillae wastatae perregemCaraduech.'*^
The Conqueror's journey into Wales also, in
1079, is alluded to, tom. i. fol. 31 b. " Quida
pposit^ regis noe Lofus hoc OD caluniat ^ 7 hoes
de Hund illi testificant r' q^a tenebat iUud de rege
q^do fidt rex in Wales. 7 post tenuit. donee eps
Baioc in Ghent prex.'* *
It is remarkable, that not a single manor in
any part of England, or even the smallest por-
tion of land, is put down in the Survey as be-
longing to any of the Conqueror's sons.* There
> Tom. i. fol. 86 b.
^ See Seldeni ad Eadm. et Nota et Spicilegium, p. 197-
' Domesd. toro.i. fol. 162*
♦ See Matt. Westm. fol. Francof. 1601. p. 228.
Diceto. Script. X. col. 487. Bromton. ibid. col. 977.
^ Eustace the son of Stephen, at one period at least, at
a later time, was not possessed of real property. The
bishop of Lincoln's instrument, declaratory of the dedica-*
tion ofGodstow Nunnery, says that Eustace gave a Aundr^if
Y
320
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY*
^*°^*P*! . the account of Somerset as holding the
Matters noticed
in thi3 Record.
particular
Events noticed
t» thit Record.
§ 8. Historical had a monej value of no small amount. Among the lands
of St. John of Beverley ; * in those held by the Bishop of
Durham^ a part of which had been Mortar's;^ in Earl
Alan's lands in Richmondshire;^ in the lands of Robert
Malet;"^ in those of William de Perci;* and in the
East Riding, among the lands of Odo arbalistarius,'
other instances will be found. In several of these the
names of Waldef, Gospatric, Siward, and Merleswain
occur as the owners in the time of Edward the Con-
fessor.K Gospatric was restored to favour ; and occurs
both as a tenant in capite and an under-tenantf in York-
shire, at the time of the Survey.
A writer whom Hoveden follows, states the country
between York and Durham to have remained without
either houses or inhabitants for nine years. Between
the time of the Battle of Hastings and the taking of the
Survey near twenty years had elapsed : but scarcely
more than sixteen from the ravaging of Yorkshire.
In Domesd. torn. i. fol. 374- there is an allusion to the
Danes who landed in the Humber, previous to the rising
of 1069. ^^ Homines de Holdernesse qui juraverunt
testificati sunt ad opus Willielmi Malet terras has infra
notatas : ita quod viderunt eas saisire in manu ejusdem
Willielmi et viderunt eum habentem et tenentem usque
Dani ceperunt ilium. Sed de hoc Breve Regis vel
sigillum non vider."
• Domesd. torn. i. fol. S04. ^ Ibid. fol. 304 b.
< Ibid. foil. 309. 313. ' Ibid. foL 320 b.
• Ibid. foU. 321 b. 322. ' Ibid. fol. 329 h.
f Compare Domesd. torn i. foil. 298 b. 300. 305 b. 306. 3ia 310 b«
311. 311 b. 312 b. 313. The fVench affectation of muidering naiiMt i»
singularly exemplified in those of the promoters of this Northern rebeUicMi
as given by Ordericus Vitalis -, JFaldef, GoqxUriCf Siumrdf and Merinmuim
are, in the language of the Norman HistoriaOy GvAiMrut, Gaivs
Patricius, Sioyardus, and Marius Swetus.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY, 821
manors of Netelcumbe and Langeford in that Principal
] Matters noticed
county.* in this Record.
The decision of the cause tried by virtue of j g. ^iZricai
a special commission in the county court of Kent ^^!^^^r
at Pinnenden, about the year IO72, when Arch- ^^'^^^^
bishop Lanfranc recovered twenty-five manors
in different counties, of which he had been dis-
seised by Odo Bishop of Baieux and Earl of
Kent, is pointedly alluded to.^
The irruption of Trhearn ap Coradoc in 1074
is clearly noticed in Gloucestershire, where we
find *^ nil. uillae wastatae per regem Caraduech.'* ^
The Conqueror's journey into Wales also, in
1079, is alluded to, tom. i. fol. 31 b. « Quida
pposit^ regis noe Lofus hoc OD caliiniat r' 7 hoes
de Hund illi testificant r' q^a tenebat illud de rege
q^do futt rex in Wales. 7 post tenuit. donee eps
Baioc in Ghent prex.'* *
It is remarkable, that not a single manor in
any part of England, or even the smallest por-
tion of land, is put down in the Survey as be-
longing to any of the Conqueror's sons.* There
» Tom. i. fol. 86 b.
^ See Seldeni ad Eadm. et Nota et Spicilegium, p. 197*
' Domesd. toro.i. fol. 162*
♦ See Matt. Westm. fol. Francof. 1601. p. 228.
Diceto. Script. X. col. 487« Bromton. ibid. col. 977.
^ Eustace the son of Stephen, at one period at least, at
a later time, was not possessed of real property. The
bishop of Lincoln 's instrument, declaratory of the dedica-
tion of Godstow Nunnery,8ays that Eustace gave a Aundr^if
Y
322 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal is one cntrv, however, which places his second
IVIatters noticed •' *
in this Record. SOD, WilUam, ill the light of an usurper of pro-
§ 8. Historical petty. Aoiong the lands belonging to the Bishop
^artkuiar ^nd Mouks of SalisbuFy, at Staplebrige in Dor-
u!^jR^ setshire, we read, " De ead etia ?ra teft Ma-
nasses in. virg q*s. W. fili^ regis tulit ab seccta
sine consensu Epi 7 monachorum.'* * We have
likewise a mention of his son Richard^ under
Teuuinge in Hertfordshire.*
Mathilda, a daughter of the Conqueror,' un-
noticed by any of our historians, occurs in the
account of Hampshire.*
shillings in money to it, till he was possessed of land
which be could give instead. See Mon. Angl. vol. iv.
p. 362.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 77. Kelham supposes the Ma-
nasses mentioned in this entry to have been a Jew: hot
there was a Manasses Archbishop of Arles^ about IO5O9
and another of the same name Archbishop of Rheims
in 1078.
^ Tom. i. fol. 141 b. <^ W. rex dedit hoc maneriam
huic Aldene et matri ejus pro anima Ricardi filU sui*
ut ipsemet dicit et per breve suum ostend.^
^ This is in Hampshire, where among the titles of
land we have ^^lxvii. Goisfridus Camerarius filiae regis.*
Then, torn. i. fol. 49. where the land occurs, Ooisfridiis
is stated to have held Heche : ** Tunc se defendebat,"
&c. ^^ Goisfridus vero tenet earn de rege W. pro serviiio
quod fecit Mathildi ejmJUice!' From the title < Came-
rarius filiffi regis ' it should seem as if the Princess had
a household.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 49. Compare Sandford, Ge<-
nealog. Hist. fol. Lond. 1707* pp.9, 10. Malmesbury
says, <^ Filiae ipsius fuerunt quinque; prima, Cacilia
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 328
It seems probable that William the Conqueror Principal
1 •! I • ^n 1 t»T. 1 i-r 1 Matters notic(»d
built himseli a new palace at Winchester. Under in thi» Record,
the lands of St. Peter's Monastery in that City, § s. 'matmcai
it is said, " In Clere habet Abbatia S. Petri unam j^*)!^
Ecclesiam et iiii. hid. et unam virgatam terr®. ftHa^S^^
H' dedit aecclesiae W. rex pro excambio terras in
qua DoMus Regis est in civitate." '
There is another entry relating to the Con-
queror which is more curious ; it represents
him as purchasing a ship with a carucate of
land, " In campis Lincoliae extra Civitatem
sunt XII. carucatae terras et dimidia, praeter
carucatam Episcopi civitatis. De hac terra
habent Rex et Comes viii. carucatas in dominio.
Ea; his dedit unam Rex Willielmus cuidam Vlchel
pro una naui quam ab eo emit. Ille ueroqui
nauim uendidit mortuus est et banc carucatam
terrae nuUus habet nisi rege concedente." ^
There is a feature of the Domesday Survey
Cadomensis Abbatissa, quae vivit, altera Constantia
Comiti Britanniae Alano Fergant in conjugium data,
austeritate justitias provinciales in mortireram sibi po-
tionem exacuit ; tertia Adala Stephani Blesensis Comitis
uxor, laudatas in seculo potentiae virago, noviter apud
Marcenniacum sanctimonialis babitum sumpsit. Duarum
aliarum nomina exciderunt / unius, quae Haroldo (ut
diximus) promissa, infra maturos conjugii annos obiit;
alterius, quae Aldetbnso Galliciae regi per nuncios jurata,
virgineam mortem impetravit a Domino. Repertus in
defunctae genibus callus crebrarum gus orationum index
fuit." Script, ap. Savile, fol. 62 b.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 48.
^ Ibid. fol. 336.
Y 2
324 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Ma^l^iced which has not yet been commented upon, and
in this Record, ^hich in an historical point of view, must not
5 8. Historical \)q passed entirely unnoticed. A large number
particular of Forcign Monastcries are represented in it as
m thit Mecord. holding posscssious in England, both as tenants
in capite and as sub-tenants. Most of the lands
so entered, it will be found, were gifts either
of the Conqueror himself, or of his greater
followers.
A rage prevailed at this time throughout
Normandy for the building and endowing of
Monastic Establishments ; and it is not a little
remarkable that the largest and the most splendid
Abbies of France were erected at the cost of the
Norman barons within twenty or thirty years of
the period of the English Conquest.
King Edward's grant of Teynton in Oxford-
shire to St. Denys ^ has been already noticed in
a former page : as well as his Queen's grant of
land at Ferles in Sussex to the Abbey of
Grestain.^ The Abbey of St. Peter at Ghent
held the manor of Lewisham, in the time of
Edward the Confessor : ^ the Abbat of Fecamp,
it appears, had held Rameslie in Sussex of King
Edward : ^ the Church of Rheims had held Le-
pelie in Northamptonshire in the time of King
Edward:^ and in Staffordshire the manors of
Mepford and Redgare had been given to the
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 157* * See p. S07.
' Doroesd.tom. i. fol. ISb. ^ Ibid. fol. 17*
* Ibid. fol. 222 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 325
same church by Earl Algar.* The Abbey of Principal
c% ^ ' Matters noticed
St. Owen in the city of Rouen likewise held land in this Record,
at Meresaie in Essex in King Edward's time, %8.maorieai
with a house in Colchester.^ But these, it is porter
believed, are all the entries from which the hold- ^"SS's^.
ing of lands in England by alien monasteries in
the Saxon time, are discoverable from Domesday.*
' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 247 b. Lepelie, mentioned in
the previous entry, was also granted to Rheims by Earl
Algar. A Cell to the Abbey of Rheims was afterwards
established there : ^^ Prioratus de Lapeleia hac occasione
sumpsit exordium : Albredo Eboracensi Archiepiscopo
Romam jussu Edwardi Regis proficiscente, qui ad limina
Apostolorum se personaliter iturum spoponderat, plures
e nobilitate secum duxit, inter quos Burchardus juvenis
quidem estate, sed egregiae indolis, qui Remis in reditu
febre correptus occubuit; hie, antequam expiraret, sepe-
liri petiit apud Sanctum Remigium, cui villas et praedia
ex patrimonio liberaliter concessit assensu patris Algarii,
et Regis Edwardi, unde erectus Prioratus de Lapeieia,
cujus meminit Petrus Cellensis Epist. Charta conces-
sionis sic incipit, ^ Notum sit Algarum quemdam, An-
glorum comitem, consentiente Edwardo Anglorum Rege,
Sancto Remigio villam de Lapeleia dedisse pro anima
filii sui Burchardi, cujus corpus in polyandrio Ecclesias
quicscit/' Metrop. Remensis Historiae, studio Dom.
Gul. Marlot. Insul. 1666. 4.^^. tom. i. p. 345. The
Church of Rheims held moreover a hide of land of King
Edward in the hundred of Ouvret in Shropshire.
Domesd. tom. i. fol. 252.
* Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 22.
' Other early grants to Foreign Monasteries may un-
doubtedly be found, if sought for, among ancient charters;
but they arenotnumerous. Duchesne has printed one from
Y 3
326
G£N£RAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY,
Principal xhc Conqueror's grant of the Church of
Matters noticed ^ o
in this Record. Decrhuist in Gloucestershire to the Abbey of
§ 8. Hutaricai St. Dcnys in 1069, has been named : he made
pmiicuhr it in the Monastery of St. Swithin, Winchester^
in thu Becord. whilst mass was celebrating.' The charter is
Duke Bertoald in 792, endowing the Abbey of St Denys
with the Church of Rotherfield, and his ports of Hastings
and Pevensey, in Sussex : which was confirmed by Ofia
and Ethelwulph. Felibien too, in his History of that
Abbey, Recueil de Pieces justificatifs, p. Ixxiz. gives a
charter of Edgar to St. Denys A.D. 960, relating to its
interest in certain produce in cattle and money from the
same places, of which Togred ^< propositus ^ of Edgar's
household, had deprived the monks. This latter charter
is still preserved in the Hotel Soubise at Paris. The
Clause Roll of the 7th Joh. recites that the manor of
Otrei in Devonshire, which is entered in Domesday as
belonging to St. Mary's Cathedral at Rouen, had been
given to that church by Earl Otlio before the arrival of
the Normans in England. See the Monast. Anglic.
vol. vi. Ft. ii. p. 1119.
^ From a passage in the Register of Batde Abbey^
MS. Cotton. Domit A. ii. it seems as if William, when
he bestowed a charter upon any monastery, usually
accompanied it by some impressive speech or ceremoniaL
Noticing his gift of the royal manor of Wi in Kent to
that Abbey the writer says, <^ Quod cum Ecclesias eidem
conferret, verbum memoriale et merito recolendum ipse
ter praedicandus Princeps dixisse memoratur. Siquidem
quibusdam tantas largitatis causa mirantibus, Ego^ ait,
istud corpori meo aufero, et animse meae confero. Qua
de re^ inquit, si corpus illud libera et quiete tenere
prsevaluit, multo dignius est ut anima melior pars hominb
est, hoc si fieri potest liberius atque quietius possideat."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 327
printed by Felibien : ^ but no notice of the Prindpii
* "^ Matters noticed
gift occurs in the Domesday Survey. King m this Record
William's gifts indeed to Foreign Monasteries, $ s. Historical
are but sparingly mentioned there in direct Articular
terms. A gift of seven hides of land at Aissele ^^^^
in Surrey to the Abbey of the Holy Cross at —
St. Leufroy, in the diocese of Evreux, is parti-
cularized ;^ a gift of three hides of land at Rov-
rige in Devonshire to St Mary Rouen ; * ten
hides at Horselei in Gloucestershire to the Abbey
of Trouarn in the diocese of Baieux : * and a
small portion of land at Cratinga in Suffolk to
the Abbey of Bernay.* Of the rest, even where
charters are extant which certify that the posses-
sions described were given by William to different
Abbies, the Survey simply says ** Ecclesia*' or
" Abbatia tenet de Rege.'' As, under Penitone
in Hampshire belonging to the Abbey of Gres-
tain,^ the Conqueror's gift of which is recited in
King Richard the First's charter of confirmation
to that Monastery.'' Helingey in the same
County,® belonging to the Abbey of Jumieges,
is named as the Conqueror's gift in a confirma-
> Hist, de TAbbaye de St. Denys, Recueil de Pieces,
p. Ixxxviii.
^ Domesd. tom.i. fol. S4.
5 Ibid. fol. 104. * Ibid. fol. 166 b.
^ Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 389.
^ Ibid. torn. i. fol. 43 b.
7 Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. vi. Pt. ii. p. 1090.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 43 b.
Y 4
328 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOME8DAT.
Principal tion from King Henry the Second.* The same in
Matters noticed -A
in this iiecord. regard of Tarente in Dorsetshire,^ which belonged
§ 8. Historical to the Holy Trinity at Caen : * of Rawelle in
particular Gloucestcrshire, belonging to St. Evroul, for
^^i^H. which the Conqueror's own charter is extant:
and in other instances which might readily be
cited/
Of Queen Matilda's Gifts to Foreign Monas-
teries^ two only are particularly specified in the
Survey : the land at Deverel in Wilts,* which
she gave to St Mary at Bee ; • and two hides
at Frantone in Dorset, which she gave to the
Conqueror's foundation of St Stephen at Caen/
No mention occurs of the Conqueror and his
Queen having founded the Monasteries of
St Stephen and the Holy Trinity in that City :
although their lands in England are specified*
> Men. Angl. ut supr. p. 1087.
> Domesd. torn. i. foL 79«
^ Edw. IL conf. Charter Men. Angl. ut supr. p. 1078.
^ Other entries of lands belonging to Alien Monas-
teries, as held of the King will be found, in Sussex,
Domesd. torn.], fol. 17* Berks, tom.i. fol. 59b. Dors.
i. 78 b. Somers. i. fol. 91. Devon, i. 104. In the notice
of the Monasteries of St. Mich, de Monte^ St. Stephen,
and the Holy Trinity at Caen, in Midd. torn. i. fol.
128 b., in Oxf. torn. i. 157. GUmc. torn. i. 166. 166 b.
Cambr. torn. i. fol. 193.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 68 b.
^ See also^. Hen. II. charter of confirmation to Bee
Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1068.
7 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 78 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 329
The following are the instances enumerated ^ Principal
n -I /» 1 -I -n 1 1 Matters noticed
in the Survey, of donations of land in England in this Record,
to Foreign Monasteries by the Norman barons : § s. Hittoncai
Tom. i. fol. 34 b. St. Mary of Bee holds land ^wkL^r
under Richard the son of Earl Gislebert The ^"^^tJl
confirmation of his grant of this land appears in
a confirmation charter to the Monastery from
King Henry the Second.*
Tom. i. fol. 79- Hugh Fitz Grip gives land
at Wadone in Dorsetshire to the Nunnery at
Villarium.
Tom. i. fol. 91. Nigel the Conqueror's phy-
sician bestows a manor un-named, consisting of
five hides, in Somersetshire, upon the Church of
Monteburgh.
Tom. i. fol. 166, Earl Roger de Montgomery
gives Newent to Sl Mary of Cormeilles, con-
sisting of six hides of land.
Tom. i. fol. 166. Roger de Laci gives a hide
of land at Tantesborne in Gloucestershire to the
Abbey of Lira.
Tom. i. fol. 174. William Fitz Osbem Earl
of Hereford is recorded to have given a half
hide at Tametdeberie to the Abbey of Cormeilles.
He died in the fifth year of the Conqueror's reign.
Tom. i. foK228. Gilbert de Gant gives a
half hide in Eston in Northamptonshire to the
Abbey of St. Peter sur Dive,
> Hon. Angl. vol. vi. Pt. ii. p. 1068.
8S0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal ToiD. i. fol. 229. The Countess Judith gives
in this Record, to the Abbcy of St Vandrille ** concessu Regis,**
§ 8. maoricai three hides and a half in Buchedone in the same
^!J2^ County.
ff^R^ These extensive donations to Convents abroad,
which increased for a large portion of the time
during which Normandy and Anjou were sub-
ject to England, formed a nucleus for discon-
tent The Priories abroad, for the better
management of their estates and rents in Eng-
land, established Cells subordinate to their
respective Houses. These were called Alien
Priories. The produce of their estates was
probably magnified in popular opinion ; but,
whether more or less, in the wars between Eng-
land and France, their revenues were regularly
seized. At a later period their suppression was
made legal : and the confiscation of their lands
formed the precedent which led to the general
Dissolution of Monasteries in the reign of Henry
the Eighth.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 331
Sect. 9— -ILLUSTRATIONS op ANCIENT MANNERS.
There are a few passages in Domesday Principal
«. 1 .11 . .. o - ^ -KH- Matters nodocd
peculiarly illustrative of ancient Manners. in this Record.
In Berkshire, torn. i. fol. 57 b. is this singular j 9. jJu^tums
entry under the royal demesnes at Henret, now ^^^
Hendred : ^* Henric^ ten ibi i. hid quae fuerat in ~
firma regis. Godricus tenuit. Aluric^ de Taceha
dicit se uidisse breuem regis qd ea dederit
feminae Godrici in dono. eo q*d nutriebat canes
suos. Sed nemo e in Hund qui breuem uiderit
pter Aluricum." ^
In Warwickshire, the Abbey of Malmesbury
is said to have held the Manor of Niwebold.
It is added, " Vluuinus monach^ tenuit. 7 ipse
ded aecctae q^ do /actus est monachus** ^
Gifts of lands " de uictu et vestitu Monacho-
rum'* frequently occur. In the account of
Wiltshire it is said, ** Ipsa asccta [Wiltun]
tenebat !!• hid T. R. E. quas Toret dederat ibi
cu duab^ JilialP suis 7 ex eis sep fuer uestitas
donee eps Baiocsis injusteabstulit aecctae.**^
' In the Flac. Coron. IS Edw. I. one Hardekynus held
a tenement in Wodeham Mortimer in Essex ^* per ser-
jantiam ad nutriendam unam Brachettam domini Regis
cum Dominus Rex ei illam miserit ad nutriendam.'^
ISee Blount, p. 26.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2S9«
^ Ibid. fol. 68. Other instances of the granting of
lands for the support of daughters in Monasteries will
be found tom. i. foil* 59 b« 78*
332 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY*
Principal Jn the account of Berkshire, torn. i. fol. 59.
Matters noticed ^
in this Record, there is Ell entry equally worthy notice. It
ofjinderU
Mannert. Among the ancient Charters preserved in the British
" Museum, is one in the Cottonian Collection, marked
XI. 16. from Waleran Earl of Warwick to the Nuns
of Finley. It is the grant which he made to these
Religious at the time when his daughter and niece
entered the Nunnery for education, where the daughteTf
at least, was aflerwards professed. Waleran became
Earl of Warwick in the 7th Rich. L This Deed is
here transcribed at length, because it shows the
conditions which usually accompanied such grants as
Toret's to the Abbey of Wilton. The Seal of Earl
Waleran is appended to it.
^^ Omnibus ad quos presens scriptum penrenerit
Walerannus comes Warwic. salutem. Notum sit vobis
omnibus, me concessisse et hac present! carta mea con-
firmasse Monialibus de Pinnclei duas marcas argenti de
redditu meo de Claverdona, a senescallo meo singulis
annis percipiendas, unam marcam ad festum Sancti
Michael is, et alteram ad festum Sanctae Marias in Marcio,
quamdiu scilicet Moniales ipsae Gundredam filiam meam
et Ysabellam neptem meam, quas eis commendavi,
habuerint nutriendas et custodiendas. Si vero una
illarum puellarum a nutritura et custodia Monialium
fuerit amota, Moniales non nisi unam marcam annuatim
percipient. Si autem utraque fuerit ex voluntate mea
amota quietus ero de duabus illis marcis. Quod si
aliquo casu prsedictas dues marcae prefatis Monialibus
sub prescripta forma non reddantur, Moniales illas
memoratas puellas mihi vel heredibus meis tradent.
Preterea concessi, et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi
predictis Monialibus de Pinnelea, redecimationemdominii
mei de Waltona in puram et perpetuam elemosinam pro
salute animsB ipeas et Margerias Comitissas^ uxoris meas,
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* 333
relates to ten hides of land ^ at Spersholt, which Pnndpai
one Edric, in the time of King Edward the in this Record.
Confessor, had given to his son, who was then a ^o.mi^tums
monk of Abingdon, to provide himself with ^mH^^
maintenance. The gift was for his life. He
died before the taking of the Survey, and the
Abbey was called upon by the Conqueror's
inquest, to show by what title it continued to
hold the land. " Anschil teii Spersold de atefcia.
Edric tenuit in alod de rege E. De hoc manerio
scira attestatur quod Edricus qui eum tenebat
deliberavit ilium filio suo qui erat in Abendone
monachus, ut ad firmam illud teneret. 7 sibi
donee viveret necessaria uitaB inde donaret. post
mortem uero ejus Manerium haberet. 7 ido
nesciunt homines de scira quod Abbatiae perti-
et R. Com. patris mei, et G. Com. matris mess, et
W. Cora, fratris mei^ et aliorum predecessorum et
successorum meorum. Hiis testibus Th. Priore, Johanne
de Kibbeclive, Ric. capellano meo, Willielmo senescallo,
Rogero Murdac, Rad. Selvein, Widone de Oilli, Rogero
clerico, Symone camerario, et aliis.''
Among the entries of the lands of St.Benet Holm,
in Norfolk, we read^ <^ In Estuna tenuit Rad. Staira
T. R. E. I. car. terras et dedit cam T. R. Willielmi, cum
uxore sua, ad Abbaliam, concessione Regis." Domesd.
tom.ii. 218.
» The[Cottonian Register of Abingdon Monastery,
Claud. C. IX. has a charter of King Edgar to his cham-
berlain ^thelsie, granting to him these ten cassates (as -
they are called) in perpetuity, and to give them to his
heirs. A.D. 96S. This seems to have been Edric*s title
to the land at Spersholt.
334 OENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principij neat Neque enim inde viderunt brevem regis
Matters noticed i-mi aii i-rYi-nr^
iii this Record, vel sigiUum. Aboas vero testatur quod m 1 . K. h.
^9.i!h^ions misit ille Matierium ad ecclesiam unde erat 7
^i^^^. ii^de habet brevem et sigillum R. E. attestantibus
omnibus monachis suis.*'
Instances of holding lands for three lives occur
several times. Tom. i. fol. 46 b» Ordie. " Hoc
W. T.R.E. extra Ecclesiam emptum fuit eo pacto
et conventione ut post tertium hseredem cum
omni pecunia CD. Ecclesia S. Petri de Episcopatu
reciperet N*c qui tenet Radidfus est tertius
h(Bres.'* In the account of the manor of Hiwi
in Wiltshire, belonging to Ralph de Mortimer^
*^ Toti emit ea T.R.E. de aeccia Malmesbiensi.
ad etate triu ho*um. 7 infra hS rminQ poterat ire
cu ea ad que uellet dfim." ' So, among the
lands held under Pershore Abbey at Wadberge
by Urso. *' Hanc emit q^a Godricus tein^ regis
E. uita triu hceredu. 7 dabat in anno monachis.
I. firma p recognitions Modo hi hanc tra tcius
hasres. scilicet Vrso qui ea tenet. Post cuj^
morte debet redire ad secctam S. Mariae.***
Another mention of this custom occurs at Escelie
in Worcestershire.^ It is, however, older than
Domesday. We find it noticed in the *^ Indi-
culum Libertatis de Oswaldes Lawes Hundred**
of the time of Edgar : " per spatium temporis
» Domesd. torn. i. fol. 72. * Ibid. fol. 175.
' See also Hearne's edit, of Heming's Chartulary,
vol. i. p. 293.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 335
trium hominum, id est, duorum post se heredum." Principal
In Dorsetshire, under Catesclive, the purchase in this Record,
of a lease for life occurs. " Hanc tra similir §9. lu^rationi
emit Alnod ab epo Aluuoldo. ea cuentione ut %^^!^
post ej^ morte ad secctam rediret." ^
Somersetshire is the first County in the Survey
in iirhich we have mention of the Ordeal. Of
certain lands connected in customary rents and
services with Taunton we read, " De his oihib}
rris facturi sacramtu ut Judiciu portaturi ad
Tantone ueniunt." ^ In the account of Lincoln,
also, in contradiction of the testimony of the
burgesses of the city, it is said, " Sed his juran-
tib} contradicit Vluiet pbr 7 ofTert se portaturu
Judicium qd non ita est sicuti dicunt." * In the
second volume of the Survey the readiness of
claimants to prove by Ordeal or by Battle occurs
in a greater variety of instances. In Norfolk,
" In Matelesc ubi comes Alan^ ten calupniaL i.
ho regis, xvi. ac terrae offerendo Juditiu^ t Bellu^
cont* hund. qd testat^ eos comiti. s; quida ho
comitis uult pbare qd hund uerii testatur I
Judith t Bello. Ribald^ ten&.** * In the same
County, under Biskele it is said, *^ Hanc terra
calupniatur Godricus Dapifer p homine suum
Juditio 1 Bello. Radulfu scilic&. qd tenuit ad
feudu comitis. R. 7 hund testatur ad feudu
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 80.
2 Ibid. fol. 87 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 33 b.
^ Ibid. torn. ii. fol. 146 b.
GENERAL INTEODUCTIOM TO DOME8DAT.
»i tion from King Henry the Second.* The same in
<UC6u
cord, regard of Tarente in Dorsetshire,^ which belonged
oricai to the Holy Trinity at Caen : ' of Rawelle in
uiar Gloucestershire, belonging to St. Evroul, for
j^^coru, which the Conqueror's own charter is extant:
'. and in other instances which might readily be
cited.*
Of Queen Matilda's Gifts to Foreign Monas-
teries, two only are particularly specified in the
Survey : the land at Deverel in Wilts,* which
she gave to St. Mary at Bee ; ^ and two hides
at Frantone in Dorset, which she gave to the
Conqueror's foundation of St Stephen at Caen.^
No mention occurs of the Conqueror and his
Queen having founded the Monasteries of
St. Stephen and the Holy Trinity in that Gty :
although their lands in England are specified.
> Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1087.
> Domesd. torn. i. fol. 79.
^ Edw. II. conf. Charter Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1075
* Other entries of lands belonging to Alien Mona
teries, as held of the King will be found, in Susu
Domesd. tomJ. fol. 17* Berks, tom.i. fol. 59 b. D€
i. 78 b. Somers. i. fol. 91. Devon, i. 104. In the not
of the Monasteries of St. Mich, de Monte, St. StepI
and the Holy Trinity at Caen, in Midd. torn. i.
128 b., in Oxf. torn. i. 157* Glouc. torn. i. 166. 1^
Cambr. torn. i. fol. 193.
* Domesd. torn. i. fol. 68 b.
^ See also^. Hen. II. charter of confirmation f
Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1068.
7 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 78 b.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 329
The following are the instances enumerated ^ Principal
n 1 /» 1 -I x^ 1 1 Matters noticed
in the Survey, of donations of land m England in this Record,
to Foreign Monasteries by the Norman barons : § s. Historical
Tom. i. fol. 34 b. St Mary of Bee holds land latter
under Richard the son of Earl Gislebert The f^Z'^
confirmation of his grant of this land appears in
a confirmation charter to the Monastery from
King Henry the Second.^
Tom. i. fol. 79* Hugh Fitz Grip gives land
at Wadone in Dorsetshire to the Nunnery at
Villarium.
Tom. i. fol. 91. Nigel the Conqueror's phy-
sician bestows a manor un-named, consisting of
five hides, in Somersetshire, upon the Church of
Monteburgh.
Tom. i. fol. 166. Earl Roger de Montgomery
gives Newent to St Mary of Cormeilles, con-
sisting of six hides of land.
Tom. i. fol. 166. Roger de Laci gives a hide
of land at Tantesbome in Gloucestershire to the
Abbey of Lira.
Tom. i. fol. 174. William Fitz Osbem Earl
of Hereford is recorded to have given a half
hide at Tametdeberie to the Abbey of Cormeilles.
He died in the fifth year of the Conqueror's reign.
Tom. i. fol. 228. Gilbert de Gant gives a
half hide in Eston in Northamptonshire to the
Abbey of St. Peter sur Dive.
> Hon. Angl. vol. vi. Pt. li. p. 1068.
EvenU noticed
inthU Record,
30 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMS8DAY*
Principal Tom. i. fol. 229. The Countess Judith gives
AAatters noticed
in this Recori to the Abbey of St Vandrille ** concessu Regis,**
§ 8. HiZncai three hides and a half in Buchedone in the same
and other g^ *
particular <-OUnty.
These extensive donations to Convents abroad,
which increased for a large portion of the time
during which Normandy and Anjou were sub-
ject to England, formed a nucleus for discon-
tent The Priories abroad, for the better
management of their estates and rents in Eng-
land, established Cells subordinate to their
respective Houses. These were called Alien
Priories. The produce of their estates was
probably magnified in popular opinion ; but,
whether more or less, in the wars between Eng-
land and France, their revenues were regularly
seized. At a later period their suppression was
made legal : and the confiscation of their lands
formed the precedent which led to the general
Dissolution of Monasteries in the reign of Henry
the Eighth.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 381
Sect. 9— -ILLUSTRATIONS op ANCIENT MANNERS.
There are a few passages in Domesday Principal
«. 1 .«! . .. /» • ^ ikM- Matters notiocd
peculiarly illustrative oi ancient Manners. in this Record.
In Berkshire, torn. i. fol. 57 b. is this singular § 9. jiu^tion*
entry under the royal demesnes at Henret, now mH^^.
Hendred : ^* Henric^ teii ibi i. hid quae fuerat in ~
firma regis. Godricus tenuit Aluric^ de Taceha
dicit se uidisse breuem regis qd ea dederit
feminae Godrici in dono. eo q'd nutriebat canes
suos. Sed nemo e in Hund qui breuem uiderit
pter Aluricum." *
In Warwickshire, the Abbey of Malmesbury
is said to have held the Manor of Niwebold.
It is added, " Vluuinus monach^ tenuit. 7 ipse
ded fficctae q^dofactus est monachus!^ ^
Gifts of lands " de uictu et vestitu Monacho-
rum'* frequently occur. In the account of
Wiltshire it is said, ** Ipsa aeccta [Wiltun]
tenebat 11. hid T. R. E. quas Toret dederat ibi
cu duab^ JilialP suis 7 ex eis sep fuer uestitas
donee eps Baiocsis injusteabstulitaecctae.**^
' In the Flac. Coron. 13 Edw. I. one Hardekynus held
a tenement in Wodeham Mortimer in Essex ^* per ser-
jantiam ad nutriendam unam Brachettam domini Regis
cum Dominus Rex ei illam miserit ad nutriendam/^
(See Blount, p. 26.
^ Domesd. torn. i. fol. 239*
^ Ibid. fol. 68. Other instances of the granting of
lands for the support of daughters in Monasteries will
be found torn, i* foil. 59 b* 73*
so GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMS8DAY.
Principal Tom. i. fol. 229. The Countess Judith gives
in this Recori to the Abbey of St Vandrille ** concessu Regis,**
§ 8. maoricai three hides and a half in Buchedone in the same
,II^Jto^ County.
ff^n^. These extensive donations to Convents abroad^
which increased for a large portion of the time
during which Normandy and Anjou were sub-
ject to England, formed a nucleus for discon-
tent The Priories abroad, for the better
management of their estates and rents in Eng-
land, established Cells subordinate to their
respective Houses. These were called Alien
Priories. The produce of their estates was
probably magnified in popular opinion ; but,
whether more or less, in the wars between Eng-
land and France, their revenues were regularly
seized. At a later period their suppression was
made legal : and the confiscation of their lands
formed the precedent which led to the general
Dissolution of Monasteries in the reign of Henry
the Eighth.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 331
Sect. 9-— ILLUSTRATIONS op ANCIENT MANNERS.
There are a few passages in Domesday Principal
«. 1 «ii ^ .. /* . ^ ik/r Matters notiocd
peculiarly Illustrative ot ancient Manners. in this Record.
In Berkshire, torn. i. fol. 57 b. is this singular j 9. jH^tumt
entry under the royal demesnes at Henret, now ^^^^
Hendred : ^* Henric^ teii ibi i. hid quae fuerat in
firma regis. Godricus tenuit Aluric^ de Taceha
dicit se uidisse breuem regis qd ea dederit
feminae Godrici in dono. eo q'd nutriebat canes
suos. Sed nemo e in Hund qui breuem uiderit
pter Aluricum." *
In Warwickshire, the Abbey of Malmesbury
is said to have held the Manor of Niwebold.
It is added, " Vluuinus monach^ tenuit. 7 ipse
ded aecctae q^dofactm est monachusP ^
Gifts of lands " de uictu et itestitu MonachO'
rum'* frequently occur. In the account of
Wiltshire it is said, ** Ipsa asccta [Wiltun]
tenebat 11. hid T. R. E. quas Toret dederat ibi
cu duab^ JilialP suis 7 ex eis sep fuer uestitas
donee eps Baiocsis injuste abstulit aecctae.** ^
' In the Flac. Coron. IS Edw. I. one Hardekynus held
a tenement in Wodeham Mortimer in Essex ^* per ser-
jantiam ad nutriendam unam Brachettam domini Regis
cum Dominus Rex ei illam miserit ad nutriendam/^
2See Blount, p. 26.
^ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2S9«
^ Ibid. fol. 68. Other instances of the granting of
lands for the support of daughters in Monasteries will
be found torn. i. foil. 59 b« 78*
342 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Principal Injunction. Canute's laws imposed the absti-
Matters noticed i -n
in this Record, iieiice Under a severe penalty : '*Et vivat qua?*
§9. m^rationt Ubet Vldua absque marito duodecim menses, de-
Ma^^, inde eligat quern ipsa velit. £t si illai intra anni
spatium, maritum eligeret, tunc perdat ea dotem
mariti sui, et omnem possessionem, quam ipsa per
priorem maritum habebat Et capiant proximi
amici terram et possessionem quam ilia prius
habuit ; et sit ille maritus capitis aestimationis reus
apud Regem, vel apud ilium, qui immunitatem
concesserat. Et licet ipsa vi sit rapta, perdat earn
possessionem, nisi ilia a marito post base recedere
et nunquam ipsius uxor esse velit Et nunquam
vidua sacris nimium festinanter initietur. Quas-
libet etiam vidua pragstet armamentum intra
annum, nisi prius mulcts^ ex aliquid opportune
fecerit." '
Of the marriage of Ecclesiastics in the Saxon
times, we have a remarkable memorandum in
the second volume of the Survey, fol. 1 95. In
the notice of the manor of Plufelda in Norfolk,
it is said '' ti mafl accep Almarus cum tuvore sua
antequam esset Episcopus \ et postea tenuit in
Episcopatu. Modo tenet Willielmus Episcopus."
In tom. i. foL 336. in the account of Lincoln^
Uxor Siuuardi pfesbyteri " occurs.
* LL. Anglo- Sax. Wilk. p. 144.
C(
0«NSBAL IMTEODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 343
IIL— ORIGINAL USES and CONSEQUENCES
OF THIS SURVEY.
By the completion of this Survey the King original
acquired an exact knowledge of the possessions consequenon
of the crown. It afforded him the names of the unrey.
landholders. It furnished him with the means
of ascertaining the military strength of the
country : and it pointed out the possibility of
increasing the revenue in some cases, and of
lessening the demands of the Tax Collectors in
others.^ It was, moreover, a Register of Appeal
for those whose titles to their property might be
disputed.
^ Under Eldewincle in Northamptonshire, torn. i.
fol.222. we read, " Valuit. xx. sot. Mode. xxx. sot.
Si bene exerceret\ c sot ualet." Instances of sinking
in the value of property may be found in almost every
County. In Yorkshire, which had been laid waste by
the sword, the instances of depreciation are exceedingly
numerous even among the ** Terrae Regis." Of the
Manor of Walesgrif, torn, i. fol. 299. it is said " T. R. E.
uat Lvi. libras m*» xxx. sot." Of Picheringa, ibid. " H'
Man uat T. R. E. q*? xx^ 7 viii. lib m^ xx^ sot. 7 iiii.
den." Of Drifelt, fol. 299 b. " T. R. E. uat xl. lib.
M° ht rex & est wasL" Of these, with sixteeo other
Manors in this County, all belonging to the Kin^^,
(fol. 299. 299 b.) which appear to have been collectively
valued in the reign of Edward the Confessor at Ji565. 2.
three appear in the time of the Conqueror to have been
completely wasted^ and the rest to have produced the
comparatively small sum of j£^38. 9. 4.
Z 4
SM GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMBSDAYa
of this Surrey.
origiiud Sir William Blackstone -has observed that
Consequences froni the prodigious slaughter of the English
nobility at the battle of Hastings, and the fruit-
less insurrections of those who survived, such
numerous forfeitures had accrued, that William
was able to reward his Norman followers with
very large and extensive possessions.^ Eadmer,
Ingulph, and Henry of Huntingdon complain
heavily of the extirpation of the Englisli firom
offices of honour, power, and emolument, in
Church and State. Yet this must have been
the natural consequence of such a change as
that which was occasioned by the arrival of the
Normans. The Soldiers and ministerial de-
pendants of the Conqueror were to be rewarded :
and we cannot wonder to see them form the
larger portion of the tenants in capite. We
find the Churches and Monasteries however still
retaining their ancient patrimony, with changes,
it is true, but in some cases with considerable
additions from the grants of the Conqueror
himself.^
Edgar Adding, the grandson of Edmund
Ironside and the real heir to the Crown after
* Blackst. Comment. 4^ Oxf. 1766. torn. ii. p. 48.
« See Domesd. torn. i. foil. 43. 78 b. 87 b. 135. 167 b.
176.211. 222. 273. 298. torn. ii. loll. 14. 210. 359 b.
The favoured Churches and Monasteries, exclusive of
Battle Abbey, were those of Winchester, Durham,
St. Paul's, Westminster, St. Edaiundbbury, Shaftesbury,
Evesham, and Burton.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. S4S
Edward the Confessor, occurs as a tenant in Origimd
Uses and
capite in Hertfordshire.* ConsequenceB
Godeva, the widow of Leofric Earl of Mercia, "'^^^'
occurs as a tenant in capite in Leicestershire : ^
and Alveva, the mother of Earl Morcar, con-
tinued at the time of the Survey to hold lands
in the same County.* So also in Suffolk, although
the land noticed in this latter entry must have
been under sequestration : *^ Terra Matris Mor-
chari Comitis quam Willielmus Camerarius et
Otho Aurifex servant in manu regis." *
Rembaldus, the Chancellor of Edward the
Confessor, and Dean of the Collegiate Church
of Cirencester, besides his ecclesiastical prefer-
ments, is entered as holding considerable estates : ^
and very numerous instances might be adduced
of property held by men who had been eith; ^
Thanes or Ministri in the Court of Edward the
Confessor.^
' Domesd. tom.i. fol. 142 a.
^ Ibid. fol. 231 b. She occurs in Warwickshire, also,
torn. 1. fol. 244. and at Nottingham^ ibid. fol. 280 b.
3 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 231 b. * Ibid. ii. fol. 286 b.
» Ibid. i. foil. 68 b. 91. 146. 160.166 b. See also
Kelh. Domesd. IHustr. p. 51. Rudder Hist. Glouc.
p. 357.
^ In Wiltshire, under " Terra Odonis et alio^ Taino^
Regis," foil. 73 b. 74. we read : <* Brictric ten Wochesie.
Pal ef tenuit T.R.E. j geldb p x. hid. Aluric ten
Wadone. Ipse tenuit T.R.E. 7 geldb piii. hirf. Aldred
ten Bimertone. Ipse tenuit T.R.E. 7 geldb p 11. hid.
Cvdvlf^ ten Wintreburne. Ipse tenuit T.R.E. Ibi habr.
346 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Origin^ The Sub-feudatarii, or under-tenants were
Uses and
ConsequeooM disturbed, perhaps less extensively: though it
of this Surrey*
VI. hid. Cheping ten Haseberie. Ipse tenuit T.ILE. 7
geldb p una ^. ^rse. Cola ten Gramestede. Pat ^
tenuit T. B. E. 7 geldb p i. hida. 7 diffi. Oodric teS
HerthL Pat ^ tenuit T.R.E.f geldb p in. virg 7
dim. Gode ten i. hid in Stotecome. Ipsa tenuit T. iZ. £•
Tra. e. in. car. Edvin^ ten Chigelei. If$e tenuit
T. R. E. 7 geldb p una ^. trae. Eklward^ ten Widetone.
Pat ^ tenuit T.ILE. 7 geldb p in. hid, Filius Aiulf
ten Gramestede. Pat ej^ tenuit T. R. E* 7 geldb p una
hida. 7 dim. Wenesii uxor ten Titicome. Vir e^ tenuit
T.R.E,j geldb p 11. hid.'' In Dorsetshire, tom.L
fol. 84 b. ten Thanes held the same land which they
had possessed in the previous reign. In Hampshire the
instances are very numerous. Osbern Fitz Richard,
whose possessions in capite are noticed, torn. i. foil. 176 b.
186 b. 244. 260. 292. had held a large portion of them
in the time of Edward.
The reader, however, who wishes for more ample
mformation on this point has only to consult the marginal
notes of the Index of Landholders in the time of King
Edward the Confessor.
Very few indeed are the Families of England who
can at this time find their direct ancestors either among
the Tenants in Capite, or the Under-tenants of land in
Domesday. Though it is probable that a diligent search
into evidence may produce many which are at present
unknown.
The Messrs. Lysons, in the new Magna Britannia^
have pursued this inquiry in the few Counties to which
their work extended. The result may serve as on
example of what may be expected in others.
In Bedfordshire and Berkshire, no estates appear to
have remained with the descendants from Tenants in
GENXRAL IKTSODUCnON TO DOMESDAY. 347
must be owned that the Index of Under-Tenants OngiMi
Uses and
in the time of William the Conqueror, whatever Consequences
of this Surrey.
Capite beyond a few generations. In Buckinghamshire
and Cambridgeshire we come a little later down ; the
Earl of Oxford, in the time of Queen Elizabeth,
alienated the last of the possessions in Berkshire which
his family had derived from Hugh de Bolebec ; and in
Cambridgeshire, in 1580, the same Earl alienated Castle-
Camps, the last estate in that county which had descended
to him from Aubrey de Vere. He sold it to a citizen of
London. In Cheshire^ the barony of Kinderton con-
tinued in the family of Venables till 1676. In Cornwall
we find no descents to a late period : and the only estates
in Derbyshire which have continued in the descendants
of those who were their possessors at the time of the
Domesday Survey are some manors of the Gresley
family, which have passed to them in uninterrupted
succession from their ancestor Nigel de Statford.
The remarkable instance of the Berkeleys, however,
of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, must not be
omitted : they have descended in a direct line from
Roger de Berkeley, the Conqueror's companion.
Among the numerous Under-Tenants mentioned
in the Survey, very few have sent their direct descendants
down. Hugh Burdet, indeed, held lands in Leicester-
shire under the Countess Judith, which are said to be
still in the possession of his descendant Sir Francis
Burdett: and although the Grenvilles of Buckingham-
shire are unnamed in the Survey, the Messrs. Lysons
assure us, that the manor of Wotton in Buckingham-
shire, which belonged to Walter Gifard earl of Bucking-
ham at the time of the Survey, was brought in marriage,
about the year 1097) by Isabel daughter and co-heir of
Walter the second earl, to Richard de Grenville, from
348
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO I>OME8DAY.
Original allowance may be made for a change of thirty
UsGS sncl
Consequences OF fofty ycars, picsents a set of names very
o IS urvey. ^jj^j^ (Afferent from that of the Occupiers in
the time of King Edward the Confessor. There
is a remarkable allusion in the Second Volume
of the Survey to the time when the English com-
pounded for their lands. It relates to Stanham
in Suffolk, an estate in the possession of the
Abbey of Bury : " Hanc terram habet Abbas in
vadimonio pro duobus marcis auri, concessu
Engelrici quando redimebant AngUci terras
suas.
n\
whom it has passed in an uninterrupted line of male
succession to the present Duke of Buckingham and
Chandos.
What the Lysons's have said upon this subject in re-
lation to tlie families of Devonshire, is applicable, as &r
as the descendants of under-tenants are concerned, to
evciy County in the Kingdom. They say id is by no
means improbable that the ancient families who, according
to the custom of the period, took their names from the
places of their residence, in the reigns of King John or
King Henry the Third, may have inherited their
estates in direct descent from the Ralphs, Rogers,
Walters, and Williams^ who are so continually entered
as sub-tenants under lords-paramount in the time of
William the Conqueror.
» Tom. ii. fol. S60 b.
In the Survey of Surrey, tom. i. fol. 36 b. we have a
detailed instance of a person^ y(ho was a tenant in capita
in the time of Edward the Confessor, becoming an
under-tenant of the same property in the time of William
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 34^
Of the importance which William himself Origima
attached to the completion of the Survey we con!!^^nces
have a sufficient evidence at the close of a -^^ ^'^ Purvey,
grant which he made soon afterwards to the
Abbey of Westminster. It gives the Monks
their possessions at Piriford ; and finishes,
** Testibus W. Episcopo Dunelmensi & F. Tail-
lebosc, Post Descriptionem to tins Anglice.*^ *
And that the value of the Great Survey was
thoroughly perceived at a time but little subse-
quent to the Conquest, we learn from Robertus
Montensis, who informs us it was imitated in
Normandy by Henry the Second.^
Matthew of Westminster, and Matthew Paris
after him, say that a Tax of six shillings was
raised upon every hide in consequence of the
Survey; but they say nothing of its having
been raised for any specific purpose. The
author of the Saxon Chronicle, however, Hove-
the Conqueror. " In Copedorne Hund. ten. Seman
unam virg. terrae, quam tenuit de Rege E. sed ex quo
venit W. Rex in Angliam sebvivit Osuuoldo, redd,
ei XX. den. Hie se potuit vertere quo voluit T. R. E.'*
' Madox, Formul. Anglic, num. cccxcvi. ex autogr.
penes Dec. et Cap. Westm.
* " Rex H. II. fecit investigari per Normanniam terras
quas Rex H. avus ejus possidebat die qua obiit. Fecit
etiam inquiri quas terras et quas sylvas et quae alia
dominia Barones et alii homines occiipaverant post
mortem Regis H. avi sui, & hoc modo fere duph'cavit
reditus Ducatus Normanniae.'' Rob. Montensis An.
Dom. 1172. See MS. Lansd. 312. fol. 1.
350 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Original den, Henry of Huntingdon, the Chronicle of
Consequences Mailfos, and Simcon of Durham, separate this
urvey.. rp^^ ^.^^^ any couuection with the Survey. They
represent the Tax to have been levied at the
end of 108S^ or the beginning of 1084, imme-
diately after the death of Queen Matilda : and
place the formation of the Survey at a later
Time.
In the Inquisitio Geldi for the five western
counties in the Exeter Manuscript, Danegeld
is throughout computed at sis shillings per hyde,
and wherever it differs it is only in small firac-
tions, owing to the mistakes of the writer or
copier, to which, by the manner in which they
at that time expressed their sums and quantities,
they were very liable.*
By this Survey the Conqueror was enabled to
fix the proportion of Danegeld on the property
of each landholder. Danegeld, from the pay-
^ Webb's short account of Danegeld, p. 16. He adds*
^ In Wiltshire, in the Hundred of Mare (Exeter MS.
p. 288.) the Danegeld for fifty-one hides is 15 1. 6 s.
51x6=306 shillings. In Somersetshire^ p. 237 b. in
the Manor of Torlberg, three hides paid the King 18 s.
for this Tax, 6x8=18. In Devonshire, p. SI la. in
Hertiland Hundred seven hides paid 2i. 2 s. and in
Toritone 24 hides are rated at 7 1. 4 s. In Dorsetshire^
p. 297 a. in Henoltune Hundred, 14^ hides paid 4 1. 7 s.
14^ X 6=87 shillings. In Cornwall^ p. 304 a. in Win-
nentone Hundred, six hides paid 1 1. 16 s. and in
Fanurcone Hundred, 304 b. 11^ hides paid 8l. 98.
11^x6=69 shillings."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 351
ment of which the Confessor had absolved the Original
English, was revived at an early period of Wil- conl^uences
liam's reign : and it had become subject to ^^^^^^^^^r-
numerous exemptions. The demesne lands of
churchmen and religious houses were uniformly
excused. The demesne lands of the great lords,
and barons, and others who held by military
service, were likewise exempted : and partial
exemptions were made in favour of the barons
of the exchequer, the sheriffs of counties, and
the assessors and collectors of the Tax : a few
exemptions, also, were claimed under especial
grants from the King : by means of all which,
it will be readily believed, the produce of the
Tax had been much diminished. The Geld is
never once mentioned in the county of North-
ampton,^ In Somersetshire, out of a hundred
and thirteen hides of land in Witestane hundred,
Danegeld was answered to the crown for no
more than fifty hides. Out of a hundred and
four hides in Camesham hundred, for only fifty
hides. In Devonshire, out of twenty-five hides
in the hundred of Plintone, it was paid only
for nine hides and a virgate. In Dorsetshire,
out of thirty-four hides and a half in Pimpire
hundred, it was answered only for thirteen
hides. In Wiltshire, out of fifty-two hides in
Stapla hundred, it was paid only for fourteen
hides and half a virgate. And, in Cornwall,
Nichols' Hist. Leic. lutrod. Volume, p. xxxv.
352 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
Original Qut of forty-fouT hidcs in Pantone hundred.
Consequences Dancgcld WES answcrcd for only eight hides.*
"^^^' Danegeld occurs but once in the Survey, by
its own name : torn. i. fol. 336 b. under Stamford
in Lincolnshire.
^ Webb's short account of Danegeld, pp. 21. 23. 24.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 353
IV.— ITS CONSERVATION and AUTHORITY
IN COURTS OF LAW.
** Liber de Wintonia,** the very name by itsConaenration
1 • 1 1 -rx 1 ri . "*^ Authority
which the Domesday Survey, in one passage, in ckmrts of
designates itself, is a sufficient evidence of the |__
first place of its deposit Ingulphus, who lived
in the reign of the Conqueror, however, appears
to have obtained extracts from it at London : *
and the History of the foundation of Burton
Abbey, gives a description of land more than
once, " ut habetur in Libro de Domusdiey apud
WiNTONiAM et Westmonasterium*^
The exact time of the removal of the Record,
if there was originally but one copy, cannot
1 Hist. Ingulphi. edit. Gale. pp. 80. 85.
* Dugd. Men. Angl. torn. i. p. 272. Rudborne also, .
who is however a late authority, speaks of two copies of
the Survey. " Eodem tempore factus est magnus Liber
qui habitus est in Thesauro Westnionasterii, et alius in
Thesauro Eccle^iae Cathedralis Wyntonias, vocatus
Domysday." Anglia Sacra, torn. i. p. 257.
In corroboration it may be observed that a tourist of
the year 1634, MS. Lansd. Brit. Mus. 213. fol. 369 b,
describing Winchester Cathedral, after mentioning the
Monument of a Knight-templar in the North Cross aile,
says, " And by this warlike Knight is Domesday-
Vault, "where the Evidence of this Kingdome was kept
of old:'
The Chron. Joh. Abb. S. Petri de Burgo, ed. Sparkes.
fol. 1723. calls Domesday, by mistake, ** Rottdus WiR-
CESTRIiE."
A A
854 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
iisConservation now be ascertained. Certain it is, that at a
and Authority i i i i x^»
in Courts of veiy eaily period it is described, in the Diaiogus
'___ de Scaccario, as the inseparable companion of
the Royal Seal.^ And, it is possible that the
name of Liber de Wintonia might only aUude
to the place where the Returns from the different
counties were breviated ; and that the original^
immediately, or very soon after its completion,
was removed to Westminster.
At Westminster it was kept with the King's
Seal, by the side of the Tally-court in the
Exchequer, under three locks and keys, in the
charge of the auditor, the chamberlains, and
deputy chamberlains of the Exchequer ; ^ till in
1696 it was deposited among other valuable
Records in the Chapter House, where it still
remains.
Appeals to the decision of this Survey occur
at a very early period. Petrus Blesensis notices
an appeal of the Monks of Croyland to it in
the Reign of Henry the First* Others occur
' Dialog, de Scacc lib. i. cap. xvL
* In the Abbreviatio Placitorum Trin. 1 8 Edw. I.
Bedf. rot. 89. p. 222. we read ^* £t profert Librum de
Domesday sub Sigillo Scaccarii.*'
' ^* Prasfato siquidem Abbati Eveshamii Mauricio
successit ad dicti Eveshamensis Monasterii regimen
pastorale Dominus Reginaldus monachus Gioucestriae ;
cujus primis diebus cum terminus centum annorum firms
de Baddeby compleretur, venerabilis abbas Croylandiae
JoiFridus, licet occupatus multum fuisset suam Ecclesiam
necnon alia magna et sumtuosa aedificia nuper ab igne
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 355
in the Abbreviatio Placitorum. In the first itsConsenration
year of King John, it is said, " Abbas Sampson in Courts of
[S. Edmundi] queritur quod Osbertus de
Wechesham, miles episcopi Eliensis, injuste
levavit furcas et suspendium fecit in manerio de
Hecham infra libertatem Sancti Edmundi et
contra libertatem quam habuit beatus Edmundus
a tempore Regis Edwardi et ex ejusdem Regis
dono, et inde protulit Cartas diversorum regum,
et preterea ponit se inde super Rotulum Win-
TONiJE.^^^ Another instance, in a case of antient
consumta reaBclificando, tamen cum jurisperitis commu-
nicato consilio, et lon^o libramine examinans quid circa
manerium de Baddeby Conventus suus decerneret
faciendum : licet Chartas originales combustce fuissent,
et Charta restaurationis dictuQi manerium continens quo
in loco per prasdecessorem suum Ingulphum abbatem
fuerat reposita, penitus ignoraret; censebant tamen et
consentiebant universi Monachi Croylandenses, Evesba-
mium fore adeundum, et manerium de Baddeby in jus
monasterii Croylandiie repetendum ; ac Rotulum Regium
Domesday nuncupalum aUegandum. Ille ut viri religiosi
si conscientiam haberent regulatam, cito redderent; sin
autcm confidentes in pecunia seu exemtione sua, cau-
teriatam cupidamque possiderent, et per nefas retinere
contenderent ; Regis justitias esset adeundum, et ibi pro
jure sui Monasterii viriliter decertendum. Quod et
factum est. Venerabilis enim abbas Joffridus Evesha-
mium adiens, et manerium repetens^ transcriptum Chartas
restaurationis Croylandiae ostendit^ et inter caetera, etiam
audoritatem Regii D0ME8DAY prcetacti in suum atixUium
allegavif.** Rer. Anglic. Script. Vet. a Gale. torn. i.
p. 124.
' Abbrev. Plac. 1 Johis. Suff. rot. 7- p. 22.
A A 2
Law.
356 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
itsConservation demesne, occurs in the eleventh of King John.
and Authority ^ ^
in Courts of ** Robeitus Camcrarius ponit se super Rotulum
WiNTONiJE quod terra ilia pertinet a Conquestu
Angliae ad feudum quod ipse habet tenere in
capite de Domino Rege."^ In subsequent
reigns the pleadings upon antient demesne
are extremely numerous, as may be seen in
the Index to that work.^ The proof of
^ Ibid. Pasch. ii. Johis. Line rot. 6. p. 65.
« Abbrev. Placit. Mic. 1 Ed. I. Sutht. rot. 9. p. 185.
Mic. 4 Ed. I. Midd. rot.S6. p. 188. Tr. 4 Ed. I.
Leyc. rot. 24 d. p. 191. Pasch. 6 Ed. I. Surn rot. 6.
p. 194. Mic. 7 Ed. I. Nott rot. 23. p. 197. Hill.
8 Ed. I. Sussex rot. 8. p. 198. Tr. 18 Ed. I. Bed£
rot. 89. p. 222. Hill. 20 Edw. I. Oxon. rot. 42. p. 228.
et alibi passim. In the Year Book, an. 2 Edw. III.
p. 15. we read ^^ Auncien demesne doit estre averre per
Record de Domesday quant al gros et nient a parcel,
mes parcel puit este averre per pais et ceo que le Court
poit averrer per Record, ne serra jaines trie per pais.
Et fuer al averrement que le lieu ou le pris fuit fait, fuit
franke fee, etc." Compare ann. 40 Edw. III. pp. 45.
46. 49 Edw. III. p. 7. See also Kitchin's Jurisdictions,
8^Lond. 1651. p. 198.
Instances relating to the search whether Towns
belonged to the King's antient demesne in Domesday
will be found in Madox's Firma Burgi, p. 5. A re*»
markable one, also, concerning Tavistock, will be found
in the Abbrev. Placit. Mic. 7 Ed. I. Devon, rot. 7.
p. 270. in which the words of the Survey are quoted.
Upon a trial 37 Hen. VI. it was certified by the book
of Domesday, that London was not antient demesne.
Year Books 37 Hen. VI. p. 27.
Kelham says, *< A question arising in the 12th of
Edward the Third, whether the lands of Roger de
Law.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 367
antient demesne still rests with the Domesday itsConservation
•' and Authority
OUrvey. in Courts of
Other cases in which its evidence is yet -_
appealed to in our courts of law, are, in proving
the antiquity of Mills, and in setting up pre-
scriptions in non decimando. By the statute of
the 9th of Edward the Second, called Articuli
Cleri, it was determined that prohibition should
not lie upon demand of Tithe for a new Mill.^
The Mill therefore which is found in Domesday
must be presumed older than the 9th of Edward
the second, and is, of course, discharged, by its
evidence, from Tithe.^
Huntingfeld were holden of the King tU de Corona or
ut de Baronia vel HoJiore ; the Treasurer and Barons of
the Exchequer were directed by the King's writs to
search Domesday and other Records^ and to call to
their assistance the Judges and others of the King's
Council, and to make their return thereof; they accord-
ingly returned to the King in his Chancery a certificate,
by which they set forth several things which were found
upon the search, and (inter alia) verbatim what they
found relating thereto in Domesday ; but as to the words
contained in the said book of Domesday, they set forth
they were not able to make a declaration or interpreta-
tion of them, unless just as the words sounded : ^ Nesci-
mus interpretationem facere nisi quateniis verba inde
sonant.' Terra Roberti Gernon, Domesday, p. 197.
Mad. Baron, p. 175." Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 245*
' See Burrow's Reports, vol. ii. p. 1048. Trin. Term
33 & 34 Geo. II.
^ Stat, of the Realm, vol. i. p. 171. *
^ See Hughes v. Billinghurst^ Wood's Decrees of tiie
aa3
Law.
358 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
itsConsenration On the dischargc of Abbey lands from tithes,
in Courts of as pFOved by Domesday, it may be proper to
_ state that Pope Paschal the Second, at an early
period, exempted generally all the religious from
paying tithes of lands in their own hands. This
privilege was afterwards restrained to the four
favoured Orders, the Cistercians, the Templars,
the Hospitalers, and the Premonstratensians. So
it continued till the 4th Council of Lateran in
1215, when the privilege was again restrained
to such lands as the Abbies had at that time,
and was declared not to extend to any after-
purchased lands. And it extends only to lands
dvm propriis manibus coluntur^ From the
paucity of dates in early documents, the Domes-
day Survey is very frequently the only evidence
which can be adduced that the lands claiming a
discharge were vested in the Monastery before
the year expressed in the Lateran Council.^
Court of Exchequer in Tithe Causes, vol. ii. p. 208.
Weatherhead v. Bradshaw, ibid. vol. iii. p. 4S0.
> Decret lib. iii. tit. 30. c. 10. See Gwillim's Reports
of Cases respecting Tithes, vol. iv. p. 1311.
* Compare the Case of Claville v. Oram. Gwillim,
vol. iv. p. 1354.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 359
v.— PUBLICATION of the SURVEY.
In 1767* in consequence of an Address of the Pubiicadon of
House of Lords, His Majesty was graciously "^^'
pleased to give directions for the publication,
among other Records, of the Domesday Survey/
In the following year, specimens, one executed
with tjrpes, the other by engraving,* were sub-
» See the Report on Public Records, A.D. 1800.
p. 40. Compare also Journ. H. of Lords, 29 Jun. 1767.
* Council Books, Soc. Antiq. The following was the
general Plan of the Expence of engraving the Domesday
Survey, according to Mr. Bayly's Estimate, submitted
to the Society of Antiquaries.
" To tracing and engrav-^
'il i'SchraS ^88 16 0 6.988 ,6 0
for one or two colours J
To Copper Plates fori -g^ g ^
one colour - - /
To Copper Plates fori _ _ , jg jg ^
two colours - - J
For rolling off 1 250 1
Copies, m one colour J
For rolling off 1,250 1 . . . 7.280 0 0
Copies, in two colours } '
To Paper at 258. perl ^^
Ream, for one colour J ^
To Paper at SOs. per'> _ _ 3 010 0 0
Ream, for two colours ) " *
Totals 12,681 4 0 18,44*3 12 0
Smallest Ezpenoe. Largest Expence.
" Time of finishing the Work, viz.
1st Year, Six Men - 180 Plates \
2d Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates . j.
3d Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates >^^ pit!/ ^
4th Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates I ^^'^*
5th Year - - - - 134 Plates J
1,664 Plates."
A A 4
360 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.
PubUcation of mittcd by command of the Lords of His Majesty's
'_ Treasury to the President and Council of the
Society of Antiquaries, for their opinion : and
an engraved copy of the work appears to have
been at first considered as the most proper and
advisable. At the close, however, of I768,
the fairest and most perfect Letter having been
selected from different parts of the Survey, a
resolution was taken to print it with metal types.
A fac-simile type, uniform and regular, with
tolerable exactness, though not with all the cor-
responding nicety of the original, was at last
obtained,^ and the publication was entrusted to
Mr. Abraham Farley, a gentleman of learning
as well as of great experience in Records,
and who had had almost daily recourse to the
Book for more than forty years.*
It was not however till afler I77O that the
Work was actually commenced. It was com-
pleted early in 1783, having been ten years, in
passing through the Press. The Type with
which it was executed was destroyed in the
fire which consumed Mr. Nichols's Printing-office
in the Month of February 1808.
^ It was projected by Mr. John Nichols, and executed
by Mr. Joseph Jackson.
* He was for many years the Principal Deputy in the
Tally Court of the Receipt of the Exchequer.
INDEX OF TENANTS
IN THE TIME OF
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR,
WHO HELD THEIR LANDS IMMEDIATELY FROM
THE KING:
ORDINARILY STYLED
TENANTS IN CAPITE.
INDEX
OF
TENANTS IN CAPITE.
A,
Abbatissa [sc. de Leofminstre],^ Here/, 180, 180 b.
Abedesberiensis Abbada, Dors. 78.^
Abendon, Abbatia S. Mariae de, Berhs^ 56,® 58 b.* Oxf.
156b.^ GUmc. 166.« Wcarw. 239/
1 The Abbey of Leominster, as far as its foundation as a
Nunnery was concerned, was dissolved in the time of Eang
Henry the First.
2 From the words " T. R. E. geldabat " to the diflFerent
properties, it may be presumed that all the Abbey manors
of Abbotsbury had been held in the time of King Edward
the Confessor. Of one portion of land only it is said,
" h erat de victu monachorum T. R. E."
^ ** Abb. de Abendone habet ii. acras (in Walingeforde)
in quibus sunt vii. masurs de iiii. solid, et pertin. ad
Oxeneford."
^ ** Semper fuit in abbatia," or '< semper tenuit/* are the
terms which accompany most of the Berkshire manors be-
longing to the Abbey of Abingdon.
'' Of the Oxfordshire manors of Abingdon it is said,
'< Hxc terra tota fuit et est de dominio S. Mariae Aban-
doniensis.''
^ Of the manor of Dubentone in Gloucestershire, belong-
ing to Abingdon, it is said, " Hoc S3 geldabat T. R. E."
^ Hillc, the manor referred to in Warwickshire in this
S64f INDEX OP TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Abetot, Vrso de,* Ghuc. 169 b. Wore. 177 b. Heref.
180, 180 b. 187 b. fVarw, 243 b.
Accipitrarius^ Bemardus, Berks^ 63.
Edricus, Norf. 272.
- Godvinus, Hants^ 50 b.
- Osbemus, HatUSj 49 b.
Achebranni S. Canonici, Comw, 121.^
Adam filius Durandi malis operibus, Essex^ 94.
Adeldreda, Sancta, Norf. 212 b. v. Ely.
Adeling, Edgar, vide Edgar.
Adelingi sive Adelingiensis Abbatia, Dors. 78 b.
Somers. 91.^
Adeliz seu Adeliza ^ uxor Hugonis de Grentemaisnil,
Hertf. 142 b. Leic. 236 b. 244 b.
Adobed, Rualdus^ Dev. 1 14 b.
Adreci, Norman de,^ Line. 361 b. Clam. TV, R. Line.
376 b.
folio, was probably a recent purchase. '< Abbatia de Aben-
done habet in Hille ii. hid. quas emit Abbas de feudo
TurchiUi."
1 See an account of him in Dugd. Bar. p* 462. Kelh*
Elustr. of Domesd. p. 89. He was alive in the time of
Hen. I., to several of whose charters in the Monasticon he
signs as witness. He was sheriff of Worcestershire* Hence
he is called 'Vrso de Wirecestre in the Survey, torn, i,
fol. 169 b.
^ The Canons of St. Keveme in Cornwall, in the hundred
of Barrier.
s The manor referred to in this entry was in the Abbey,
T* R. £.
4 She and her husband held their lands in capite sepa-
rately. Adeliza died at Rouen in 1091, and was buried in
the monastery of St. Evroul, which her husband had
founded. Neustr. Pia, p. 1 19.
^ The progenitor of the family of D* Arcie. Kelh. p. 124.
INDEX OF TENANl'S IN CAPITE. 365
i^LDEVA libera femina,' BerkSy 63 b.
/Eldredus Archiepiscopus,- Ckmi. Ebor. 373 b.
Agelricus, Somers. 99.
Agemund, HaniSy 50 bis.^ 50 b.* 51 b.^ Line. 336.
Agemundus alter, Hants^ 50.
Agemundus presbyter, Line. 371 b.
AiLMARUS filius Goduini, 'Norf, 272 b.
Ailrvn, Dots. 84.
AiLuuARD, Dors. 84.
AiNCURT, Walterius de,' Northampt. 226. Derb. 276 b.
Nottingh. 280 b. 288 b. YorA**. 326. Lt«c, 361.
Clatn. in Chetst. 376 b. 377 b. Yorksh. 379.
AiULFUS, Dev. 116.
AiuLFUS camerarius,**' Ztor«. 82 b.
His posterity were long settled at Nocton in Lincolnshire.
He was alive in the 6th of William Rufus, and a benefactor
to the Abbey of St. Mary York. Dugd. Bar. i. p. S69.
> " Tenuit T. R. E.''
2 Archbishop of York, A.D. 1061-1069.
^ " Ipsemet tenuit in alodium de rege £."
4 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ •* Godric et Agemund i. hid. in paragio."
«> " Ipse tenuit in alodium pro f5 de rege E."
7 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 385. Kelh, p. 104. Bridges, Hist.
Northampt. ii. p. 441. Edmund Deincourt, the last of
the elder branch of this family, died early in the reign of
Edward the Third. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Derb. p.lxi.
^ Hampreston, one of Aiulfus's possessions in Dorset-
shire, has retained the epithet of Chamberlain to the pre-
sent time. In the list of Tenants in capite prefixed to this
county he is called Vice-camesy which, as well as a passage
in Dors. 83. col. 1, identifies him with the Aiulfus who stands
next to him in the Index. He had been sheriff in the time
of King Edward the Confessor.
366 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
AiULFUs viceoomes, Berks^ 63. WUts^ 73.
Alanus Comes,^ HantSy 44. Dors. 79. Hertf. 132, 136 b.
Cambr. 189. 193 b.^ NarOampt. 224f. Derb.2t3h.
NotHngh. 282 b. 298, 298 b. Yarkgh. 298, 298 b.
309. Line. 34n. Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam. N.Lmc.
376. Clam, in CheUt. 377, 377 b. YoriA. 379,
379 b. 380 b. 381, 381 b. Essex, 35. Norf. 144.
Suff. 293.
Albamarla, Comitissa de,^ Essex y 91b. iS^ 430 b.
Albani, S. Abbatia, Berks, 56 b. 59 b. Hertf. 135 b.
Buckingh. 145 b.
1 Alan Earl of Britany and Richmond. He married
Constance, daughter of the Conqueror, and commanded the
rear of the army at the battle of Hastings. See Dugd. Bar*
i. p. 46. His greatest possessions were the lands in the
North Riding of Yorkshire, which had belonged to Elarl
Edwin, constituting Richmondshire. An illumination in the
Registrum Honoris de Richmond, MS. Cotton. Faust. B. vii.,
represents the Conqueror delivering the grant of these lands
to Earl Alan. '< Ego Willielmus cognomine Bastardus, Rex
Anglise, do et concedo tibi nepoti meo, Alano Britannie
comiti, et heredibus tuis imperpetuum omnes, villas et terras
quae nuper fuerunt Comitis Edwyni in Eboracshira, cum
feodis militum et ecclesiis et aliis libertatibus et consuetu-
dinibus, ita libere et honorifice sicut idem Edwinus ea tenuit.
Dat. in obsidione coram civitate Ebor."
^ The Messrs. Lysons, in their Magna Britannia, Cambr.
p. 24*, say, *' A small part of the vast property of the Earl
of Britany in this county, consisting of the manors of Ful-
bourn and Swavesey, continued in his descendants of the
male line, the Zouches, as late as the year 1400, and after-
wards passed by female heirs to the families of Botetort,
Burnel, Boteler, and Carey."
2 Adeliza, half-sister of the Conqueror, and wife to Odo
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 367
Albemarle, Robertus de,^ Dev. 113.
Albericus camerarius, Hants^ 49 b. Wilts, 74 b.
Albericus camerarius Regin^, WUts, 63 b.
Albericus Comes,'* Wilis, 69, Bucks, 143. Oxf, 157 h.
NorthampL 224. Leic. 231 b. Warw. 238, 239 b.
Yarksh. 379.
Ajlbertus, Berksj 63. Line. 336 b.
Albertus capeHanus, Kent, 14 b.
Albertus clericus, Surr. 36 b. £u^ 294.
Albertus Lothariensis, Heref. 186. JSed/I 216 b.
Albingi, Nigellus de,^ Bucks, 151 b. Bedf. 214. ictc.
236. Warw. 244.
Earl of Champagne and Albemarle. See Dugd. Bar. i.
p. 60. She was whole sister to Odo Bishop of Baieux, and
to the Earl of Moretaine.
1 Ancestor of the Damarells, who gave name to Milton
Daraarell and Stoke Damarell in Devonshire. Lysons, Mag.
Brit. Dev. p. li. A branch of his family remained to Sir
William Pole's time, but in mean condition.
2 There was an Albric or Albericus, a Norman, who, ac-
cording to Simeon of Durham, was made Earl of Northum-
berland about the year 1080, but who soon afterwards re-
turned to Normandy. See also Dugd. Bar. i. p. 56. The
Earl Aubrey of the present references seems to have been
a different person, though of what county he was Earl does
not appear. Dugdale, in his Bar. tom.i. p. 1839 thinks there
is little doubt but that this Albericus Comes was the pro-
genitor of the Veres Earls of Oxford. Alberic de Ver,
however, their real progenitor, occurs in other parts of the
Survey ; in Middlesex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire,
Essex, and Suffolk. At the time of the Survey all Earl
Aubreys lands were " in manu Regis." Of those in War-
wickshire Geoffrey de Wirce had the custody.
3 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 118. He died 3 Steph. Roger, his
eldest son, by command of King Henry the First, took the
368 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
Albus, RobertuSy Narthampt. 225 b.
Alden, Derb. 278 b. Nott. 292 b.
Alden presbyter, Line. 37 L
Aldene, 293 bis. Line. 371.
Aldit, Norf. 271.
Aldred, WiliSj 73 b. bis.'
Aldreda, S. v. Ely.
Aldvi, Somers. 99.^
Alestan, Wilts, 73 b.
Alfhilla, Dev. 118b.^
Alfildis,* WiUs, 74.
ALFREDUSy Noff. 270 b,
Algab, Wilts, 73 b. Dev. 118 b.^ Nottingh. 292 b.
Line. 371.
Algar presbyter, Dev. 104.
Alis, seu Alisius, Willelmus, Hants, 48 b.
AxMAR, Wilts, 73 b.
Almarus, 2X)r«. 84 b. Bed/. 21S.^ Staff. 250 h. Notf.
272.
Almer, Hants, 50 b.
surname of Mowbray, from whom the Dukes of Norfolk are
descended. Among his under-tenants we find, ** In Siuui-
lesson ten. qusedam concubina Nigelli ii. hid."
Nigel de Albini's estates in Bedfordshire went to a younger
son, who had a castle at Cainhoe in the parish of Clophill,
and passed by a female heir to the St. Amands.
1 *' Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
2 « Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E."
3 " Ipsa tenebat T. R. E.*'
4 « Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E."
* « Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
^ *< Hanc terram pater ejusdem hominis tenuit, et rex
W. ei per brevem suum reddidit.*'
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 869
Almundus, Sanctus,^ Shropsh. 252, 253.
Alnod, Dev. 118.
Alric, Hants, 50 b.^ 53 b.^ Wilts, 73 b. Dev. 118 b.*
Staff. 250 b.«
Alric et nepos ejus,® Hants, 53 b.
Alricus, Bed/. 218/ 218 b.»
Alricus coquus, Sticks, 153.
Alselin, Goisfridus,® NarthampL 219, 221. Z^c. 235b.
i>er6. 276 b. Nottingh. 280, 289. YortoA. 326.
Line. 336. 369 b. Clam. Ebor. 373 b. 374.
Yorksh. 379.10
Alselin, Goisfridus, et Radulphus nepos ejus,
Northampt. 219."
1 The Collegiate Church of St. Alcmund in Shrewsbury,
the estates of which were surrendered for the foundation of
the Priory of Lilleshull. See the last edit, of Dugd. Monast*
vol. vi. p. 261.
2 « Hanc tenuit pater ejus de rege £• sed hie regem non
requisivit post mortem Godric sui avunculi qui earn custo-
diebat."
3 « Tenet et tenuit.*'
4 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
* " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ " Ipsimet tenuerunt in alod. de rege E."
7 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
8 ** Isdem qui tenet tenuit T. R. E."
^ Kelh. Illustr. p. 105. His estates after two generations
went by a daughter to the Bardolphs.
1^ The lands in Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Derby-
shire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, granted
to Geoffrey Alselin, had all belonged to a Saxon named
Tochi.
11 They had two houses in Northampton only.
B B
370 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Alsi, Hants, 53 b.' Bucks, 153.^ Oxf. 160 b. Warw.
244 b.* YorA«A. 330 b.<
Alsi Berchenistr. HantSy 50, 50 b.
Alsi filius Brixi> Hants, 49 b. 50, 53 b.
Alverd, Somers. 99.^
Aluers, Robertus de, NorAanq)t, 219.
Alueua, Dev. 118 b.'
Alveva Comitissa/ Leic. 231 b.
Alvied, Wilts, 74.
Aluiet presbyter, Somers. 91 b,
Aluredus, lAnc. 336 b.
Aluredus Brito, Dev. 1 15 b.
Aluredus Hispaniensis, Ispaniensis, seu de Ispania,^
Wilts, 73. Dors. 82 b. Somers. 97. Z)cr. 115 b.
Glauc. 162. £ferc/: 186.®
^ " Ipsemet tenuit de rege E. in alod."
2 Cestreham. *^ Hoc tS tenuit Eddid regina, et ipsa dedit
eidem Alsi post aduentum regis W." Of another manory
Sortelaiy it is said, '^ Hoc HS tenuit Wluuardus homo regina?
Eddid T. R. E. et ipsa dedit huic Alsi cum filia Wluuardi."
3 " Idem ipse tenuit." * " Alsi et Chetelber hb.*^
* " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E."
^ " Ipsa tenebat T. R. E. et geldabat pro una v. terrae."
7 The mother of Earl Morcar. See other lands belonging
to her, Suff^. 286 b. She occurs as iBlveva Comitissa, NoU,
280 b. At the formation of the Survey, all Alveva's land»
were in abeyance. In Leicestershire, it is said ** Comitissa
Alveva tenuit'* In Suffolk, her lands are expressly stated
to have been placed in the custody of William the cham:
berlain and Otho the goldsmith.
^ Of the family of Ispania, or Hispaine, in Essex, see
Morant, ii. pp. 301, 363, 480.
^ Except the land in Herefordshire, and one other manor^
all Aluredus de Ispania*s lands had belonged to a Saxon of
the name of Aluui«
M
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 871
Aluredus de Lincolia, Bedf. 215 b. CUm. N. B. Line.
375 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377 b.
Aluredus presbyter, Hants^ 49,
Aluredus nepos Turoldi, Line. 336 b.*
Aluredus nepos Wigot, Oxf. 160.
Aluric, HantSy 49 b. Wilts, 73 b. bis.« Bora. 84,
84 b. ter.® Somers. 99 bis. Dev. 118 b. bis.* Oxf.
161. Warw. 244 b. Sto^ 250 b. NM. 292 b. ter.«
293 bis.«
Aluric et duo Alodiarii, Hants, 51b.
Aluric et Wislac, Hants, 54bis.^
Aluric et Brictric, Dors. 84 b.
Aluric parvus, Wilts, 73 b.
Aluric petit, Hants, 50 b.
Aluricus presbyter, I^eic. 231.
Alward, Dors. 84. Dev. 118.^
Aluuard coUinc, Wilts, 73 b.
Aluuard mert, Dev. 118.®
Aluuardus, Wilts, 73b.«^ Ztor^. 84," 84b." SUfffi 250b.
Alwardus et Dernman, Hertf. 142.
1 "hi. tofles (in Lincolia) de terra Sybi quam rex sibi
dedit, in quibus habet omnes consuetudines preter geldum
regis de monedagio.'*
2 In the second entry it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
3 In all three entries we read, *' Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
4 In both. " Ipse tenebat T. R.E."
^ In two of the entries it is said, " habebat," he had been
the former possessor. ® Again, •* hb.**
7 In the first of the two entries we read, " Ipsi tenuerunt
in paragio de rege E."
8 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
d << Dimid. virg. terrae Regina dedit ei in Elemosina.**
1^ Also, T. R. E.
* » In both instances, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
BB 2
50. \
372 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
Alwardus et fratres ejus, Somers. 99.*
Alwardus aurifaber,* Berks, 63 b.
Aluuardus de Merde,^ Hertf. 142 b.
Alwi, Hants, 50.* Oxf. 161.
Alwi filius Saulf,^ Hants, 50.
Alwi filius Torber, Hants, 50.
Alwi f. Turber, Wilts, 73 b.
Alwi Vicecomes, Oxf. 160 b.®
Aluuine, Hunt. 207 b.'
Aluuinus, Hants, 50 b.® Dev. 118 b.® Bedf. 218 b.
Alwinus filius Cheping, Berks, 63 b.
Aluuinus Dodesone, Hertf. 142.^
Aluuinus prsefectus Regis, Bedf. 218 b. ter.
Alwinus presbyter, Wilts, 73 b." Bedf. 218 b."
Alwinus Wit, Haunts, 50 b.^
Alwold, Ghuc. 170 b.** Line. 336.^
1 •* Pater eorum tenebat T. R. E.*'
2 " Pater ejus tenuit de regina Eddid."
3 « Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
* " Isdem tenuit in alod. de rege E.''
^ << Pater ejus tenuit in alod. de rege E.**
^ '* Hanc terram emit ab eo Manasses sine licentia Regis***
7 << hb,*' habebat, he was the former possessor.
® ^ Vluiet pater ejus tenuit.*'
9 « Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
1® Wermelai. " Hoc S tenuit Wluuardus homo Asgari
stairi et vendere potuit. Hoc S fuit uenditum iii. mark,
auri post adventum regis WilFi."
>i Apparently also T.R.K
12 « Istemet tenuit T. R. E. et potuit facere de ea quod
voluit. Rex vero W. sibi postea in elemosina concessit,
unde pro anima Regis et Reginae omni ebdomada ii. feria
missam persolvit." '* ** Ipse tenuit T. R. E*"
1^ " Ipse tenuit T. R. E.** ^^ Sac and soc in Lincoln.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 873
Alwold camerarius, Berks^ 63 b.
Alwoldus, Staff'. 250 b.*
Ambresberie, Terra ^cclesiaBde,jB^fc, 60. fViltSf 68b.
Andeij, Richei*ius de, Hants, 52.
Angli quatuor, Hants, 50.^
Anschitil, Wilts, 74 b.
Anschitil f. Ameline, Dors. 83.^
Anschitil filius Osmundl, Hants, 49 b. 52.
Anschitil parcher, Samers. 98 b.
Ansger, de Montagud, seu Ansgerius, Dev. 116. Somers.
99.
Ansger coquus, Somers. 98 b.
Ansger Fouuer, Somers. 98 b.
Ansgerus, Dev. 117 b.
Ansgerus capellanus,^ Northampt. 222 b.
Ansgerus capellanus Regis, Northampt. 219.^
Ansgerus coquus, fVUtSf 73 b. 1
Ansgerus cocus, Ess. 97, J
Ansgerus de Montagud, v. Ansger.
Ansgot, Dev. 118.®
Ansgotus interpres, Surr. 36 b.
Arbalistarius, Bernerus, Norf. 267 b.
Gislebertus, Norf. 268 b.
O. Ebar. 381 b.
Odo, Yarksh. 329 b. Line. 365 b.
1 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E. et liber homo fuit."
2 Wallope. •* Pater eorum tenuit in alodium de rege'E,"
3 " Hanc terram tenuit Anschit' de regina ut dicit. sed
post mortem ejus regem non requisivit."
4 In the entry itself he is called " Ansgerus clericus."
^ '< I. domum (in Northantone) de qua Rex debet habere
socam."
^ Three properties, of small extent, are set down to him ;
of one, a half hide at Madone, it is said, ** Ipse tenebat
T. R. E."
BB 3
}
374 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Jrbalistarius, Radulphus^ Narf. 269.
Robertus, Norf. 269.
— — Warinus, WiltSf 74 b.
ArcariuSf Rainaldus, Oxf. 160 b.
Arches, Osbernus de, Yorksh. 329. v. Arcis.
Archil, Yorksh.SBV 331b. ten* Linc.Bll. Yarksh.
379.
Archis, Osbertus de, Yorksh. 298.^ 379. -i
Arcis, Osbernus de, Line, 364. Clam. V v. Arches.
Ebor. 374.* 379 b. J
Arcis, Willelmus de, Suff. 431 b.
ArctuxriuSf Willelmus, Hants, 48 b.
Aregrin, Yorksh. 331.^
Aretius, Oxf. 160 b.
Argentomago, David de,^ Cambr. 202.
Argentomo, David de, Bed/. 216 b.
Artifexy Rabellus, Norf. 269 b.
Artor presbyter, Yorksh. 330 b.'^
Arundel, Rogerius,^ Dors. 82 b. Somers. 94 b.
AscHiL, lueic. 236 b.
1 Also, T.R.E.
2 In each instance also, T. R. £., but the property small.
^ '< II. mans, in Eboraco civitate.**
4 ** III I. bov. terrae in Monechetone de terra Merlesuen
quam tenet Osbernus de arcis.*'
^ He had been the former possessor, though it is not
said, T. R. R
^ Kelh. p. 96, says, *' He was probably ancestor of Regi-
nald de Argenteon, sheriff of Cambridge and Huntingdon-
shire, 5 Ric. I. A family which continued of great note for
several generations."
7 He had been the former possessor ; " hfe."
® Dugd. Bar. ii. p. 422. Kelh. p. 157. The ancestor of
the Lords Arundel of Wardour.
$76 fSDEX OW TSSAim IX CAPITE.
B.
Bade, Ecdesia & Petri de, ftnov. 99 b.< Glome. 1S3.
Badpalmas, Radulphns de, Umc 336.
Baigvabd, Radfilius,^ £cf. 68 b. St^.lv. Basguju^
413 b. / Basiabdcs.
BifLGioLE, nt€ Balgiole, RainaMns Sle^. 250h^
BAiocEysES Cammici, Cambr. 196.^
Baiocessis Episo^nis,^ Auntf, 6. Swrr. 31. Iflfeiy M b.
1 ^ ToU base terra jacait in ipsa ccclesia T. R.fi.
paterat inde separarL"
2 The head of his baroDj is said to ha^e been Bajnarfa
Castle in the city of London. Kelh. pp. 7S» 150.
^ Kelham says, he was probably nearly allied to Guy de
Baillioly who was enfeoffed, by William Rufus, of the Barooj
of BjTwell in Northumberland, and from whom descended
John de Baliol who was King of Scotland in 1292. Dlostr.
p. 576.
4 The manor in Cambridgeshire which the Canons pos-
sessed had been Earl Algar's ; it must, therefore, have been
a comparatively recent acquisition. Earl Algar died in
10599 leaving Edwin and Morcar his sons.
* Odo Bishop of Baieux is a personage remembered by
all readers of English history. He was uterine brother to
the Conqueror ; the son of Herluin de Contaville and Har-
leta the concubine of Robert Duke of Normandy. The Earl
of Moretaine and Adeliza, or Adelaide, countess of Aumarle,
were his bruther and sister. He became Bishop of Baieux
in 1049, and died at Palermo, on his way to the Holy Land,
in 1097* The particulars of his connection with England may
be found in Dugd. Bar. i. p. 22. and in numerous passages
of Bouquet's Recueil des Historiens des Gaules, torn. xii.
One of the Manuscripts relating to Waltham Abbey, in a
chronological succession of events, says, ^< A.D. 1084«. Rex
Anglorum Willielmus fratrem suum, Odonem Baiocensem
Efiibcopum, Normannise in custodia posuit.*'
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. S7T
66. Dors. 77. Somers. 87 b. Hertf. 134. Bucks,
143, 144. Oxf. 154, 155 b. Wore. 176. Bed/. 209 b.
NorthampL 2l9j 220. Wiarw. 23Sh. Noitingh. 2S4>.
Line. 342. Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam. N. Line. 376.
JS«5ea:, 22 b. Norf. 142. St{^ 373, 450.
Balastarius, Gislebertus, Suff. 444.
Balduinus, Glouc. 170. Northampt. 219.* Z^tnc. 370.*
Baldvinus quidam serviens Regis, Hertf. 142.
Balduinus Vicecomes,^ Dors. 81. Dct?. 105 b. v. Ex-
ECESTRE.
Balistarius, Heppo, Line. 369.
Nicolaus, JD«;. 117.* Warw. 238.*
Odardus, Surr. 36 b.
Odo, Yorksh. 298.«
1 This entry is in the town of Northampton, *' Balduinus
(habet) dimid. mansionem vastam.'*
2 Of the lands here put down to Balduinus, it is said,
'< Haec terra omnis pertinet ad Dodintune CD. S. Petri West-
mon. hanc tenet Balduinus de Rege. Abbas vero clamat ad
opus S. Petri, testimonio hominum totius comitatus."
3 He was one of the sons of Gilbert Earl of Brion (who
was murdered in Normandy). This Baldwin, who was one
of the King's generals at the battle of Hastings, was called
Baldwin de Molis, Baldwin de Brion, and Baldwin de Sap^
and sometimes, at a later period, Baldwin de Exeter. He had
the barony of Okehampton, which was his chief seat,* and the
castle of Exeter, which he had built at the King's command.
His father. Earl Gilbert, was the son of Godfrey Earl of
Ewe, a natural son of Richard Duke of Normandy, the Con-
queror's grandfather. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dev. p. 1. note.
4 Eight out of eleven estates here entered had belonged
to one Ordric.
'■» A masure in Warwick. ^ " in. mans, in Eborac."
a « Ipse Balduinus tenet de rege Ochementonc, ct ibi sedet casteUum.**
Doraesd. torn. i. fol. 106.
S78 INl^SX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
BaligtariuSj Radtil&8» iSigf. 445.
— — — Rainaldus, Ess. 97 b.
• Walterius, Gbuc. 169.
Bangiard^ Radulfiis, Hertf. 138. ^
Baniardus, RadnUuSj Hertf. 132. Nor/. >v. Baignard.
247 b. J
Bans, Radulfus de, Cambr. 189.^
Barbatus, Hugo, r. Hugo.
Bastard, Robertus, Dev. 1 13.'
Batailge, Ecclesia de la/ Kent, lib. Sussex j 18. Surr.
34. jBerA^, 56, 59 b. Dev. 104. O:^ 157. vufeBELLO.
Bech, S. Maria de, * Wilts, 68 b.
. Bech, Goisfridus de, Hertf. 140.
Bedeford, Burgenses de, Bedf. 218.^
1 '' Habet iii. burgenses nichil reddentes in burgo de
Cantabrigia."
2 Sir William Pole observed, that the family remained in
Devonshire in his time, although no longer possessed of the
lands they held at the time of the Survey. John Bastard
Esq. member of parliament for Dartmouth, is its present
representative.
s Battle Abbey in Sussex, founded by the Conqueror.
^ TTie Benedictine Abbey of Bee in Normandy, originally
founded by Hellouin or Herluinus, its first abbat, in 1084,
and refounded by Lanfranc, its prior, afterwards arch-
bishop of Canterbury, in 1060. See Du Monstier*s Neustria
t^a, p. 4S5. Dacherii Op. Lanfranci archiep. Cant. fol. 1646*
and Dom Bourget's Hist, of the Abbey, 8**. 1779. The
land here entered as belonging to the Abbey of Bee, was
at Deverel in Wiltshire, and was given during her lifetime
by Mathilda the Conqueror*8 queen.
^ These burgesses, eight in number, who held lands in
the half-hundred of Bochelai in Bedfordshire, are all sepa-
rately entered in the present Index ; six had held the whole
or the larger portion of their respective lands T. R.E. Of each
of two it is said, ** Hanc terram tenuit pater hujus horoinis.^'
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITS. S79
Bedeford, Canonici S. Pauli de, Bedf} 211.
Bedeford, Goduuidere de, Bedf. 218 b.^
Bedeford, Osgarus de, Bedf. 218.
Bedellus quidam Regis, Bedf. 218 b.'
BedelluSf Goduinus, BuckSf 153.
Belcamp, Hugo de,* Hertf. 138 b. BuckSj 150 b. Bedf.
212 b.
Belet, Willielmus,^ HantSj 48 b. Dotm. SB.
Bella Fago, Rad. de, Norf. 278 b. Suff. 354.
Bello, S. Mart, de,^ Ess. 20 b. v. Batailge.
1 The stalls of the Canons of St. Paul, Bedford, were sub-
sequently removed to Lincoln, though their houses remained
in Leland's time.
The land for the support of these Canons was at Bidden-
ham. Of Canon Osmund's portion it is said, ^ Hanc terram
tenuit Leuiet presbyter in elemosina de rege £. et postea
de rege W. Qui presbyter moriens concessit aecclesis^
S. Pauli I. virg. de hac terra. Radulfus vero Tailgebosc
alias duas virg. addidit eidem scclesis in elemosina.^ Of
Canon Ansfrid's, a virgate only, it is said, *^ Hanc apposuit
Had. Tallebosc in elem. secclesise S. Pauli.**
The endowment of these stalls must, of course, have been
made in the reign of the Conqueror.
2 « Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
3 ^* Hanc terram tenuit pater ejus qui nunc tenet.*'
^ He was the great ancestor of the noble family of Beau-
champ. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 122. The barony of Bedford
was given to Pain de Beauchamp by King William Rufus.
^ Kelham, lllustr. p. 43, says, he was probably the
progenitor of Hervey Belet, who lived in the time of King
Stephen.
« Battle Abbey in Sussex. " An. 1067,*' says Matthew
of Westminster, *< Rex Gulielmus, exultans de victoria dedit
laudem Deo. Eodem anno idem Rex construxit Abbatian^
380 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Bello Fago, R. de,^ Norf. 225 b. v, Bella Fago.
Belmont, Rogerius de,^ Dors. 80. GUmc. 168.
Belot, WiUelmus, Dors. 84 b.
Belvaco, Goisbertus de, Hertf. 140 b.
Benz, Osmundus,^ Derb. 278 b.
Benzelinus, Oxf. 160.
Berchelai, Radulfus de,^ Somers. 99. Glouc. 162, 168.
■ ■ ■ ■ — ^1^— ^— ^i— ^
quam appellavit, pro bello ibi commisso, Bellum, in qua,
in perpetuum, Deo gloria et laus et gratiarum actio pro
victoria obtenta solverentur.** Although William the Con-
queror founded and endowed this abbey, Florence of Wor-
cester tells us the church was not dedicated till 1094,
when William Rufus stopped at Hastings in his way to
Normandy.
1 Parkin, the continuator of Blomefield's Hist* of Norfolk,
vol. V. p. 1065, says, Ralph de Bellofago, or Beaufoe, was
a near relation if not son of William de Beaufoe bishop of
Thetford, chaplain and chancellor to the Conqueror. He
lefl a daughter and heiress, Agnes, who was married to
Hubert de Rie, castellan of the Castle of Norwich.
2 He was ancestor of the Earls of Leicester. Dugdale>
from Ordericus Vitalis and William of Jumieges, says, he
was " grandson to Turolf of Pont-Audomare, by Wevia,
sister to Gunnora, wife of Richard, the first of that name,
Duke of Normandy, great-grandfather to King William the
first ; and by Adelina, his mother, heir to the earldom of
Mellent, she being daughter of Waleran and sister to Hugh,
both Earls of Mellent.** Dugd. Bar. i. p. 83.
^ He had been the possessor previous to the Survey,
though it is not said T. R. E.
4 He is expressly named in Domesday as the brother of
Roger de Berchelai, ** frater ipsius Rogerii/' though Kelham
says he has been omitted by the genealogists in the pedi-
gree of the Earls of Berkeley.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITR. 38l
Berchelai, Rogerius de/ fViltSy 64 b.* 72 b. Glouc. 108.
Berchinges, Ecclesia de, Surr. 34. Midd.^
128 b. Hertf.Ue. Bed/. 2U. V
Berchingis, Abbatia S. Mar. de, Ess. 17, 107.J
Berevile, Nigelliis de, 151 b.
Bernai, Abbatia de,* Suff. 389.
Bernardus accipitrarius, Berks, 63.
Bernardus camerariiis, HantSy 51 b*
Berneres, Hugo de, Catnbr. 199.
1 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 349. In the Men. Angl. last edit. vol. L
p. 54*5, in a passage relating to the faulty entry of some
lands in the Domesday for Gloucestershire, he is called
'< Roger us senior de Berkel6e.** He became a monk of
Gloucester in 1091 • See Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. 1. p. 550.
2 " Una masura (in Malmesberie) de firma regis.** This
house in Malmesbury is mentioned in the entry of Roger de
Berchelai's estate, in capite, at Foxley.
^ The Nunnery of Barking in Essex. Of the manor of
Tyburn in Middlesex, fol. 128 b. the Record says, *^Hoc
CD. jacuit semper et jacet in Ecclesia de Berchinges.*' So
of Slapton in Buckinghamshire, fol. 146, and of Litlington
in Bedfordshire, fol. 211. Of the estates in Essex, fol. 17,
it is said of most, *' Semper tenet Sancta Maria." Three
houses in Colchester, Essex, 107, had belonged to the
Abbess T. R. E.
In the account of the manor of Barking itself, the record
says, '* Hoc manerium valuit T. R. £. Ixxx. lib. et modo simi-
liter ut dicunt Anglicif sed Frand appreciantur c. lib.'*
^ A Benedictine Abbey in the diocese of Lisieux, founded.
A.D. 1013, by Judith wife of Richard II. Duke of Nor-
raandy. Kelh. Illustr. p. 140. Neustria Pia, p. 393. Order,.
Vitalis, 1. 3, sub. ann. 1030. Of the land in Cratinga, no-
ticed in the entry referred to, it is said, '^ Rex dedit d^
feudo Harduioi." The Conqueror was the donor.
882 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Berverus arbalistarias, Narf. 267 b.^
Berrione, S. Canonici,^ Comw. 121.
Berbers, Vrso de, Bucksj 152.
Bertone, Ecdesia rive Abbatia de, Warw. 239.' Siqffi
246/ 247 b/ Derb. 273. Nott. 280, 280 b.
Bertram, Willdmus de,® HantSy .47.
Bevraria, Bevreire, seu Betrere, Drogo de,^ NoT"
thampt. 228. Leic. 236. Yarksh. ^ b. Zm;. 860.
CZtww. in CAete*. 377, 377 b. Norf.Ml. S^.4S2.
Bsvrelei, S. Joh. de, Clam. Ebor. 373, 374.® Yarksh^
381 b. 382.
I Bernerus arbalistarias, Gislebertus arbalutarhn, Ra-
dulfus arbalistaiius, Robertus arbalistarius, and Rabellua
artifex, follow eadi other as tenants in capite in Sufiblk.
3 The Collegiate Church of St. Burien, in the deanry of
Trigge Minor in Cornwall, founded by King Athelstan.
3 Aldulvestreu, *^ Hanc terram dedit Leuric comes eidem
iecclesice.*'
4 <' Abbatia de Bertona habet ▼. mans, in burgo de Stadford."
^ No mention is made in the Staffordshire entries of any
anterior possession to the Survey. Of one of the Derby*
shire manors, Caldwell, it is said, " Hoc manerium dedit
Rex W. monachis pro beneficio suo."
^ The founder of the Priory of Brinkbum in Northum-
berland, and ancestor of the Mitfords. See Dugd. Bar. i.
p. 543. Compare Kelh. p. 42.
7 A Fleming by birth, who accompanied the Conqueror
in his invasion. He is believed to have been the ancestor
of William Briwere, who stood in favour with Ellng Henry
the Second. See Kelh. p. 105. Dugd. Bar. i. p. 700. In
Lincolnshire, Domesd. tom. i. fol. 360 b. at Hacberdin^am,
^< In ipsa villa habet Drogo aulam, cum saca et soca." Here
was one, at least, of his places of residence.
^ Kbg William the Conqueror's confirmation charter to
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. S83
Bigot, Rogerus, Ess. 87 b. Nor/. 173. Suff. 330 b.
BiTURicENSis, Herveus, Suffl 440 b.
Blundus, Robertas, JiBdd. ISO b. Ess. 103. Stsff* ^^^S b.
Blundus, WiUdmus,^ Line. 366. CbmL^Lmc 375.
Boci, Robertus de, Northampt. 219.^
BoHUM, Humfr. de,^ Norf. 262 b.
BoLEBEc, Hugo de^ Bucks, 143.^
BoLEBECH, Hugo de, Berksj 56 b. BuckSj 150 b.
0:?/: 157 b. Hunt. 205 b.^
BoLLE, Hants, 54.^
St. John at Beverley is alluded to in this folio : << Omnem
terram quam calumniabatur Drogo super Johaiuiem testi-
ficata est ad opus ipsius S. Johannis per homines de Treding,
et per donum regis W. quod dedit S. Johanni tempore ^1-
dredi archiepiscopi. De hoc habent Canonici sigillum regis
Edwardi et regis Willielmi."
1 Kelham says, he is supposed to have been the brother
of Robert Blundus, le Blund, or Blount, lllustr. p. 125.^
See also Dugd* Bar. i. p. 518.
2 « I. dom. in Northantone et nil reddit.**
•^ Humphrey de Bohun, ancestor of the Earls of Heror
ford. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 179.
^ *< II II. burg, in Bochingeham.'*
6 In this entry it is said, *' Hugo de Bolebec tenet de
comite Willelmo."
^ Hugh de Bolebec left two sons, Hugh and Walter, who
both succeeded to his barony, and with the latter of whom
it expired. Isabel, the daughter of Walter, married Robert
Vere Earl of Oxford. She survived him, and aflerwards
became the wife of Henry de Novant. See Dugd. Bai;*
tom. i. pp. 451, 452. Kelh. lllustr. p. 78.
^ << Bolle tenet de rege unam v. in Apleford, et pro tanto
sc dcfendebat T.R.E. etmodo." There is a previous entry.
384 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
BoLLo, Dors, 84.
BoLLO presbyter, Dors. 84.^
BoLONiENSis s€U BoNONiENSis Comitissa,^ Starr. 34.'
Dors. 85. Somers. 91b.
fol. 51 b. of land held by Bolle, which had been thrown into
the New Forest : ** Bolle habuit in Greteham dim. hid. de
rege. Waleran venator tenebat modo, et pro una hida se
defendebat. Modo est in foresta."
1 " Ipse tenuit cum aliis vii. liberis tainis T. R.E."
2 The Somersetshire entry says Ida Countess of Boulogne.
Eustace Earl of Boulogne, the second of the name, sur-
named ** aux Grenons," from his mustachoes, became Earl
of Boulogne in 1049. His first marriage was with Goda
daughter of Ethelred the Second, widow of Walter Earl of
Maine, or Maunt ; this marriage, according to the manu-
script chronicle of Lanercost, Cotton. Claud. D. vii., took
place in the month of September, A.D. 1051. When Goda
died is not noticed by the English historians, but the ** Art
de verifier les Dates," 8^" edit. tom. xii. p. S50, from foreign
sources of intelligence, says, " Eustache, vers le mtoe
tems (1054), perdit sa femme; du moins il est certain qu*il
etait veuf lorsque en 1056 il reconduisit a Rome le Pftpe
Victor II. qui venait de tenir un Conseil a Cologne. En
revenant d'ltalie, le Comte de Boulogne passa par la basse
Lorraine, et s'etant arret6 ^ Bouillon, lieu de la residence
du Due Godefroi le Barbu son parent, il lui demanda Ide sa
fille en marriage.*' He married in 1057* See Bouquet,
torn.
8 This was the manor of Notfelle. The Countess Ida
seems to have given this manor very soon to the Monastery
of St. Wlaur or Vulmar. See King Henry the Krst's con-
firmation of the gift in the new edition of Dugdale, vol. vi.
pt.ii. p. 1114.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 385
BoMENE, Presbyteri de,^ Dev. 117 b. r. Petroc.
BoNVALEST, Willelmus, Wartv. 238.*
BoRDARii duo, Dors. 84 b.'
toin.xi. p. 384. Chantereau le Fevre, however, edit. 1642;
p. 218, who is particular upon the circumstances of the
marriage, places it in 1059.
Ida, daughter of the Duke of Lorraine, the second wife
of Eustace, is the lady whose property is recorded in the
entries above referred to. Her children by Earl Eustace
were, the celebrated Godfrey of Boulogne and Baldwin the
First, Kings of Jerusalem; Eustace, who succeeded his
father in the earldom of Boulogne ; William, of whom a
charter exists in the British Museum, granted to the Monas-
tery of Sautrey ; and Ida, wife of Baldwin Count or Earl
of Berg, and mother of Baldwin the Second, King of
Jerusalem.
The work entitled " Gallia Christiana," vol. x. p, 1594,
represents Ida Countess of Boulogne as a widow in 1082,
at which time she restored the Church of St. Vulmar, or
Wlaur, now Samer near Boulogne. The date of her death
does not appear to be recorded : that of her widowhood ia
important, as it would show that the Eustace Earl of Bou-
logne, whose English estates are recorded in the Domesday
Survey, must have been the third of the name, and not the
father, who fought with the Conqueror at the battle of
Hastings.
1 Tlie secular priests of Bodmin, who were settled there
upon the foundation -of the priory, other of whose lands are
entered under S. Petroc. Of their lands at Holcome in
Devonshire it is said, *^ Ipsi tenebant T. R. E.*' Both before
and af\er the Norman Conquest, many alienations of the
lands of this monastery took place. See the Monast. Angl.
last edit. vol. ii. pp. 459, 460.
2 «* I. dom. in burgo de Warwic.'*
3 « Ten. iiii. partem unius virg. terrae. Ipsi libere tenu-*
erunt T. R. E."
c c
386 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Bosch herberti, Hugo de. Dors, 83.
BoscNORMAN, Rogerus de, NorthampL 219.*
Braiosa, Willelmus de,^ Sussex, 28. Surr. 35 b. Hants,
47. Berks, 61. Wilts, 72. Dors. 82.
Bretevile^ Gislebertus de, Hants, 48, 52. Berks, 61b.
Wilts, 71.
Bricteua, Z^tnc. 371.^
Brictoward, Soniers. 99.
Brictric, mUs, 73 b.* Sbwiar^. 99. Gfotic. 170 b.*
Brictric et Aluui frater ejus, Wilts, 73 b.
Brictric et Vluuardus, Somers. 98 b.^
Brictuin, Dors, 84 ter.' 84 b.®
Brictuinus, Dors. 84.
Brimov, Rainerus de. Line, 364.® Clam, S, JB. Ziiur.
375. Clam. N. Line. 21 5h.
1 " I. dom. de xvi. den. in Northantone."
'^ A benefactor to the Abbey of St. Florent at Saumur ; and
the founder of Sele Priory in Sussex. See Dugd.Bar..i;
p. 414. His family continued in the male line till the latter
end of the reign of Edward the Third.
^ Ipsa hb. She had been the previous possessor.
* Nine separate estates are entered in this folio to Bric-
tric; in four, amounting to thirty-seven hides, it is said,
" Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." In one, " Brictric ten. et
frater ejus de eo.** In another, '* Brictric et Aluui frater
ejus ten."
* Also, " Brictric ten. de rege iiii. hid. — Ipse ii. hid,
T. R. E. et Ordric tenuit alias ii". Rex W. utranque eidem
Brictric concessit, pergens in Normanniam.'*
6 « Idem ipsi teneb. T. R. E."
7 In all it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
8 « Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
9 Eleven out of thirteen manors held by Rainer de Brimov
had belonged to a Saxon of the name of Jalf ; two had
belonged to Code.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 387
Brismar,^ Sojners. 99.
Brito, Aluredus, Dev. 115 b.
Brito, Gotzelinus, Bucks, 152. Ghuc. 162, 170. Bed/.
217.
Brito, MsLigno, seu Maino, Bucks^ 143,^ 151b. Leic, 236.
Brito, Ogerus, Leic. 236. Line. 364 b.
Brito, Rainaldus, Suff. 445.
Brito, Waldinus, Line, 365. Clam, in Chetst 377.
Britto, Tihellus, seu Tehelus, Ess. 81 b. Norf. 261 b.
Bruis, Robertus de,^ Yorks/u 332 b. 333.*
Brun presbyter, Oa^. 167.*
Bruning, Hants, 54,®
BucFESTRE, Ecclesia de, Dev. 103 b.^
Buci, Robertus de^ Northampt 225. Leic. 234.
BuDi, Gislebertus de, JVarw. 238.®
1 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E."
2 In this entry of *^ nil. burgenses " in Buckingham, he
is called Manno Brito.
^ The founder of the family of Brus of Skelton, frpm
whom the Kings of Scotland and the family of Bruce Earl
of Ailesbury are descended. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 447.
Kelh. Illustr. p. 121. His seal is engraved in the Registrum
Honoris de Richmond, p. 98*
^ *^ Hie est Feudum Rotberti de Bruis quod fuit datum
postquam Liber de Wintonia scriptus fuit.*'
^ Three virgates, ** Idem tenuit T. R. E."
^ *' Vlnod et Bruning dim. hid. Ipsi tenuerunt in paragio."
7 The entries under Bucfestre in this county show the
Abbey to have existed, at least, as early as the time of King
Edward the Confessor. In the last it is said, *' Bucfestre est
caput Abbatiis, nunquam geldavit.*' Dugdale, Tanner, and
Oliver uniformly state Buckfastre Abbey to have been founded
by Ethelwerd, the son of William Pomerei, as late as 1137*
^ He held a house in the burgh of Warwick.
cc2
388 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
BuENVASLEST, Willelmus, Leic. 235. Warw. 243.
BuGE, Nottingh. 292 b.
BviviLE, Hiinfridus de, Heref. 187.
BuRci, Serlo de,^ Dors. 82 b. Somers, 97 b.
Burg, Abb, S. Petri de, Huntingd. 205 .« Bedf. 210 b.
Northampt 219,» 221. Leic. 231.* Nottingh. 280 b.^
284. Line. 336, 336 b. 345 b. Clam. fV. R. Line.
376. Clam, in Chetst. 376 b-
Homines ejusdem Ecclesiae, Northampt. 221 b.
Burun, Emegis seu Erneis de, Yorksh. 298,® 328 b.'
Line. 362.® Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b.
Burun, Radulfus de, Derb. 277 b. Nottingh. 280 bis. 290.
BuRUOLT, Line. 336.®
1 He had a daughter who was a nun at Shafbburj.
'^ Ecclesia S. Edwardi tenet de Serlone Chelmetone pro
filia ejus quae ibi est." Domesd. toni.i. Somers. 98.
2 Of the manor and land of Ovretune it is said, '^ Hsc
non pertinuit ad Abbatiam T. R. E. sed in diebus W. regis
data est ad Ecclesiam S. Petri.''
3 " XV. dom. in Northantone."
4 Of the land of twelve carucates in Estone in this
county, it is said, *^ Radulfus Comes dedit S. Petro."
6 Sac and soc at Colingeham, the manor of which occurs
fol.284.
0 '< mi. mans, in Eboraco civitate."
7 Seventeen manors, nearly all of which had been Gos-
patric's, with two or three which had belonged to Turgot,
Aschil, and Grim.
^ Ten manors ; four of which had belonged to Eddeva,
four wholly or in part to Grim, one to Gamel, and one to
the Countess Gudeta.
9 He had sac and soc in Lincoln, at the time of the
Survey, as a Lageman, *' loco patris sui Leuuine qui modo
est monachus.**
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 389
BusLi, Rogerus de,^ Ikv. 113.2 Leic. 234 b. Derh. 278.
Nottingh. 280, 284b. Yorksh.^l^. Line. 336/
337, 352 b. Clam. Ebor. 373 'b. Yorksh. 379,
379 b,
c.
Cadomo, S. Audoenus de. Ess. 22.*
Cadomo, Ecclesia Monialium de, Glouc. 166 b. *1
Cado3Io, S. Steph. de, Dors. 78 b.^ Samers. 91. f g
Dev. 104.« Ess. 22. Norf. 221 b.^ f
Cadomo, S.Trin.de,/)or«.79. Dev.l04>. Ess.2lh.)
1 Roger de Busli had his principal residence at Tikhill
Castle in Yorkshire; Dugd. Bar. i. p. 455; in which county
and in Nottinghamshire he had his largest possessions. He
founded the Priory of Blythe in Nottinghamshire, in 1088.
Mon. Angl. last edit, vol.iv. p. 620. The barony termi-
nated in John his grandson, who left one daughter.
2 The manor of Sanforde : " Regina dedit Rogerio cum
uxore sua."
3 <' I. mans, in civitate Lincolia."
^ St. Ouen at Caen held the same land T. R. £.
^ Queen Matilda is chronicled as the benefactor of two
hides of the land, here mentioned, at Frantone.
^ Tliis entry relates to the manor of Northam: King
William the Conqueror^s grant of which to the Abbey at its
foundation is printed in Opera B. Lanfranci, a Dacier. fol.
Lut. Par. 1648.
7 Stigand had held this land T. R. E.
^ Two Abbeys only are included in these three titles at
Caen ; the " Ecclesia Monialium" and *' S.Trin. de Cadomo"
being the same foundation. ,
William of Jumieges, who was living at the time, has
given a particular account of the origin of these two
royal Abbeys. The marriage of Duke William (who
afterwards conquered England) with Matilda daughter of
Baldwin Earl of Flanders, the son of his father's sister,
cc3
390 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Cahainges, Willelmus de,^ Catnbr. 201 b. NorthampC,
225 b.
was within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, and
scandalized the clergy of the duchy. The clergy remon-
strated with their duke upon the subject, and at length
succeeded so far that he was induced to despatch ambas-
sadors to Rome, to consult the Pope upon the steps it
would be proper to adopt. The Pope, fearing war might
be excited between the Flemings and the Normans, had
recourse to a pacific expedient, and consented to grant
the parties absolution upon condition of their performing
penance. The penance enjoined was the erection of two
Monasteries; one for the religious of either sex. Grate-
fully, we are assured, did the Duke and Duchess accept
the terms, and they applied themselves at once to the
fulfilment of the task.
Tlie Abbey undertaken by the Duke was St. Stephen's.
It is stated by Huet, and other writers, to have been com-
pleted in 1064^ two years prior to the conquest of England*
According to Ordericus Vitalis, it was not dedicated till
1077. But upon this latter point authors are not agreed.
Some stating the dedication to have taken place in 107S,
and others in 1081. However this may be, it seems certain
that the foundation charter was granted subsequently to
the year 1066, for in it William takes the title of King ;
and among his many princely donations are enumerated
properties and privileges in various parts of England, at
least affording proof that he was at that time in possession
of the island.
William the Conqueror, during the whole of his life,
honoured this monastery with his especial favoui, and at
his death bequeathed to it other lands, with numerous
ornaments and reliques. t r i
^ Lanfranky
1 He was sheriff of Northamptonshire in the reign of
William Rufus. Bridges, Hist. Northampt. ii. p. 107.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 391
Cailgi, Willelmus, Berks^ 61.
Cambrai, Godefridus de, Leic. 235 b.
Camerariusy Aiulfus, Dors. 82 b.
Albericus, HantSy 49 b. WiUs^ 74 b.
Albericus, Regiiifle^ WiUs^ 63 b.
Alwold, Berksy 63 b.
— — — Bernard, HantSy 51b.
Goisfridus, HantSy 49.
Gondwinus, Suff. 436 b.
Herbertus, Hants^ 48 b.
Hunfridus, Surr. 36 b.^ Hants, 49. Berksy
63. Wills, 1^. Dors. S3. Somers. 9Sh. Glouc. 170.
Leic. 236. Suff. 433.
Siric, Hants, 50.
Turstinus, Hants, 48. WtUs, 74 b. Bedf. 216 b-
Lanfrank, who has been already mentioned as prior of
Bee, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, was the first
abbat of St. Stephen Caen.
The Convent of the Holy Trinity was founded by Ma-
tilda in 1066, and its church dedicated on the 18th of June
that year, by Maurilius archbishop of Rouen. Duke Wil-
liam, on the same day, presenting at the altar his infant
daughter Cecilia^ devoted her to the service of God in this
monastery, where she became the second abbess. Matilda,
at her decease, in 1083, \e(t to the monastery her crown,
sceptre, and ornaments of state; an example which was
shortly af^er followed by her royal consort with regard to
the Abbey of St. Stephen. See a copy of her will in Essais
historiques, tom. ii. p. 437* by the Abb6 de la Rue, and in
Mr. Dawson Turner's text to Cotman's Views of Antiquities
in Normandy.
The charters relating to both these Monasteries will be
found in Dugd. Mon. last edit. vol. vi. pp. 1070, 1072.
I Hunfridus ten. de feuo Reginse. " T. R. W. femina quae
banc terram tenebat misit se cum ea in raanu Regime.'*
CO 4
392 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAHTE.
Cavierarius^ Willelmus, Bucks^ 15 !• Ghuc. 167. Be^.
216.
Canonici S. Achebranni, Comw. 121.*
Baiocenses, Cambr, 196.
de Bedeford, Bedf. 211. See Bedeford*
S. Berrione, Comw. 121.
S. Carentoch, Comiv, 121.*
de Cicestre, Sussex^ 17.
Constantienses, Dors. 79.
— — S. G)nstantini, Comw. 121.
Eboracenses, Yorksh. 302.
de Handone, Staff. 247 b.
Lisiacenses, Wilis, 68 b.®
S. Martini Lond. Ess. 20 b.^
S. Martini de Dovre, Kent, 1 b.* 2.
S. Neoti, Comw. 121.*
de Oxeneford, Oxf. 157.^
S. Pauli Lond Midd. 127.« Hertf? 136. iJ«^
211.8 £«5. 12b.»
» Also T. R. E.
3 The father of Agemundus, one of the Canons of Lisieux
mentioned in this entry, had held the same land of King
Edward the Confessor in alms, which his son still held.
> At Easter, or Estra, Earl Eustace had given the land
here to St. Martin.
^ They had held the greater portion of their lands iedso
T.R.E.
* " Ipsi tenuenint T. R. E."
^ The lands belonging to the Canons of St. Paul's in Mid«
dlesex had belonged to them " T. R. E."
7 Of two of their manors in Hertfordshire it is respec-
tively said, " Hoc S5 jacuit et jacet in Ecclesia S. Pauli."
® The manor of Cadington. They held it T. R. E.
*•> Of twelve manors in Bedfordshire, it is said of three
INDEX OP TENANTS IN CAPITE. S9S
Canonici S. Pierani, Comw. 121.^
S. Probi,^ Comw. 121.
XIII. in Statforde, Staff. 247 b.
S. Stefani, Comw. 120 b.
de Thvinham, HantSy 44.'
de Waltham, Hertf. 136 b.* Ess.^ 15.
Cantorberia, Monachi de. Ess. 103.
Mon. S. Trin. Ess. 8.^
— — — Augustini S. Ecclesia, Kentj \2J
respectively, " Tenuit Sanctus Paul us T. R. E. ;" of four
others respectively, " Tenet semper S. Paulus;" four more
are lefl uncertain.
» Also T. R. E. 2 St. Just.
3 They also held T. R. E.
^ Of the two manors which the Canons of Waltham held
in this county it is respectively said, '* Hoc 55 jacuit et
jacet in Ecclesia Sanctse Crucis de Waltham.*'
^ <' Tenet semper" is put to each manor belonging to
Waltham Abbey in Essex.
6 They had held T. R. E.
^ The lands of St. Augustine's Monastery were exclu-
sively in Kent, and the greater part had been held T. R. £•
To one manor, Lanport, there belonged no few;er than lxx.
burgesses in the city of Canterbury. An exchange had
been made of half a solin and forty-two acres, at Warwin<r
tone, with the Bishop of Baieux, for the enlargement of
the Bishop's park. In Fordwich, two portions of the burgh
had been given to St. Augustine by King Edward the Con-
fessor ; a third, which had belonged to Earl Godwin, had
been given to St. Augustine by the Bishop of Baieux, with
the consent of King William. The monks had also six bur-
gesses in Fordwich. In the neighbourhood of Canterbury
four nuns held four acres of land of the Abbat of
St. Augustine.
394 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Cantuariensis Archiepiscopus,^ Kent, 3. Sussess^ 16.
Surr. 30 b. Berks, 56. Midd. 127. Hertf. 183.
Bucks, US h. 0^154,155. Ghmc.l64,h. St^.
372 b.
-__- Terra MQitum ejus, Kent, 4.
■ Terra MonachonimEpiscopi,^£eii^ 4 b.
Canut, Rainaldus, WUt8, 73.
CapellanuSf Albertus, Kentj 14 b.
Ansgerusy Northampt. 222 b.
— — Giroldus, Dev. 117.
■ Radulfus, vide Uxor.
Stefanus, Somers. 91 b.
Carbonel, Heref. 187 b.
Carentoch, S. Canonici,^ Cornw. 121.*
Carle, Yorksh. 330 b.^ Line. 370.®
Carnot*, Radulfus, Leic. 231 b.
Carpentarii duo Regis, Cambr. 202.
Carpentariusy Durandus, Dor^. 85.
Landricus, Yorksh. 298.
Rabellus, Norf. 279 b.
■■ Raynerus, Heref. 187 b.
1 Lanfrank. He has been already mendoned as prior of
Bee and abbat of St. Stephen at Caen. He was consecrated
archbishop of Canterbury, Aug. 29, 1070. He died June 4,
1089. See Godw. de Praesul. p. 74.
2 Hasted, in his Hist, of Kent, vol. ii. p. 23. informs us,
that Archbishop Lanfrank separated his revenues from those
of the monks of his cathedral ; and that, after hi s example,
several bishops did the same ; but that before his time the
bishop and his monks lived in common as one family.
3 St. Karentoc or Crantoc, near Padstow.
4 " Et tenebant T. R. E."
^ " Idem ipse habuit.*'
^ He had also held the land of this entry.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITA S95
CarpentaritiSy Stefanus, fViUs^ 73 b.
Cecus quidam, Derb. 273.
Cedda, S.,^ Shropsh. 252, 253.
Censores II., Yorksh. 331.
Censorius unus, Yorksh. 298 b.^
Cernel, S. Petnis de,^ Dors. 77 b.
Cbrtesyg, Ecclesia de, Surr. 32 b. HantSy 43 b. Berks^
59 b.
Cestre, Episcopus de,* JVarw. 238/ 238 b. Staff. 246/
247.^ Shropsh. 252. CA^«A. 263. Derb. 273.® 2^o«-
280 b.**
1 The Collegiate Church of St. Chad in Shrewsbury. The
time of its foundation is unknown ; but from an entry in
Domesday, under Earl Roger's lands, torn. i. p. 259, it ap-
pears to have existed before the time of King Edward the
Confessor. Of each manor belonging to the church it is
said, '* Ipsa ecclesia tenuit et tenet."
2 In Skeltun: " De hac terra tenuit Torber. ii. car.
cum halla. et vi. bouatas. Nunc habet sub rege unus cen-
sorius.'*
3 The same land appears to have been held T. R. E.
4 The see of Lichfield had been removed to Chester, by
Bishop Peter, in 1075 ; subsequent to which, it was called
for a time the See of Chester.
^ " VI I. raasur. in burgo de Warw."
^ *' xiiii. mans, in burgo de Stadford. una vaata."
7 The lands in Warwickshire, foL 238 b., do not appear to
have belonged to the bishoprick in King Edward's time.
In Staffordshire it is almost uniformly said, " Ecclesia," or
" Ipsa aecclesia/' or " Sanctus Cedde tenuit T.R.E." and
the same in Cheshire, '^ Idem episcopus tenet et tenuit
T. R. E."
s Apparently also T. R. E.
^ ^* Episc. habet socam et sacam super terram suam in
Nott. et Derbysc."
396 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPIT£.
Cestre, Robertus Episcopus de,* Hertfn 136.*
Cestre, Eccl. S. Wareburg, ChesK 263.^
Ceterith, Abbatia de, Suff. 389. 1 ^
Cetriz, Abbatia de^ Hertf. 136. Cambr. 193*/
Chaua, Leuuinus^ Buckingh. 153.^
Chelbertus, Bedf. 218 b.^
Chenvin, Staff. 250 hJ
Cheping, flimto, 49 b. WiUsylSh.^
Chetel, WiltSj 73 b. Dors. 84. Buckingh. 153.® Gbmc.
170b.«> ForA^A. 331 b."
Chetel venator, Surr. 36 b.^
1 Robert de Limesy was nominated to the see of Chester,
according to Florence of Worcester and Simeon of Durham,
in 1085 ; and was consecrated by Archbishop Lanfrank in
1086. He did not like the situation of his see at Chester,
and removed it to Coventry.
2 This land in Hertfordshire was probably the personal
possession of Bishop Robert de Limesy. No mention of
his church occurs in it. And of one manor, Mimmine,
it is distinctly said, *^ Hoc S5 non est de episcopatu, sed
fuit Raynerii patris Roberti episcopi.**
8 <' Tenet et tenuit T. R. £." occurs to all the manors
which belonged to the Church of St. Wareburg.
4 The Abbey of Chateris in Cambridgeshire.
^ He had been the previous possessor. *' Hanc terram
tenuit ipse Leuuin prefectus regis, et vendere potuit."
« Also T. R. E.
7 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ Of this possession it is said, ^* Ipse tenuit T. R. £."
» " Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
10 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E/'
11 '* hb," habebat, he had been the former possessor.
^2 « Pater ejus tenuit de rege E.'*
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. S97
Chetelbeen, Line. 870 b.
Chetelbert, Huniingd. 207 b.^
Chetelbertus, Line. 336.
Chievre, Willebnus, Dev. 110,*
Chilbert, Yorksh. 331.
CiCESTRE^ Episcopus de,^ Sussex^ 16 b.
Canonici de, Suss. 17.
CiocHEs, Gunfridus de,* Bucks, 152 b. Bed/. 216.
Northampt 219/ 219 b-® 227 b. Leic. 235 b. Line.
336 b/ 366 b. Clam. Chetst. 376 b. y
CiocHEs, Sigarde,® Hertf. 142. Ghuc. 170. Be^f. 216.
Northampt. 228.
CiRECESTRE, Ecclesia de, G&mc. 166 b.®
1 « hfe. idem ipse tenet de rege.**
2 Lysons calls him William Capra or Chievre. Mag.
Brit. Dev. p.li.
3 Stigand was made Bishop of Selsey by King William
the Conqueror, according to William o^ Malmesbury and
Diceto, in the year 1070. He translated his see to Chi-
chester some time afler 1082 ; and died in 1087* The pos-
sessions of the Church of Chichester had belonged to it
T. R. E.
4 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 405.
^ << VIII. domus in Northantone. tres sunt vastae.'*
^ Hardingestorp. *' Will's, peurel et Gunfridus de Cio«
ches habent ibi ii. hid. et lx. acraa prati dono Regis ut
dicunt."
7 *< VII. mans, et dimid. moHn. in Stanford. Ad has pertin.
Lxx. acras extra viUam.*'
^ Kelham presumes him to have been related to Gun-
fridus de Cioches.
^ << II. hid. in elemosina, et de rege £• tenuit quiet ab
orani consuetudine*'*
398 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAl>ITE.
CiRECESTRE, Reinbaldus de^^ Berksj 63.^ v. Reinbal-
Dus. Renbaldus.
Clamores in Huntedune^ HunHngd. 208.
de Evrvic Scire, Yorksh. 873.
— — — in Lincolescire, Line. 375.
- in Cbetsteven, 376 b.
Clavile, Walterus de,^ Dors. 82 b. Dev. 1 12.
Clec, Godvinus, fViltSf 74.
Ckrid, Dev. 104.
de Handone, Staff. 247 b.
& Neoti, Comw. 121.*
Clerici BegiSy Somers. 91, 91 b.^
Clericusy Albertus, Surr. 36 b. Bud. 294.
Clibert, Yorhsh. 330 b. 331 bis.®
1 Leland, speaking of Cirencester in his Itinerary, says,
" There was afore the Conquest a fair and rich College of
Prebendaries in this town, but of what Saxon*s foundation
no man can telle. Rumbaldus, chauncelar to King Edward
the Confessor, was dene of this house, and buried in the
body of the chirch, as it appeareth by the epitaphy on his
tumbe." Itin. vol. ii. p. 49. See also vol. v. p. 66, where
the epitaph of Rembald is given ; <' Hie jacet Rembaldus
presbyter, quondam hujus Ecclesiae Decanus, et tempore
Edwardi Regis Anglise Cancellarius.** He signed King
Edward the Confessor's charter of confirmation to Ramsey
Abbey. " ijf Ego Reinbaldus Cancellarius consigillando
commodum duxi.*' Reinbaldus ccmceler occurs in Domesday,
in the time of King Edward the Confessor, Heref. 180 b.
2 *< Ipse tenuit de rege E.**
s His male descendants continued to possess lands in Dor-
setshire till of late years. The last heir male died in 1774.
Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dors. p. li. * " Tenebant T. R. E."
^ Of one, Liofus, it is said, ** Tenuit de rege E. ;** of
another, Turstinus, '' Pater ejus tenuit de rege E."
^ He had been the previous possessor, though it is not
said T. R. E.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 399
Coci, Albericus de, Yorksh. 329 b.
CocuSj Ansgerus, EsseXy 97.
Galterus, Essex, 95. j^^ (^^
Gislebertus, Northampt, 229.
Hunfr., Ghuc. 170.
Cola, Berks^ 63 b. WiUs, 73 b.>
venatx)r, Hcmis, 50, 50 b.*
CoLEBERNus presbytCF, Norf. 263 b.*
CoLECESTRE, Burgenscs de, et Commotum Civitatis,
Essex^ 104.
CoLEGRiM, Line. 371. Clam, in ChetsL 377 b.
CoLLiNC, Aluuard, WiUsy 73 b.
CoLsvAiN, Line. 356 b.
CoLsuAN, Clam, in ChetsL 377.
CoLsuEN, Line. 336 b.* Clam, in Chetst. 377 b.
CoLsuiN, Clam, in Chetst 377 b.
CoLUMBELS, Rannulfus de, Kent, 1 bis. 2 bis.
CoLviNus, Dev. 118.^
Constant' Ecclesiae Canonici,® Dors. 79.
1 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
2 *' Cola venator ten. dim. hid. de Vluiet patre suo in
Langelic. Hanc tenuit de Rege in paragio.*'
^ <* Fecit Colebernus quandam Ecclesiam Sancti Nicholai
concessu Regis, et si rex concedit dabit xx. acr. et ideo
cantat missam unaquaque Ebdomada et Psalterium."
^ '' Colsuen habet in Lincolia civitate iiii. toftes de terra
Cole nepotis sui, et extra civitatem habet xxxvi. demos et
II. secclesias in quibus nichil adjacet, quas hospitavit in
wasta terra quam Rex sibi dedit, et quae nunquam ante
hospitata fuit Modo habet rex omnes consuetudines de eis."
^ Of two, out of eight entries of land, it is said, '< Ipse
teneb. T. R. E."
^ The Canons of the Church of Coutance in Normandy.
From the words " T. R. E. geldb. pro viii. hid." it may be
inferred, that this land belonged to the same Canons in the
time of King Edward-.
400 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
CoNSTANTiENSis Episcopus,* BerkSj 58 b. fViUsj 66.
Dors. 77. Somers. 87 b. 88,^ 90, 90 b. 91 . Devon,
102. Bucks, 143, 145, 151b. 0^154. Gbuc.
165. Huntingd. 204,. Bed/. 209 h. Northampt.2\0,^
220 b. Leic. 231. Warw. 238,* 238 b.
CoNSTANTiNUs, Sanctus,'^ Comw. 121.
Coquus, Alricus, Bucks, 153.-1
' Ansger, Somers. 98 b. > v. Cocus.
— Tezelinus, Surr. 36 b. J
CORBUTIONIS filius, V. RoBERTUS.
1 Geofirey de Montbray became bishop of Coutance in
1048. He was chief justiciary of England, and presided at
the great trial in the county court, held at Pinendene in
Kent, between Lanfrank archbishop of Canterbury and Odo
bishop of Baieux. He was also one of the party who joined
in Duke Robert's favour, in 1088, against William Rufus.
He died Feb. 4th, 1093. See Kelh. lllustr. p.46. Richard
et Giraud, Biblioth^que Sacr6e, torn, xxviii. p. 264. In
Glouc. fol. 165, in the body of the entry, the Bishop of
Coutance is called <' Episcopus de Sancto Laudo ;*' which
Kelham explains, *' St. Lo, a vill in Lower Normandy, in
the diocese of Coutance.** << Episcopo Golfrydo de Seynt
Loth " (Geoffrey de Montbray) occurs as a witness to King
William the Conqueror's charter to St. Augustine*8 Monas-
tery at Canterbury, Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 144.
2 Of three manors in fol. 88. it is said, " H. iii. Maner'
erant de secclesia Glastingberie T. R. E.** One or two other
manors in fol. 88 b., possessed by the Bishop, appear to
have belonged to Glastonbury.
3 " XXIII. dom. in Northantone."
4 •* I. dom. in burgo de Warwic."
^ Constantyn in the deanry of Kerrier in Cornwall, since
appropriated to the dean and chapter of Exeter. The
church of Constantyn had held the land T. R. E.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 401
CoRCELLES, seu Cvrcelles, Rogerius de,^ TViUsy 72 b.
Dors, 80. Somers. 93.
CoRMELiEs, Gozelinus de, Hants^ 49.
CoRMELiis, Ansfridus de, Glouc, 169 b.- Heref, 186.
CoRMELiis, Ecclesia S. Marias de,^ HantSy 52. Ghuc,
166. Wore. 174.* Here/. 182 b.
CoRNiOLE, Willelmus, Wilts, 73 b. 74 b.
CovENTREU, Ecclesia sive Abbatia S. Mariae de, Ghuc.
166. Wore. 174. Narthampt. 219,^ 222 b. Leic.
230,« 231. Warw. 238,^ 238 b.»
Crassus, Normannus, Line. 336 b. 362. Clatn. W, JR.
Line, 376. Clam. N. Line. 376 b.
Cratel, Godricusy Bucks j 153.
* Kelham makes him the ancestor of the Churchills.
lllustr. p. 54. Collins, Peer. vol. i. p. 191.
'^ Of certain of the lands possessed by Ansfrid de Cor-
meliis, ten hides, or thereabout, appear to have been given
to him in dower with his wife. *• Has terras, et Wine-
stan et Tantesborne superius scriptas, habuit Ansfridus
de Walterio de Laci cum ejus neptem accepit. Alias vero
terras ten. de Rege.**
3 Cormeilles in the diocese of Lisieux, a Benedictine
abbey, founded about the year 1060 by William Fitz Osbern,
afterwards Earl of Hereford in England. See Neust. Pia,
p. 595. Dugd. Mon. Angl. vol. vi. P. ii. p. 1075.
4 Tametdeberie. " Willielmus Comes dedit secclesiae.*'
^ " nil. domus in Northantone.**
^ " X. domus in civitate de Ledecestre.**
7 ** Abb. de Couentreu xxxvi. (masuras in burgo de War-
wic) et nil. sunt vasts propter situm castelli.*'
^ Bilveie. ^* Hanc terram abbas emit ab O. lilio Ricardi.*'
In another entry it is said, <* Huic scclesiae dedit Aluuinus
uicecomes Cliptone concessu regis E. et filiorum suorura
pro anima sua, et testimonio Comitatus. Comes Albericus
hanc in juste invasit et sBCclesise abstulit.** In a third, in
fol. 239, land at Edbvrberie is described as ** vasta per ex«
ercitum regis."
D D
404 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
D.
Dalm ARi, Willelmus de, Dors. 84 b. 85.
Dapifer, Eudo,^ Line. 336 b. Essex^ 49, 106, 107 b.
Norf. 239 b. 279 b. Suff. 402 b.
Godricus, Norf. 202. Suff. 355 b.
Hamo, Essexy 54, 100b. 106.
Radulfus, Line. 336 b.
David, Northampt. 229.
David interpres,^^ Dors. 83.
Dbrman, Hertf. 142.
Derman Lundon. Midd. 130 b.
Deus sal V jet Dominas, Rogerus, Ess. 96 b.
Diaconusj Galterus, Essex, 86. Gloue. 169. Svff. 426.
^— — Goduinus, Essex, 98 b.^
DiaconuSj Willelmus, Essex, 94 b.
Dispensator, Robertus,^ Zetc. 230, 234 b. fVarw. 242b.
itwc. 363 b. Clam. S. Line. 375.
corum. Praeter hanc habet Episcopus Dunelmi de doDO
Regis ^cclesiam Omnium Sanctorum et quae ad earn per-
tinent, et totam terram Vctred, et terram Emuin quam
Hugo vicecomes deliberavit Walchero Episcopo per brevem
Regis. Et burgenses qui in ea manent dicunt quod earn
sub rege tenent.*'
i See an account of him under Eudo dapifer, p. 415.
^ Interpres. Latimar, Latiner, or Latinarius was a term
of the same import. Radulphus Latimarius occurs among
the Tenants in capite hereafter.
Blount says, '' Beneath Whittington in Shropshire, one
Wrenoc, son of Meuric, held lands by the service of being
laiimer (trucheman or interpreter) between the English and
the Welshmen." Latinarius ; one whose skill in the Latin,
says Bishop Kennett, was presumed to enable him to under-
stand all other languages.
3 " Tenuit et tenet ix. acr."
4 He was, as his name implies, steward to the Conqueror,
and was the ancestor of the Despensers Earls of Gloucester.
t.
i^")
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 405
Dive, Ecclesia de, v. Super dive.
DoAi, Walterus de, v. Dowai.
Dodesone, Aluuinus, Hertf. 142.
DoDiN, Northampt 229.^
Dodo, Dors. 84/ 84 b. Somers. 99.
DoLFiN, Derb. 278 b. Yarksh. 331 b.
Donne, Dev» 118.^
DoNNo, Somers. 99.*
Dons, Glouc. 170 b.^
Dovre, Canonici S. Martini de, Kent, 1 b. 2.®
Dowai, Walscinus de, v. Dwai.
DowAi, Walterus de,^ Surr.SG. WillSy 72. Somers. 95.
Deo. 111b. Essex, 91.
Dreuues, Amelricus de,® Wilts, 73 b.
Dreuues, Herman de, Wilts, 73. Heref. 187.
Drogo, Clam. Ebor. 374, Qam. N. Line. 376.
Drogo de Montagud, Somers. 99.
Drogo filiusPonz,»mte, 72b. Gfottc.l68b. Worc.m.
Heref. ISO, 180 b. 186 b.
He was brother to the Earl of Montgomery, and to Urso
d'Abetot, sheriff of the county of Worcester. See Dugd.
Bar. i. p. 889.
1 In the account of Northampton, fol. 219) it is said,
^< Dodin. II. domus de xx. den. una est de Judita comitissa
altera de Winemaro."
2 << Dodo teneb. dim. hid. et pro tanto geldavit T. R. £."
s ** Ipsemet tenebat T. R. E."
-» " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E.''
^ ** Ipse tenuit T. R. E." « They had held T. R. E.
^ Kelham says, he was a great Baron and Lord of Bamp-
ton and Were ; his grand daughter Julian was married to
Richard Paganel. lUustr. p. 35.
^ He is charged with an invasion of a small portion of
land, in fol. 7L col. 2.
^ Drogo, or Dru, a noble Norman, was son of Walter de
Ponz, and brother of Richard, ancestor of the noble ftmily
DD 3
40G INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
DuNELMENSis Episcopus,^ BerkSj 58. Bed/. 210 b.
Nort/iampt. 220. Yarksh. 304 b. Line. 340 b. Clam.
Ebor. 373. Clam. S. lAnc. 375, 375 b. Clam, in
Chetst. 377. Yorksh. 381, 381 b. Essex, 15 b.
Dunning, Staff. 250 b.^ Derh. 278 b.
DuRANDUS carpentarius, Dors. 85.
DuRANDUS deGlowecestre,*fla«/*, 47 b. 52. ^tto,64 b.*
DuRANDus tonsor, Hants, 49.
DuRANDUS Vicecomes, Glouc. 162, lfi2 b. Here/. 180,
180 b. v. DuRANDUS de Glowecestre.
DwAi, Walscinus de, Dors. 82.
Dyonisii S. Parisii Ecclesia,* Ox/ 157.® Glouc. 166.
Wore. 174.
of Clifford. The Messrs. Lysons say, ** he seems to have
had the largest possessions of any person in Devonshire,*'
whereas in that county he is expressly named as the under-
tenant only to the Bishop of Coutance. Domesd. tom.i»
fol. 103. " Has Lxxiii. terras tenet Drogo de Episcopo ;*'
and the lands are all in small quantities. Baldwin the
sheriff held immense property in that county.
^ William de Karilepho, consecrated Bishop of Durham
Jan. 3, 1082. He held the office of Chief Justice of Eng-
land under William I. He was driven from his See for a
considerable time by William Rufus. He died Jan. 6th,
1095. Surtees's Hist. Durh. vol. i. p. xviii.
2 « Ipse tenuit T. R. E.''
3 He was Sheriff of Gloucester at the time of the Survey.
Kelh. p. 43. In the account of Herefordshire he is called
Durandus Vicecomes. See the entry below.
4 ** I. masur. et dim. in burgo Malmesberie."
* The royal Abbey of St.Denys, near Paris, was founded
by Dagobert King of France, A.D. 639. Its history has
been written in a folio volume, by Dom Michel Felibien^
published at Paris in 1706. See also Mon. Angl. among
the Alien Priories, vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1077.
* Teynton. See the present volume, p. 304*
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 4-07
E.
Eadmundi S. Abbatia, Oxf. 154. Cambr. 192.^ Bedf.
210 b.2 Northampt 219, 222.^ Essex, 19 b. Norf.
209,275 b. Svf.Bbeb.^
Eadmundus filius Pagani, v. Edmundus.
Eboracenses Canonici, Yorksh. 298, 298 b.*
Eboracensis archiep.^ Ldc. 230, 230 b. Nottingh.
280 b. 283. Yorksh. 298, 298 b. 302, 302 b. Line.
339 b. Clam. S. R. Line. 375 b. Clam. N. R. Line.
376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381, 381 b.
382.
Eboracensis, S. Petrus, Clam. Ebor. 373. f
Ebrardus, homo W. de Perci, Yorksh, 380.
1 Of the manors in this county it is said of each, ** Jacet
et jacuit semper in dominio ecclesiee S. Eadmundi/* In
Wisbeach a fisherman belonging to the abbat paid a rent
of five thousand eels.
2 Of the Abbey estate at Chenemondewich we read,
^< Hanc dedit Wallef comes et Uxor ejus in elemosina,
tempore regis Wiilielmi."
3 Of the manor of Aldwincle it is said, *' Haec terra fuit
T. R. £. de victu monachorum. Ferron tenet per jussum
Regis contra voluntatem abbatis." A hide and three virgates
of land at Scadewell in this county are said to have been
given to Saint Edmund by King William, *' pro anima
reginae Mathildee."
^ The chief of the possessions of St. Edmundsbury in
these latter counties had been held by the Abbey T. R. E.
Broc, however, which had been Guert's, " Rex W. dedit
Sancto E. quando primum venit ad Sanctum." fol. 210-
King William also gave Porringelant, ibid., with Prestetune,
Sumerledetuna, and lands at Anhus, in Suffolk, fol. 59 b. 60 b.
^ Some of the lands had been held T. R. E.
^ Thomas Archbishop of York, the successor of Arch-
bishop Aldred, had been a Canon of Baieux. He was con-
secrated Archbishop in 1070; and died Nov. 18, 1100.
DD 4
408 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Ebhoiceksis Coines,^ Hants, 52. Berks, 56 b. 60. Oxf.
154, 157.
Ebroicensis Episcopus,^ Gislebertus, Suff. 388 b.
Ebrulfi S. Ecclcsia,^ Gbmc. 166 b.
EccLEsiiE aliquorum Sanctorum, Cornw. 120 b.
Eddeva, Hants, 50 b.
Eddeve qu&edam femina, Wore, 178.*
Eddid, Warw. 244.^
Eddida monialis, Somers. 91 b.
Eddiet, Glouc. 170 b.^
Eddvlf, Hants, 50J
Edeua uxor Eduuardi filii Suani, Essex, 98 b.
»
Edgar presbiter, TVilts, 74.
* Earl of Evreux in Normandy. William, son of Richard,
succeeded to the earldom of Evreux in 1067. He is stated
to have fought by the side of his father at the battle of
Hastings. He died April 18, 1118. L'Art de verifier le8>
Dates, fol. edit. torn. ii. p. 804.
^ Gislebert, the second of the name, sumamed Grus,
Canon and Archdeacon of Lisieux, was made Bishop of
Evreux in 1071. He had served William, when Duke of Nor-
raandy» in the celebrated embassy to Pope Alexander II.
in 1066. He attended the (Conqueror's funeral at Caen
in 1087, and died himself in 1118. Richard et Giraud,.
Bibliotheque Sacr6e, 8^ Par. 1827. tom. xxviii. p. 292.
^ The Abbey of St. Evrau or St. Evroul, called in Latin
Monasterium Uticense, in the Diocese of Lisieux, was one
of the most renowned foundations of Normandy* It wa&
founded by St. Ebrulf, A.D. 675. The first building having
been destroyed, it was restored by William Gerouis and
his nephews Hugh and Robert de Grenteroaisnel. King
William the Conqueror's charter to this house, printed
in the Monasticon, vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1078, bears date
A.D. 1081.
^ " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E." •» " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E."
* " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E." ^ « Pater ejus tenuit.'*
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 409
Edgarus Adeling,^ Hertf, 142.
Ediet, Shropsh. 212.
1 Edgar Atheling, or Adeling, sometimes called Edgar
cilt or clito, the grandson of Edmund Ironside, and the heir
to the crown by descent upon Edward the Confessor *s de-
cease. Edward originally intended him for his successor,
and brought him from Hungary for the purpose. See
Bromt. col. 908. Knyghton, col. 2338. The particulars of
his pedigree are in Sim. Dunelm. col. 201, Ailred of Riev.
col. 366, and Bromt. 907, in Twysden's Scriptores. William
the Conqueror, who took Edgar Atheling to Normandy
with him in 1067, is said to have given him many and large
possessions ; but Hertfbrdshire affords the only entry of his
name as holding lands of the King in Domesday. He went
to Normandy in 1086, and again, upon a difference with
William Rufus, in 1091.
In the Saxon Chronicle, A. D. 1106, he is mentioned as
one of the prisoners taken at the battle of Tenerchebrai.
Malmesbury, edit. 1596, fol.58, tells us that he went to the
Holy Land, and remained there for some time: that he
afterwards returned to England, where, says Malmesbury,
he now grows old in privacy and quiet. His words are,
*' Edgarus amisso milite regressus, multaque beneficia ab
imperatoribus Graicorum et Alemannorum adeptus (quippe
qui etiam eum retinere pro generis amplitudine tentassant)
omnia pro natalis soli desiderio sprevit. Quosdam enim
profecto fallit amor patriae, ut nihil eis videatur jocundum
nisi consuetum hauserint coelum. Unde Edgarus fatua
cupidine illusus, Angliam rediit, ubi (ut superius dixi)
diverso fortunes ludicro rotatus^ nunc remotus et tacitus
canos suos in agro consumit.'* Malmesbury is believed to
have written this part of his History about or before the
year 1125.
Dr.Sayers, in his Disquisitions, 8^ Norw.18089 p. 296, states,
from the Spelman Manuscripts, then in the possession of J.Pat-
teson Esq , that Edgar Atheling again visited Scotland at a
very advanced period of life, and died in that kingdom in the
410 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Edmundi S. Abbatia, v. Eadmundi.
Edmundus, Hants, 50,^ 50 b. 51 b. WiltSj 74. Derb.
278 b.
Edmundus filius Aiulf, Wilts, 74 *
Edmundus filius Algod, Essex, 93 b.
Edmundus filius Pagen, Hants, 50 b. Somers. 98 b.
Suff. 264.»
Edred, Dev. 118.*
Edric, Hants, 53 b.^ fVilts, 74. Dors. 84 b. Here/.
187 b.° Nott. 280.
Edric cecus, Wilts, 74/
Edric f. Chetel, Ghuc. 170 b.M ^ Chetel
Edric f. Ketel, <jIouc. 170 b.» J ^'
Edricus accipitrarius, Narf. 272.
Eduin, Dev. 118 b.
Edvinus, ff7to, 74.®
year eleven hundred and twenty. For the exact date.
Dr. Sayers refers to Bryant's Genealogical Table: but
whether in manuscript or print is not said.
Edgar Atheling had evidently not held the small portion
of land put down to him in Dnmesday, six or seven hides
only, earlier than the reign of the Conqueror. The Con-
queror*s forbearance towards him is to be ascribed, in part
to his feebleness of talent, and in part to his alliance, through
his sister Margaret, with Malcolm King of Scotland.
1 " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E."
2 Here are two entries of land ; to one it is added^ ^ Fater
ejus tenuit T. R. E.''
8 In this entry he is called Eadmundus filius Pagani ; and
it is added, « Tenuit Paganus T. R. E."
4 « Ipsemet tenuit T. R. E."
* " Ipsemet tenuit de rege E.*'
6 " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
7 « Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ In each entry it is said, "^ Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
9 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 411
Eduardus filius Suani, v. Edeua.
Edwardus, WiUs, 74,,' 74b. Glouc. llOh. Bed^.tl^?
Edwardus Sarisbmensis,^ Saruberiffi, sen de Sarisberie,
Surr. 36. Hants, 46 b. 51. Wilts, 69. Dors, 80 b.
&wwerj?. 98. Mrf^. 130 b. J?mcA. 150 b. Oxf.lQO.
V. Edvv^ardus vicecomes.
Eduardus venator, Dors. 84 b.
Edwardus vicecomes,* Wilts, 64 b.* 69. Hertf. 139.
Oxf, 154.
Edwi, Hants, 53 b.®
Edwinus, Hants, 49 b.^
Edwinus presbyter, Hants, 49 b.®
Edwinus venator, Hants ^ 50 b.®
1 '* Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E.**
2 '* Hanc terrain tenuit Pater hujus hominis et vendere
potuit, T. R. E. Hanc rex W. in elemosina eidem concessit,
unde et brevem Regis habet, et testimonium de Hundr.''
^ He was younger son of Walter de Ewras, or Eureux,
Earl of Rosmar, and surnamed Sarisberie, from the lordship
of Sarisberie, where he 'dwelt: or, as Hutchins, in his Ac-
count of Domesday for Dorsetshire, says, where he was
born. He was standard-bearer to Henry the First, in the
twentieth year of his reign, at the famous battle of Bre-
nevill in Normandy. Ela, great grandchild to this Edward,
was married to William Longespee, son to King Henry 11.
Sec Chauncy's Hist. Hertf. p. 558. Kelh. lllustr. p. 35.
^ He was the same person with Edwardus Sarisberiensis,
mentioned above. In fol. 69 we have an account of Edward
of Salisbury's profits as sheriff. See the present volume,
p. 168, where they are enumerated in the note. His
daughter Maud married the second Humphry de Bohuo.
^ ** III. masur. in burgo Malmesberie."
* " Ipsemet tenuit de rege E.*'
7 *' Edwinus tenet Acangre et dicit quia emit de rege W.
sed scira nescit hoc.*'
^ << Isdcm tenuit de rege E. in alodium."
'> " Ten. de firma regis ii. hid. Rex £. dedit ei.**
412 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Eglesham, Ecclesia de,^ Oxf, 154, Glom. 166*
1 Eynsham in Oxfordshire. Other lands belonging to
this monastery are entered among the estates of the see of
Lincoln, Oxf, fol. 155, to which it was in a great degree
subordinate.
'' Ipse episcopus [Lincoliensis] tenet Eglesham, et Co-
lumbanus monachus de eo ; ibi sunt xv. hidse et dimid. per-
tinentes eidem ecclesise.
*' Idem Columbanus tenet de Episcopo Scipford, ibi sunt
III. hidse.
** Idem Columbanus tenet de Episcopo v, hid. in panra
Rollandri."
Again, fol. 155 b. ** Rogerus de Ivri tenet de Episcopo
Hardintone. Hsec est de secclesia Eglesham. Ibi sunt ix.
hidae et dim.*'
These possessions, with one exception, are mentioned in
King ^thelred's charter to Eynsham Abbey, dated A.D.
1005.
The lands of the destroyed Monastery of Stow, or Ma-
riestow, in Lincolnshire, also mentioned among the posses-
sions of the bishoprick of Lincoln, Line* fol. S44, 34«5, were
bestowed upon Eynsham. King William the Conqueror's
short charter on this occasion is attested by one of the
tenants in capite of the present Index : '*• Willielmus Rex
Angl. hominibus abbatise de la Stou salutem. Praecipio
vobis omnibus, ut ita sitis obedientes domino vestro Colum-
bano abbati sicut fuistis Remigio episcopo in omnibus
rebus. Teste Ricardo de Curci." Mariestow had been
founded in the reign of Edward the Confessor by Godeva
Countess of Mercia ; Edward himself condescending to be
a witness to her charter. See Mon. Angl. vol.iii. p. 14,
from the Register of Eynsham, in the archives of Christ
Church, Oxford.
Columbanus, mentioned in the first of the entries of
Domesday above quoted, and in the Conqueror's charter,
was made Abbat of Eynsham, according to Ingulfus, before
the year 1076.
2 « Eadcm acclesia tcnuit T. R. E."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 413
Eldild,' mits, 74.
Eldit quaedam femina, BerkSy 63 b.*
Eldred, Sussex^ 29 b.^ Somers. 99/ Dev. 118.^
Eldredus frater Odonis, Hants, 50 b.®
ELEMosiNiERegisj^itfiflW. 130 b. Leic, 231. TVafw.2M,
Elemosinarii Regis, Dors. 79.® Midd. 130 b. Befffl
218 b. Northampt 222 b.
Elfain, Ziwc. 371.
Elmer, Heref, 187 b.®
Elnod, Hants, 54.^*^
Elric, Hunt. 207 b. Lek, 231 b.
Elricus, Yorksh. 330 b.
Elsi, G/ottc. 170 b."
1 " Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E."
2 « Ipsa tenuit T. R. E."
3 Aldred, in the entry itself.
^ " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E."
^ " Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
^ '' Ipse tenuit de rege E. et tunc se defend, pro dim,
hida, modo pro una v."
^ Madox, in his History of the Exchequer, has a section
upon the Eleemosyna Regis. He says, " Now we are upon
the subject of the regal Revenue, we must do some right
to the piety of our ancestors. Upon perusal of the ancient
revenue rolls, it appears that, in those times, many branches
of the King's fixed revenue were charged with alms. Out
of this fixed or settled revenue there was generally some
portion consecrated to pious uses. This alms was called
the < Eleemosyna constituta,* the settled alms : to which
may be added the * Decimae constituts.' " Hist. Exch.
fol. edit. p. 238.
^ One of the elemosinary priests of this entry held
T. R. E.
^ " Ipse tenuit de rege E.'*
io « Ipse tenuit in paragio T. R. E."
1 » « Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
414 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Elsi d£ Ferendone, Glouc. 170 b.
Elsi f. Caschin, Nott. 280 b.
Elward f. Reinbaldi, Glouc, 170 b.
Ely, Abbatia S* EtheldredaB de, Hertf. 135. Cambr.
190 b. Hunt. 20Sj^ 204^. Litw. SS6h. Essex, ISh.
Norf. 2l2h. 216. Suf.BSlh.^
Equarius quidam Regis, Bed/, 218 b.
Erchenger, Somers. 91 b.
Ercuenger 8€u Erchengerius, pistor, Cambr, 202 b.
Erchengerus, Cambr. 189.^
Eric, Hunt. 207 b.
Erleching, Wilts, 74.
Ern ALDUS, Essex, 101 b.
Ernebernus presbyter, Leic. 231.
Erneis, Ebcrr. 379, 379 b. 380, 381 b.
Ernui, Derh. 278 b.* NotUngh. 293.
Ernuin, Nottingh. 293. Line. 371. Yorksh. 379.
Ernuin presbyter,* Nottingh. 293. Yorksh. 330 b. 331.
Line. 336. Cfam. Ebor. 374.
Ernuinus, Nottingh. 293.
Ernuinus presbyter, JSec^ 211.® v. Ernuin.
Ertaldus, Line. 336.
EsNEBERN, Yorksh. 331 b.^
1 '* Abb. de Ely habet i. toftam in burgo Huntedone cum
saca et soca, praeter gelduni regis.**
^ The Abbey of Ely had held the greater part of its
possessions in all the counties T. R. E.
3 " I. burg, in burgo de Greatebrige."
4 << hb,** he had been the previous possessor.
^ He occurs as holding a manse in Stanford in Line.
T. R. E.
^ ^' Hanc terram tenuit pater hujus prsdicti hominis:
homo regis E. fuit."
^ '^ CD in Stollai. Esnebern &fc. Isdem habet nunc de
rege.'*
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 415
EuDo Dapifer, Hertf. 132.^ Line. 336 b.* Essex^ 49,
106, 107 b. JVbf/. 239 b. 279 b. Suff. 402 b.
EuDo filius Hubert!, Hants^ 47. JSerfo, 61 b.
Hertf. 139. Cawbr. 197 b. Hunt. 206 b.
Bedf. 212. Narthampt. 227.
' *' £udo dapifer habet ii. domos quae fuerunt Algari
cochenac et tunc et modo reddentes consuetudinem, et ter-
ciam domum habet isdem Eudo quae fuit Vlmari Etone. non
redd, consuetudinem."
'-' *< XXIII. mans, habet modo Eudo dapifer. Super eas
Iiabebat rex omnem consuetudinem. modo non habet.**
^ Eudo Dapifer and Eudo filius Huberti were the same
person. The former name was obtained from the office of
sewer or steward which Eudo held at court. Hubert de
Rie, the father of Eudo, was a great favourite with Duke
William in Normandy, who sent him ambassador, with a
large retinue, to Edward the Confessor, who was induced
by Hubert 8 dexterity to appoint William his successor in
the throne of England. The father was promised the office
of steward of the household as soon as William should be
possessed of the crown; but afler his conquest, William
being apprehensive of commotions in Normandy, sent Hu-
bert back with his three eldest sons to maintain that country
in quiet. Eudo, the fourth son, remained in England, re-
ceived very large possessions, and was shortly after made
steward of the household in the room of William Fitz Osbem.
His wife was Rohaise, daughter of Richard son of Gilbert
Earl of Eu. Eudo founded the Abbey of St. John at Col-
chester in 1096, and was in favour with King William
Rufus. He died at Preaux in Normandy, but his corpse
was brought to England, and buried in his Monastery at
Colchester, February 28, A.D. 1120. See Morant's Higt.
of Colchester, p. 139. Adam, the brother of Eudo Dapifer,
was one of the commissioners for making the Conqueror's
Survey. See p. 20. ** Terra Evdonb filius Huberti,'* stands
as a title to Eudo's lands in Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Cam-
416 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
EuDO filius Spireuuic,^ Line. 359 b. Clam. S. lAnc.
375.
EuDO filius Spiruwin, Norf. 245 b.
EuDO filius Spirvic, Sujffi 434.
Evesham, Ecclesia S. Mariae de, Gkmc. 165 b.^ Wore.
175 b. Norihampt. 21 9,^ 222 b. Warw. 239*
EusTACHius, Northampt, 228.
EusTACHius Comes,^ Kent^ 14. Surr. 34. Hants, 44 b.
bridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Bedfordshire. But the
entries themselves uniformly begin *< Eudo Dapifer tenet
de Rege.''
1 Kelham, from Blomef. Norfolk, fol. vol. iii. p. 187, says,
he was the founder of the Tatershall family in Lincoln-
shire.
2 The changes which took place in the property pos-
sessed by the Abbey of Evesham, between the time of King
Edward the Confessor and the Survey, will be again noticed
hereafter. At the Survey, in Gloucestershire, the Abbey
possessed one burgess in Winchcombe : but at the end of
the account of the Abbey lands there, it is said, ** In Fer-
dingo de Wiceicombe habuit S. Maris de Evesham lvi.
hidas T. R. E."
^ '* Abb. de Euesham. i. domum uastam.''
^ The possessions of Evesham Abbey in Warwickshire
are not entered as having been held T. R. E.
^ Eustace Earl of Boulogne here mentioned has usually
been considered as the second of the name, who was
wounded at the battle of Hastings in 1066 ; and the time
of whose death is variously stated by the French historians^
in 1065, in 1080, and in 1093. The main points of his his-
tory are recorded in " L' Art de verifier les Dates," 8'» edit.
vol.xii. p. 850; and 1080 was probably the real date of his
death, since ** Gallia Christiana," in a page already referred
to, (and that work was most carefully compiled, chiefly
from ancient charters,) expressly mentions his Countess as
a widow in 1082. " Quippe post annum 1082, adveniens
INDEX OF TBNANTS IN CAPITE, 4? 17
Somers. 91 b. Hertf. 137. Oxf. 157 b. Cambr. 196.
Hunt. 205, 208 bis. Bed/. 2U. Essex, 26, 104,
106 b. Norf.'lBl. Suf.BOS.
EusTACHius Vicecoraes, Hunt. 203, 206, 208.
ExECESTRE, Baldvinus de,^ Somers. 93.
ExECESTRE, Goscelmus de, Dev. 113.
ExECESTRE, Episcopus de,^ Dev. 101 b. Comw. 120 b.^
Ox/. 155.* Ghuc. 165.^
ExEssE, Suain de, t;. Suain. Suen.
F.
Fafiton, Robertus, Midd. 130. Cambr. 201 b. Hunt.
207, Bed/. 215.
Faleise, Willelmus de, WiltSy 72. Dors. 82. Somers.
96b. Dev. 111.
illuc venerabilis Ida turn vidua^*' &c. This was at the time
of her restoring the Church of St. Vulmar near Boulogne,
and furnishing it with books and ornaments. If Ida was a
widow in 1082, it follows, that the Eustace of the Survey
must have been her son and not her husband.
Eustace, the third of the name, married Mary, daughter
of Malcolm the Third, King of Scotland. Their daughter
was Maude, the wife of Stephen King of England.
1 He was the same person with Balduinus Vicecomes, of
whom an account has been already given, p, 377.
2 Osbem, or Osbert, consecrated March 28th, 1074. He
died in 1 103.
3 At the end of the Bishop's lands in Cornwall it is said,
^' Omnes has terras tenuit Leuric episcopus T. R. E«*' A
market at <^ Matele," however, had been taken away:
'* Forum hujus Manerii habet Comes Moritoniae quod epis-
copus habebat T. R. E."
4 « Leuric episcopus tenuit."
^ The lands in Gloucestershire are entered as *' Terra
episcopi Osbemi," and belonged neither to the See nor the
Bishop in the time of King Edward the Confessor*
£ E
418 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Feireres^ Henricus de, Bucks, 151. t;. Ferieres.
Felgeres, Radulfus de, Star. 36 b. Dev. 113 b.
Bucks, 151 b.^ Norf. 263. Suff. 432.
Felgeres, Willelmus de^ Bucks, 151.
Femina Saulf, Hants, 51 b.^
Fenisc, Vlf. Nottingh. 280 b.
Fereires, Henricus de, Northampt. 219.^ r. Ferieres.
Ferenoone, Alsi sen Elsi de, Bucks, 63 b.^ Glouc*
170 b.
Ferreris^ Hermerus de^ Suff. 354.
Ferieres, Ferreires, Ferrieres, sive Ferrariis,
Henricus de,^ Berks, 56, 60. Wilts, 72. Bucks, 151.
Oxf. 154, 157 b. Ghuc. 169. /fer^. 185. Northampt.
219, 225. jLeic. 230, 233, 234 b. JVarw. 238^
242. Staff. 246, 248 b. Derb. 274.® NoUingh. 280,
280 b. 291 b. Zmc. 353 b. Clam. N. Line. 376 b.
Essex, 56 b. 103. v. Feireres.
1 In several counties his land had belonged to the
Countess Goda.
2 " Saulf tenuit de Rege.'*
8 " VIII. dom. in burgo Northantone."
^ One of two parcels of land at Lierecote was " de dono
regis W."
^ He was the ancestor of the family of Ferrers Earls of
Derby, and one of the Conqueror's Commissioners for the
formation of the Domesday Survey. Tutbury Castle in
Staffordshire was one of his possessions. He founded the
Priory of Tutbury, according to some accounts, about the
year 1080, but more probably in the time of King William
Rufus, in whose reign the charter of foundation was evi-
dently framed. It became afterwards a cell to the Abbey'
of St. Peter super Divam in Normandy.
^ Tlie Messrs. Lysons say, " The greater number of the
estates of Henry de Ferrars tVt Derbyshire were parcelled
out among his retainers, not long after the date of the
Survey, by Henry de Ferrars and his son Robert the first
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 419
:.}
FiLiA Radulfi Tailgebosch, Hertf. 142 b.
FiLiA Rogeri de Ramis, Suff. 422 b.
FiLii Godrici Mai, HantSj 50 b.
FiLii Godrici Malf^ Hants^ 51 b.
FiLius Aiulf, Wilts, 74.^
FiLius Azor, Nott. 293.'
FiLius Eurebold, Dors. 83.
FiLius Manasse, Oxf. 154.
FiLius Modberti, Kent^ 1.
FiLius Turstini, Oxf. 160 b.
FiscANNENSis Ecclcsla,* Susser^ 17,
Earl Ferrars. Among those who had grants from the for-
mer we find the ancestor of the Fitzherberts, who still
possess the estates then granted. The manors which were
retained by the Ferrars family in their own hands were
forfeited by Robert Earl of Derby, in the reign of Henry
the Third, and became parcel of the duchy of Lancaster."
* " Pater corum tenuit de rege E.**
2 « Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
3 " hb Azor. nunc filius Azor tenet de Rege."
4 The Abbey of Fecamp in the Pays de Caux, fourteen
or fifteen leagues from Rouen, was first founded for Nuns
by Count Waning, A. D. 664. It was burnt by the Normans
in 841, and rebuilt by Richard I. Duke of Normandy, whose
son, Robert Archbishop of Rouen, dedicated it in 990*
Richard 11. Duke of Normandy, removing the nuns to Mont-
villiers, placed here in their stead some Canons, and some
time aflerwards Monks of the order of St Benedict. The
English possessions of Fecamp were not large. The Con-
queror's grant to it of the land at Steyning is printed in
the Monasticon Anglicanum, vol.vi. pt.ii. p. 1082. Except
'* Rameslie," all the property of the Abbey of Fecamp in
Sussex appears to have been given to it afler the Conquest.
££ 2
420 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Flamme, Rannulfus, HantSj 49.
Flanbard, Rannulfus, Oxf, 154, 157.1 ^
Flanbart, Rannulfus^ Hants, 51. J
Flandrensis, Hugoy Bedf. 216.
Flandrensis, Odo, Somers. 99.
Flandrensis, Walterus,* J3eit/- 139. Buck. 151. Betlf.
215 b. Northampt. 219, 226 b.*
Flandrensis, Winemarus, Buck. 152.
Flavus, Robertus, Wilts, 73.
FoRESTARii R^s in foresta de Gravelinges, Wilis, 74.
Forestarius, Peret, Hants, 51 b.
Ricardus, Warw. 244 b.
FoRNE, Yorksh. 330 b.
^ Supposed to be Flambere, who became Bishop of Dur-
ham in 1099 ; and who was at one time Chief Justice of
England. In the Oxfordshire entry he is represented as
^ clericus." In that of Hants, fol. 51, he appears to have
held one of three hides of land which are set down to him,
in the reign of Edward the Confessor. ** Isdem Ran. tenuit
in ipsa villa i. hidam et pro tanto se defd* T. R. E.** He
appears several times as an under-tenant to different
persons.
2 Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom.i. p. 425, says, ^ At the
time of the Norman Conquest, Walter Bee, though he had a
fair inheritance in Flanders, came over into this realm with
Duke William, and of his gifl had Eresby in comit. Line,
and divers other fair lordships.'* Whether Walterus Flan-
drensis and Walter Bek were the same person remains to
be ascertained. Lysons says that Walter Flandrensii was
the ancestor of the barons Wahul.
A The lands held by Walterus Flandrensis in Bedfordshire
and Northamptonshire belonged to Levenot, a thane of
King Edward the Confessor.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 421
FossARD, Nigellus, Yorksh. 298.* Clam. Ebor. 373,
373 b. 374.
FossART, Nigellus, Yorksh. 298.*
FouuER, Ansger, Somers. 98 b.
Framen, Radulfus, Ijeic. 236 b.^
Fratres quinque cum matre sua. Bed/, 218 b.*
Fresle, Ricardus^ NM. 280.*
Frodo frater Abbatis,® Ess. 92, 103 b. Suff. 354 b.
FuLCHERvs, Dev. 117 b.
FuLCHERUS mala opa,^ Rutl. 293 b.
FvLCREDUs, Dors, 83.
G.
G. Episcopus, HantSj 52.
Galterus cocus, Essexj 95.
Galterus diaconus, Essex,^ 86. Suff. 426.
1 " Nigellus Fossard intercepit ii. mans, ia Eboraco civi-
tate sed dixit se eas reddidisse Episcopo Constantiensi.*'
2 « Nigellus Fossart habet ii. mans. Modeuse (in Eboraco
civitate) et tenet de rege."
3 " Ten. de rege in commendatione iii. car. et dim. in
Esseberie."
'^ ** Hanc terram tenuit Lant pater eonim T.R.E. et
dare et vendere potuit.*'
^ ^* Habet iiii. domos in Burgo Snotingeham."
^ Frodo, brother of Baldwin, abbat of St. Edmundsburj,
and progenitor of the family of Tylney in Norfolk. He left
a son, Gilbertus filius Frodonis. Frodo held several of the
lands of St. Edmundsbury Abbey as an under-tenant.
^ Qu. Fulcherus mala op'a?
^ Morant, Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 466, says, this Walter
the Deacon left two sons, Walter surnamed M ascherell, and
Alexander styled de Waham or Wix, also a daughter named
Editha. From Walter, he adds, descended the noble family
sjurnamed de Hastings, lords of the barony o( Hastings,
£E 3
422 INDKX OP TENANTS IN CAPITE-
Game, YorAM. 330 b.* 331.*
Game, cum matre et fratre, Yorksh. 331.
GameLj Staff. 250 h. Yorksh. BBl.^
Gand, S. Petrus de, KerU,^ 12 b.
Gand, Gislebertus de/ iJerA^^ 56, 62. Buck. U9h. Oxf.
159 b. Cambr. i97. Huntingd. 203 j^2&t. Bedf.215.
Northampt. 22i b.« Leic. 236. TVarw. 238/ 243 b.
which consisted of ten knights fees, one of which lay in
Wikes, and for which Robert de Hastings paid to the
scutage of Normandy in 1206.
1 In both instances Game held the land T. R. £•
2 He also held T. R. E.
3 The Church of St. Peter at Ghent was founded in the
early part of the seventh century by St. Amandus. It re-
ceived secular priests about A. D. 616, who were succeeded
by Benedictine monks, A.D. 618. See Flandria illustrata,
ab A. Sandero, fol. Col. Ag. 161<1, tom.i. p. 119. St. Peter s,
Ghent, had held the land set down to it at Lewisham in
Kent, T. R. E.
* Dugdale has given a long account of Gilbert de Gand
in his Baronage, tom.i. p. 400. He was son to Baldwin
Earl of Flanders, whose sister the Conqueror had married.
He was one of the few who escaped with life from York,
when the Danes besieged it so furiously in 1069. He was
the refounder of Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire: and is
believed to have died about the year 1094. See also Kelh.
p. 78, and the '^ Descensus de Gant," in the account of the
Abbey of Vaudey in the Monasticon Anglicanum, vol. v.
p. 491.
6 « Vlf fenisc hb xviii. burgenses (in Burgo Huntedone^
modo habet Gislebertus de Gand cum saca et soca preter
geldum Regis.**
^ A half hide of land at Estone in Northamptonshire iff
entered as having been given by Gilbert de Gand to the
Abbey of St. Peter super Divam.
' He held two masures in the burgh of Warwick.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 42S
Derb. 277 b. NaUingh. 290 b. Rail. 293 b. Yorksh.
326. Line. 336, 354 b. Cbm. S. tine. 375, 375 b.
Clam. N. Linc.^76h. Clam.inCAetst.Sn. YorMh.
382.
Gant, Gislebertus de, fVartv. 238. v. Gand.
Gemeticens.^ S. Petri Ecclesia^ Hants, 43 b.
Gerin, HantSy 54.
Gerinus, fVarw, 243 b.
Gernio, Oxf. 160 b.
Gernon, Robertus,* Midd. 130. Hertf. 137 b. Buck.
149 b. Her^.lS5. Cambr. 196 h.
Ghilo frater Ansculii, BerkSj 61b. £«c& 152 b. Oicf.
159 b. Northampt. 219,» 227.
GiFARD, Berenger, ^Ft/fo, 72 b. Dors. 82 b.
GiFARD, Osbernus, HantSy 52. jBerA^, 62. Wilis, 64 b.
72b. Dors. S2h. Northampt. 219.
1 Jumieges. Ibis Abbey> called, in Latin, Gemeticum or
Gemeticense, was situated in the town of Jumieges on the
Seine, in the diocese of Rouen. It was founded, according
to Du Monstier, A. D. 664, by St. Philibert and Clovis U.
It was burnt by the Normans in 841 or 851, and its church
rebuilt in 1040, by Abbat Robert IL aflerwards Archbishop
of Canterbury. See Neustria Pia, p. 259. Monast. Angl.
tom.vi. ptiii. p. 1086.
^ Robertus Gernon, Greno, or Grenon was a Norman,
descended from the house of Boulogne. The head of his
barony, and the chief seat of his posterity, was at Stansted-
Montfichet in Essex. He had two sons, William and
Robert. William was of Stansted, and dropping the sur-
name of Gernon took that of Montfichet, from the raised
mount on which his castle there was built. Robert, the
second son, retained the name of Gernon. See Morantls
Hist, of Essex, vol.i. p. 158. ii. 576. Robert was the pro-
genitor of the noble family of Cavendish.
3 " III. dom. in Northantone."
££ 4
424 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
GiFARD, Waltenis,* Berhs^ 56, 56 b. 60. WilUj
71 b. Somers. 95. Buck. 147. Oxf. 154,
157 b. Cambr, 196. Hunt. 205 b. Bedf. 211.
JVbr/: 240 b.
GiFART, Walterus, Suff. 430.
Gilo frater Ansculfi, v. Ghilo.
GiRARDUS, Somers. 98 b. Dev. 117. Glouc, 162.
Girbertus, Zetc. 236.
GiROLDUS capellanus, Dev. 117.
GiROLDUS mareschalchus, Suff. 438 b.
GiSLEBERTUS, Linc. 336.
GiSLEBERTUS arbalistarius, Norf. 268 b.
GiSLEBERTUS balastarius, Suff. 444.
GiSLEBERTUS cocus, Nofthcmipt. 229.
GiSLEBERTUS de Gand, r. Gand.
GiSLEBERTUS Episcopus Lisiacensis,^ Gbmc. 166 b.
GiSLEBERTUS filius Richerii, Surr. 36. Novf. 263.
GiSLEBERTUS fib'iis Saloinonis, £Zer(/1 142. Bei^. 216 b.
ir;««car, 96 b.
GiSLEBERTUS filius Turoldi, Somers. 98. Glouc. 168 b.
Ha was son of Osbern de Bolebec and Aveline his
wife, sister to Gunnora Duchess of Normandy, great-grand-
mother to the Conqueror. The Conqueror made him Earl
of Buckingham. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 59. Order. Vit.
p. 522. He died in 1 103, in England, but was carried to
the Abbey Church of Longeville in Normandy for burial.
His wife was Agnes, daughter of Gerard Flaitel, and sister
to the Bishop of Evreux.
2 Gislebertus de Mamiuot, chaplain and one of the phy-
sicians to the Conqueror, was made Bishop of Lisieux in
1077. He assisted at the Council of Kouen in 1096, and
died in llOL See Richard ct Giraud, Bibliotheque Sacr^^
tom. xxviii. p. 34>4'.
Kelham, p. 256, says, " Hugh dc Eu, son of iho Earl of
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 425
fVorc.neh. Here/. ISeb. Cambr. 191 h. Warw.
243 b. Ess. 93.
GiSLEBERTUS prcsbytcr, Ess. 98.
Glastingberiensis Abbatia, Hants^ 43 b. Berk. 59 b.
mUsy 64 b.» 66 b. Dors. 77 b. Samers. 90. Der.
103 b. Gfowc. J65.«
Glowcestre, Durandus de, v. Durandus.
Glowecestre, Ecclesia S. Petri de, HantSj 43.^ Glouc.
165 b.* Warc.VlA^. JSir^. 181,M82b.«
GoDA Comitissa, ^ott. 280 b.'
GoDE,» Wilts, 74.
GoDEBOLDus, Somers. 98. Dev. 117.
Auge/' was the bishop here intended ; and that he died in
1087. But Hugh de £u died in a visitation of his diocese
in 1077; and Gislebertus, his successor, is expressly men-
tioned by name, Glouc. 166 b. to which entry the present
Note forms an appendage.
1 << II. masur. in Malmesberie."
2 The whole of the lands of Glastonbury Abbey are
either recorded, or appear by inference, to have been held
in the time of King Edward the Confessor.
3 Linchehov, the only manor which the Church of Glou-
cester possessed in Hampshire, was given to it by Emulf
de Hesdinc, " concessione regis W.'*
^ An entry in this county says, '^ Uxor Walterii de Laci
concessu regis W. dedit Sancto Petro pro anima viri sui
Dvntesbome, man. de v. hid.*'
^ Of six hides in Westvode it is said, " Haec terra S. Petri
dat de firma xxx. solid. Durandus dedit ecclesise pro anima
fratris sui Rogerii.**
^ Of William the son of Baderon's manor of Hope in this
county it is said, '' Tertia pars hujus manerii jacuit in
aecclesia S. Petri de Glouuec T. R. E. teste comitatu."
7 She had soc and sac in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire*
p " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E."
426 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
GoDEFRiDUs scutularius,^ Dors. 85.
GODESCAL, WiltSj 73.
GoDEUA, Dec. 118 b.
GoDEVA Comitissa,^ Lek. 231 b. Warw. 239 b. NoU.
280 b.
GoDMUNDUS, fi'^Ttf. 142 b.^ j5^.218.^
GoDRic, Hcmisy 51 b.^ bis. 54 bis.^ Wilis,'' 74. /)ar«.
84, 84 b.
GoDRic filius Agemundi, Line. 371.^
1 « Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
^ Godeva, widow of Leofric Earl of Mercia, and sister to
Thoroldy Sheriff of Lincolnshire. See Dugd. Bar. torn. i.
p. 9. Hist. Warw. p. 86. This was the lady whom history
represents as releasing the inhabitants of Coventry from
servile tenure, by riding naked through their town. She
has been already mentioned as the foundress of Stow Priory
near Lincoln.
The Countess Godeva was probably dead when the Survey
was taken. In the lands in Leicestershire it is said in all,
*' Comitissa Godeva tenuit." At the beginning of the
lands in Warwickshire it is said, ^' Comitissa Godeva tenuit
T.R.E.;" and at the end, << Has terras Godivae Comitissae
tenet Nicolaus ad firmam de rege.** The entry in Notting-
hamshire relates to soc and sac only in the counties of
Nottingham and Derby. Godeva bestowed the chief of her
personal wealth upon the Priory of St. Mary Coventry. See
Ordericus Vitalis, p. 511. Hoveden, fol.254b. Of half a
hide in Staffordshire, Madeley, belonging, at the time of the
Survey, to Robert de Stafford, it is said, '< Hanc tenuit
Godiva etiam post adventum Regis W. in Angliam.*'
3 *• Istemet tenuit de rege E."
4 « Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
^ '* Godric et Agemund i. hid. in Roweste in paragio."
* In one entry it is said, ** Ipse tenuit de rege E. ;** in the
other, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E.*'
'■ *« Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 427
GoDRic presbyter,^ HarUs^ 53 b.
GoDRic venator, fVUts^ 74.
GoDRicus, Dev. 118. NoUingh. 292 b.
GoDRicus Cratel, Bticks, 153.
GoDRicus dapifer^ Nor/. 202. Suffi 355 b.
GoDuiv^ Devofij 118 passim.^
GoDuiNUS, HantSy 49 b. Dors, 84 b. Samers. 91b. 99.^
Dev. 118. Oaf. 160 b. fTorM;. 244 b.* NoUingh.
293.^
GoDviNUS accipitrarius,^ Hants, 50 b.
GoDUiNUS bedellus, Bttcks^ 153.
GoDUiNUS burgensis de Bedeford/ ^61^ 218.
GoDUiNus filius Brictric, Line* 336.®
GoDuiNUs diaconusy Essex, 98 b.
G0DUINU8 presbyter, Northampt. 219,® 222 b. bis. Zetc.
231. Nott. 2S0.^
GoDuiNus presbyter et Vluuinus^ Northampt. 222 b.
GoDviNus venator, Dors. 84.
GoisFRiDUs, Wfto, 74 b. O^. 160 b.
1 '^ Ipse tenuit in paragio de rege E."
2 In three instances it is said, ^' Ipse tencbat T. R. £. '
'^ " Ipse et mater ejus tenebat T. R. E."
4 « Idem Goduin libere tenuit T. R. E."
^ « Vlsi et Goduinus."
« " Isdem tenuit de rege E.**
7 He possessed a hide of land and the fourth part of a
virgate in Bedford. Half a hide of this land he had held
T. R. E., the rest he had purchased after King William's
arrival ; but a portion of it was claimed and obtained from
him by a Norman.
^ He was among those who had sac and soc in the City
of Lincoln.
^ " I. dom. in Northantone.*'
'^ ** I. bov. in Burgo Derby."
428 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
GoiSFRiDUS, camerarius filiae Regis,^ HantSj 49.
GoiSFBiDus episcopus, HunUngd. 203.^ Line. 348 b.
GoiSFRiDUS marescal, Wilts^ 64 b.
GoiSFRiDUs homo Gisleberti de Gand, Hotel. 293 b.
GoizENBODED, Willelmus, Glouc. 167. Wore. 177 b.
GoisMERus, Essexj 101.
GoLDE et Vluric filius ejus, Huntingd. 207 b.'
G0NDUINU89 Essex, 97 b.
GoNDWiNUS camerarius, Suff\ 436 b.
GosBERT, Hugo, Dors. 84 b.
GoscELMUs, Dev. 112 b. Comw. 125.
G08CELMU8 loremarius, Essex, 94.
GosPATRic,* Yorksh. 330, 331 b. 379, 380.
GospATRic et Vlchil, Yorksh. 331b.
GozELiNvs, Clam. N. Line. 375 b.
1 Heche. ** Goisfridus tenet earn de Rege pro servitio
quod fecit Mathildi ejus filis."
2 << Goisfridus episcopus habet i. sccleslam et i. domum
(in Burgo Huntedone) quas abstuHt S. Benedicto Eusta-
chius et adhuc reclamat isdem Sanctus.*'
8 They had held the land T. R. £.
4 Kelham says, '* Whether this Gospatric is the same
Gospatric who was Earl of Northumberland, and had for-
feited for treason, in taking part with the rebels at York,
against the Conqueror, is not certain, as I do not find the
exact time of Gospatric's death ; but after an enumeration
of many manors in the West Riding of York, it is said, m
Domesday, ' Hec omnia habuit et habet Gospatric, sed
modo wasta sunt.* " Illustr. p. 121.
' Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 54, represents the
Earl Gospatric to have died in Scotland, leaving three
sons, Dolfin, Waltheof, and Gospatric. A different Wal-
theof, the son of Earl Siward, who had married Judith, the
Conqueror's niece, succeeded to the Earldom of Northum-
berland.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 429
GozELiNUS filius Azor, Hants, 53.
GozELiNUS Brito, Bucks, 152.
GozELiNus filius Lamberti, Line. 359. Clam. N. Line.
376.
GozELiNUS homo Hugonis Comids, RtUl, 293 b.
Granetarius, Gundvinus, Wilts^ 74 b.
Greistein,^ Ecclesia de, Hants, 43 b. v. Grestain.
Greno seu Grenon, Robertas, Essex, 63 b. Nor/. 255.
Suff. 4fl9h. r. Gernon.
Grentebrige, Picot de, v. Picot.
Grentemaisnil, Hugo de,^ Hants, 52. Hertf. 138 b.
Glouc. 169. NorthampL 224 b. Leic. 230,^ 232,
1 The Abbey of Grestain, situated near the mouth of the
river Seine, was founded in 1040 by Herluin de Contaville»
who has been ahready mentioned as the father of Bishop
Odo and the Earl of M oretaine.
2 Hugh de Grentemaisnil is said to have been so called
from his seat in Normandy, built by Grento (Grentanis'
Maisnely in Latin Mansio). The Conqueror made him sheriff
of Leicestershire and high steward of England. Towards
the close of life he embraced the monastic habit at St.
Evroul in Normandy, which he had restored and endowed
with ample possessions, and where he died A.D. 1094. See
Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 425. Nich. Hist. Leicestershire, Diss.
on Domesd. p. Hi. Hist. Town of Leic. p. 20, where is a
pedigree of his family.
s In civitate de Ledecestre, *' De monetariis xx. lib. per
annum de xx. in ora. De his xx. lib. habet Hugo de Gren-
temaisnil tercium denarium. Hugo de Grentemaisnil habet
c. et X. domos et ii. secclesias. praeter has habet in commune
cum rege xxiiii. domos in eodem burgo. Exceptis his
habet idem Hugo in Ledecestre xxiiii. burgenses perti-
nentes ad Hanstigie et xiii. burgenses pertinentes ad
Siglesbie et in. domos pertinentes ad Inuuaresbie. et
430 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
TVarw. 238,^ 242. NatHngh. 291 b. Suff.
432.
Grestain, Abbatiade, Northampt. 222 b. v. Greistain.
Greteuilla, Turaldus de, Line. 336.
Grifin puer, Heref. 180 b.
Grifin filius Mariadoc, Heref. 187 b.^
Grimbaldus, Berksy 63.
Grimbaldus auri&ber, Wilis, lit.
Grimus prepositus, Essex^ 98.
GuDMUND, Dors. 84.*
GuNDViNUs granetarius, fVtliSj 74 b.
Gunfridus de Cioches. v. Cioches.
X. domos pertinentes ad Merdegraue. et iiii. domos per-
tinentes ad Brohtone. et ix. domos pertin. ad Stotone. et
IIII. domos pertin. ad Wichingestone. et vii. domos perti-
nentes ad Andretesbie. et iii. domos pertin. ad Sceltone. et
X. domos pertin. ad fiurstelle. et iii. domos pertin. ad Bru-
nestinestorp. et ii. domos pertin. ad Diresford. et iii.
domos pertin. ad Legham quas emit de Osbemo. et unam
domum pertin. ad Letitone. et i. domum pertin. ad Turchi-
telestone.
<^ In eodeni burgo habet idem Hugo ii. aecclesias et ii.
domos et iiii. domos vastas. Hugo de Wituile tenet de
ipso Hugone v. domos cum saca et soca. Hs sunt de mu-
tuatione de Wadford."
1 " Hugo de Grentemaisnil (habet in burgo de Warwic)
nil. masur. et Monachi Pelardintone habent i. de eo."
^ Of the first manor in this entry, Matevrdine, it is said>
" Com. W. dedit Mariadoc regi ;*' and the same expression
is repeated under Lege ; at the end of the account of which
manor we have, '' Silvam hujus manerii cum lvii. acris
terrse tenet Radulfus de Mortemer. Rex W. condonavit
geld, regi Mariadoc et postea filio ejus.*'
« " Idem tenuit (Mideltone) T. R. E."
INJDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 431
GuRNAi, Hugo de, Essexy 89 b.^
GuTHLACi S. Ecclesia, Wore. 176. Here/. 182 b.^
GuTHLACi S. de Croiland Ecclesia* v. Croiland.
H.
H. fil. Bald. Yorksh. 379 b. 380 b. 381 b. 382.
Hagheburnus, Essex, 96.
Ha GO, seu Hagonus, prepositus regis, Notf» 269 b.
V, Radulfus.
^ Hugh de Gurnai was a benefactor to the Abbey of Bec<
See King Henry II.'s Charter of Confirmation, Mon. AngL
vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1068. He was a witness also to both of
King William the Conqueror's Charters to St. Stephen
Caen ; to that granted before, and that after the dedication.
Ibid. p. 1071. He founded the Abbey of Gaille Fontaine^
in the Pais de Bray and diocese of Rouen, about the year
1050. Ibid. p. 1088.
2 This was St. Guthlac at Hereford. Domesday distinctly
recognizes the existence of two ecclesiastical foundations
in that city : one, a house of secular canons dedicated to
St. Guthlac, which had existed in the time of King Edward
the Confessor, and had been plundered of some of its pos-
sessions in that reign by Earl Godwin and his son Harold :
tom. i. fol. 185 b: the other, a Benedictine Priory dedicated
to St. Peter, which had been founded and endowed by
Walter de Laci> who consolidated these two foundations
into one. Walter de Laci died In the 19th Will. Conq.
The circumstances of his death are recorded in the Cot-
tonian MS. Domit. A. viir. When the building of his
Church of St. Peter there was almost finished, in climbing
a ladder, he fell to the ground and was killed, 6 kal. ApHl,
A.D. 1084.
432 ind'sx of tenants in capite.
Haimericus, Dev. 1 17 b.
Haldein, Goduinus, Norf. 271.
Haluile, Radulfus de, WUtSj 74 b.
Hamelinus, Yorksh. 298.
Hamo Dapifer, Essex, 54 b. 100 b. 106. i ^
Hamo, seu Haimo Vicecomes, Kent^ 14. Surrey^ 36b. J
Handone, Clerici de,* Staff, 247 b.
Harding^ Glouc. 170 b.^ Som. 98 b. 99.
Harding, WiltSy 74, ter.*
Harding fil. Alnod^ Somers. 98 b.
Hardingus, Buck. 153.
Hardulf, Yorksh. 331 b.*^
Haregrin et Siuuard, Yorhsh. 331.®
Harold, Wano. 238.'
1 Hamo Dapifer, and Hamo the sheriff, were the same
person. Hasted says his family name was Crevequer.
He was one of the Judges in the County Court when the
great cause was tried between Archbishop Lanfrank and
Odo. He died some time in the reign of Henry the First,
without issue. His lands went to his brother Robert Fitz
Hamon, to whom King William Rufus gave the Honour of
Gloucester.
*^ The foundation of the monastery of Wolverhampton by
a widow named Wulfruna was confirmed by King Ethelred
A.D. 996. In the time of K. Edward the Confessor, and at
the Survey, it was held by secular canons.
3 Hardinc tenet in uadimonio de Brictric Witenhert*
Ipse Brictric tenuit T. R. E.*'
4 In each, « Ipse tenuit T. R. R"
' He had previously possessed it.
« They had previously held.
7 " II. masur. in burgo de Warwic.*'
V, AscuiT.
Hasculfus.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 433
Haroldus filius Radulfi Comitis,^ Glouc. 169.^ fVorc.
177. JVarw. 244/^
Hascoit Miisard/ J5wcA. 152 b. Glouc,''
169 b.
Hascoith, Berks, 61b.
Hascolfus Musard, 0^159b. JVarw,
244.
Helion, Herveus de, Dev. 1 17.
Henricus filius Azor, Bedf, 216 b.^
Henricus Thesaurarius, HarUs^ 49.
Heppo balistarius, Line, 369.
Heraldus filius Radulfi Coraitis, v, Haroldus.
Herbertus, Ldc, 236 b.
Herbertus Camerarius, Hants, 48 b.
Herbertus filius luonis, Kent, 2.
Herbertus fil. Remigii, Hants, 48 b.
Herbertus prefectus Regis, Bed/, 218 b.
1 He was son of Ralph Earl of Hereford, whose father,
Walter Earl of Maine or Mante, married Goda the sister of
King Edward the Confessor, of whom particular mention
has been already made in the notice of Ida Countess of
Boulogne. Ralph was disgraced in 1055 for cowardice,
when opposed to Griffin Prince of Wales and Algar Earl
of Mercia, who over-ran Herefordshire. See Dugd. Bar.
torn. i. p. 21. Will. Malmesb. The mother of Harold,
<< Gethe uxor Radulfi Comitis," will occur again hereafter
in the Index of Land-holders in the time of King Edward
the Confessor.
' ^' Radulfus pater ejus tenuit."
^ " Haroldus tenuit T.R.E.*'
^ Kelh. Ulustr. p. 48, says, '* His principal seat was at
Musarden in Gloucestershire."
•'' WiLLELMus filius Azor occurs in another part of the
present Index.
F F
434 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
HerbranduS) HantSy 49, 53 b.
Herding, Berks y 63 b.^ Buck. 153.
Hereford, Ecclesia de. Here/, 181 b.-
Hereford, Episcopus de,^ Oxf. 154. Glouc 165.
Wore. 174.* Shrqpsh. 252. Essex^ 26.
Herion, Tehellus de, Suff. 427 b.
Hermerus,* Norf. 205 b.
Herveus, mUs, 74 b. Oxf. 160 b.
Herveus Bituricensis, Stiffl 440 b.
Herveus cubicularius. Dors. 85.
Herveus de Helion, v. Helion.
Herveus legatus, Buck. 152 b.
Hesding, Emulfus de,« Hants, 46 b. Berks, 62 b. WWi,
64, 66, 69 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 98. Midd. 129 b.
1 '* Harding tenet i. hid. in Bvrlei. banc Ipse tenuit de
regina Eddid."
2 Of the lands of the Church of Hereford in Hereford-
shire it 18 said, ** Robertas Episcopus quando venit ad
Episcopatum invenit xl. hid* vastatas et ita sunt adhuc.''
The lands of the Canons follow those of the Bishop in this
county.
^ Robert Lozing was consecrated Bishop of Hereford,
Dec. 29, 1079. He died June 26, 1095.
4 Bishop Walter is twice mentioned in this county. In
one entry it is said, ** Isdem Episcopus tenet Inteberga.
Heraldus comes tenuit injuste* Sed rex W. reddidit Wal-
terio Episcopo quia de Episcopatu erat.*'
^ Parkin, the continuator of Blomefield, says, that the
possessions of this Hermerus came afterwards to the Lords
Bardolf. Hist. Norf. vol. v. p. 1233.
^ He was the first Earl of Perch, and father of Earl
Rotrock, who married Matilda the natural daughter of
King Henry the Hrst. See Sandford*8 Genealog. Hist.
p. 32.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 436
Buck. 143. Oxf. 154, 160. Ghm. 169. Hunt.
205 b. Bedf. 212.^
Hghebernus, Essex, 96.
HisPANiENSis, Aluredus, v. Alvredus.
HoLMO, S. Bened. de, Norf. 216.^
Homines duo, Yorksh. 331 b.
Homines tres, Buck. 153.*
1 In the account of Suffolk in the Survey we have men-
tion of Hugo de Hosdenc, who, under other circumstances,
might have been included in the list of Tenants in capite :
** Sod ipse est in captione Regis et non potest respondere."
He witnessed the Conqueror s charter confirming the liber-
ties of Ely Monastery, with Ivo Taillebois, Peter de Valoines,
and Pi cot the Sheriffl See Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 478.
2 " Tenuit T. R. E.," or " Semper tenuit Sanctus Beoe-
dictus/' occurs to most of the lands of this Abbey in
Domesday. In Saisselingham, however, fol.217, it is said,
*' Tenuit Edric liber homo Stigandi i. car. terr« et dim. sub
eo T. R. E. cum soca et saca. Postquam Rex venit in An-
gliam, ut autem se redimeret a captione Walerami, inva-
diavit eam idem Edricus pro i. marca auri et pro vii. lib.
in Sancto Benedicto. Modo tenet Johannes nepos prsedicti
Walerami de Sancto Benedicto in feudo.'*
Of thirty acres in Racheia, fol.217b., it is said, ^ Hsec
terra forisfacta est tempore regis Willielmi, sed quidam
monachus dedit dim. marcam auri pro forisfactura praepo-
sitis, scilicet Alwi de Colecestra, et «ic habuit terram
absque licentia Regis."
Ralph Stalre is recorded to have given a carucate of
land, with King William's consent, at Estune, ^' cum uxore
sua." Probably she took up her residence in this monas-
tery. She could not have been professed here, as the
abbey was for monks.
^ '' Istimet tenuerunt T. R. E. et uendere potuerunt*"
f f2
436 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
HoRTONE, Ecclcsia de, Dei\ 104. •%
HoRTUNENSis Abbiitia, Dors. 78 b. J
Hosed, Willelmus, Somers. 99.
HostiariuSy Johannes, Somers, 98 b.
Robertas, Leic. 235.
Willelmus, Dev. 117 b. Nottingh. 292.
Hugo, Dors, 84 b. Somers. 99. Line. 371.^ Clam. N.
Line. 375 b.
Hugo filius Baldri, Hants, 48. Yorksh. 298.- C&mw.
^. Z/twc. 375 b.
Hugo filius Baldrici,^ Berks, 62 b. JViUs, 73. Nottingh.
291 b. Yor^l^A. 327. Line. 336, 336 b.* 356.
Hugo barbatus,^ Hants, 49 b.
1 " tib/' habebat, he had been the previous possessor.
- '* Hugo filius Baldri habet IIII^^ mans, (in Eboraco civi-
tate) Aldulfi, Hedned, Turchil et Gospatric, et xxviiii.
minuta hospitia, et aecclesiam S. Andreac quam emit.**
3 Hugo filius Baldrici also occurs in Nottingh. 280, with
the word '' Vicecomes" written above. Kelham says he was
Sheriff of Northumberland.
*> '' Hugo f. Baldrici habet ii. tofles (in Civitate Lincolia)
quas Rex sibi dedit.**
^ This sort of name was not uncommon in the Norman
times, as we have seen in Hugo AsinuSy who is usually called
Hugo Lasne. The Consuetudinarium of the Abbey of
St. Edmundsbury, MS. Harl. 3977, fol. 19, illustrates the
practice of bestowing these appellations. " Erat quidam
vir strenuus Reynaldus Stanceberd Denasez, sic vocatus
quia nasum in bello cum rege Willielmo seniore amiserat, cui
Rex multa pro suis laboribus, ac inter cetera Lidgate
dederat, qui pro remedio animse suae dum Jerusalem adire
vellet, Sancto Ednmndo prsdictam villam dedit.** Hugh
barbatus, as will hereaflcr be seen, was one of the names of
Hugh de Montefort.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 437
Hugo Comes,^ Hants^ 44 b. Berks^ 36, 36 b. 60.
IVilts, 68 b. Dors. 80. Soniers. 91 b. Dev. 104 b.
Buck, 143, 146 b. Oxf, 157. Glouc. 166 b. ^Tmw/.
205 b. Northampt 219, 224 b. Z>eic. 230, 237.
Wanv. 239. CAe«A. 262 b. 263 b. Derb. 273 b.
Nottlngh. 280, 280 b. 282 b. Yorksh. 305. Line.
336, 349. C/a?;!. S. /^iwc. 375. Ctow. iVi CA^^s/.
376 b. Yorksh. 380 b. 381 b. 382. Ncnf. 152. 5«#
298 b.
Hugo Flandrensis, Bedf. 216.
Hugo Gozeri filius. Buck. 153.
Hugo latinarius, HantSy 50 b.
Hugo pincerna, Bedf. 216.
1 Hugh de Abrincis, or Avranches, surnamed Lupus, re-
ceived the Earldom of Chester from the Conqueror, A. D.
1070, to be held as free by the sword, as the King held
England by his crown, " tam liberd ad gladiuro, sicut ipse
Rex tenebat Angliam ad coronam/' Hence, in Cheshire
it is not said, Hugo comes tenet de Rege, but <' ten^ in
dominio,** torn. i. fol. 262 b; and the Tenants in capite of
that county are entered in like manner as holding, not ** de
rege," but de Comite. Hugh Lupus, it is probable, received
this earldom in sovereignty, that he might be the better
enabled to restrain the incursions of the Welsh* In 1098,
with Hugh Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury, he took the
isle of Anglesey from the Welsh. He refounded the Abbey
of St. Sever in the diocese of Coutance in 1085 ; and re-
endowed the Monastery of St. Werburgh, Chester, A. D.
1093. He died July 27th, 1101, having been professed a
monk of Chester four days. See Ormerod's Hist. Chesh.
vol. i. p. 10. Other particulars of Hugh Lupus, with a
character not much to his advantage, may be found in
Ordericus Vitiilis, p. 787.
FF 3
438 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Hugo filius Rogerii Comitis, Staff. 246.^
Hugo filius Osmundi, Hants^ 49 b. 51.
Hugo Silvestrls, Dors. 83.
HuGOLiNus interpres, Somers. 99.
HuMFRiDus filius Albi, Norf. 262.
HuNFRiDus, Hants, 53 b. IVUts, 74 b. Samers. 99.
HuNFRiDus filius Alberici, Stff 436.
HuNFRiDus Camerarius, Surr. 36 b.* Hants, 49. BerkSj
63. Witts, 73. Ikyrs. 83. Somers. 98 b. Gkmc. 170.*
Zetc. 236. Svff. 433.
HuNFRiDUS coquus, GUmc. 170.
HuNFRiDus fi*ater Aiulfi camerarii, Hants, 52.
HuNFRiDus loripes, Kent, 1.
HuNGERUS f. Odini, Dors. 85.
HuNTEDUNE, «et£ HuNTiNDUNE, Eustachius de, CStunfe*.
199 b.
HuscARLE, Somers. 99.*
I& J.
Ida Comitisa Boloniensis, Somers. 91 b. r. Boloniensis*
Comitissa.
Jeanio^ Oxf. 154.
Ilbertus, Heref. 180, 180 b. i»or. 379, 379 b.
Ilbertus et Egburg, Ebor. 379 b.
Ilbertus filius Turoldi, Heref. 187.
1 " Tenet de comitatu v. mans, et pertin. ad Guruelde,*^
i. e. Worfield ia Shropshire.
3 He held the manor of Combe in Kingston, *< de feuo
Regins.**
3 ^ Has II. villas dedit Regina Hunfrido, Actune et
Wichen."
^ <* Huscarle tenet unam virgatam terras quam ipsemet
tenebat T. R. £. in Estrope.*'
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPlTE. 439
Ilbodo, EsseXj 95.
Ilbodus, Oxf. 160.
Illinge, Elsi, Nott. 280 b.^
Ingald, Leic. 231.
Ingania, Ricardus de,^ Buck. 151 b. Oxf. 160 b.
Hunt. 208.
Inganie^ Ricardus, NorthampL 219.*
Ingania, Willelmus, Hunt. 207.
IngeniatOTy Waldinus, Line. 365 b.
Ingulfus monacbus, Surr. 34.*
Insula, Hunfridus de, Wilts^ 64 b.^ 70 b.
Insula, Radulfus de, Bedf. 217.
Interpres, David, Dors. 83.
Hugolinus, Somers. 99.
Invasiones super Begem in Exsessa, Essex, 99
Invasiones in Nordfolc, Narf. 273 b.
Invasiones super Begem, St^ff'. 447 b.
Johannes, Dors, 85.
Johannes hostiarius, Wilts, 74 b. Somers. 98 b.
Johannes filius Waleranni, Cambr. 201 b.
Johannes filius Walerami, Essex, 84, 104, 106 b. Suff.
435 b.
Johannes nepos Walerami, Essex, 94 b. Norf. 265 b.
IsAc, iVoj/. 264. Suff. 437 b.
1 Soc and sac in Nottingh. and Derbyshire.
2 The barony of Ingania or Engaine continued in this
family till the 41 Edw. III., when Thomas Engaine dying
without issue, his three sisters became his heirs. Kelh. 79.
Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p. 466.
^ '^ nil. domi de nil. sol. in Northantone."
^ '^ Abbas Wandregisili tenet VVandesorde per Ingulfum
nionachum.*'
^ *' I. masura in burgo Malmesberie.''
FF 4
440 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
IsELDis, Dors. 84.
IsPANiA, Alurediis de, v, Aluredus.
JuDHEL de Totenais,' Dev. 108 b. Coniw. 125.
JuDiTA Comitissa,- Midd. 130 b. Buck. 152 b. Ox/l
1 Judhcl dc Totcnais ; the Messrs. Lysons say, " nothing
is known of this person but that he possessed the baronies
of Totness and Barnstaple, which intimates that he was a
Norman, and high in the Conqueror's favour." Mag. Brit.
Dev. p. 1.
^ She was daughter of Odo Earl of Champagne and Ade-
liza half-sister of the Conqueror : and the wife of Waltheof
Earl of Huntingdon, Northampton, and Northumberland,
whom she betrayed to her uncle in 1074.
Tlie entries of some of the Countess Judith's lands in
Buckinghamshire arc followed by the words '* Istemet
tenuit T. R. E." Few, however, of the manors entered in
any of the counties to her, comparatively speaking, had
belonged to Waltheof, who is usually called in the record
<' Wallef Comes." She succeeded him at Tottenham in
Middlesex ; in various lands in Leicestershire ; in two
manors in Rutlandshire ; in three or four in Lincolnshire ;
and in the manor of Walthamstow in Essex ; the rest of her
lands had belonged to miscellaneous persons, among whom
were Harold, Guerth, Tosti, and numerous retainers, ho-
magers, and sochmen of the Earls Waltheof and Algar.
William the Conqueror seems to have been profuse in his
grants to her.
She founded the Nunnery of Elnstow in Bedfordshire,
her gifts to which are twice recorded in the Survey. She
left three daughters, Matilda, Judith, and Alice. Tlie first
was married to Simon de St. Liz, with whom he had the
counties of Northampton and Huntingdon ; the second to
Ralph de Toni Lord of Fiainstcad ; and the third to Robert,
fourth son of Richard dc Tonebridge. Kelii. Illustr. p. 71,
from Mills, Cat. Hon. p. 713.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 441
160. Cambr, 202. Hunt. 203, 206 b. Bed/. 211.
Northampt. 219, 220, 228. Leic. 230, 236. Botel.
293 b. Line. 336, 336 b. 366 b. Clam, in ChetsL
376 b. 377, 379 b. Essex, 92.
IvERi, Hugo de, Oxf. 157 b.
IvERi, Rogerus de,^ Berks, 62 b. Buck. 143, 151b.
Oxf. 154, 158 b. Gimc. 162 b. 168.« Hunt. 205 b.
IVarw. 238, 242.
IvicHEL presbyter, Suff. 438. \
IviKEL presbyter, Norf. 263 b./
1 Til is Roger was the son of Waleran de Ivery, who held
one knight's fee in the bailiwic of Tenechebrai in Nor-
mandy, by the service of cup-bearer to the Duke, and three
other fees within the said liberty, as also eight fees and a
half of the town and castle of Ivery. He enjoyed the same
honour of cup-bearer to William King of England, which
his father had done to him while Duke of Normandy. He
married Adeline, eldest daughter of Hugh de Grente-
maisnil.
This family, de Ivery, was descended from one Rodulph,
half-brother to Richard the first Duke of Normandy, who
killing a monstrous bear when hunting with his brother the
duke, was by him for that service rewarded with the castle
of Ivery on the river TEvre, and had from thence the title
of Comes de Ibreio. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. edit. 1818,
vol. i. p. 79.
- Roger de Iveri appears to have been on terms of friend-
ship with Odo Bishop of Baieux. Of Hasedene, one of the
manors entered to him in Gloucestershire, it is said, " Hoc
manerium tenuit quidam homo Rogeri de Episcopo Baio-
censi pro xvi. lib. Postea dedit Episcopus eidem Rogerio
cum firma." Of another of Roger de Iveri's manors, Cu-
bintone in Warwickshire, fol. 242, we read, " Hoc est de
fcudo Episcopi Baiocensis.**
442 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Juliana, Sancta, Sciropesc. Shrapsh. 253.
JusTEN,* Line. 37 J.*
K.
Ketel Monasterium, Clam, in Chetst. 377 b.
L.
Labatailge, Ecclesia de, v, Batailoe. Bello.
Laci, Ilbertus de,^ Berks^ 56 b.* Nottingh. 291. YorkA.
315. Line. 353 b. Clam. S. Line. 375. YarAsh.
379, 379 b.
Laci, Rogerus de,^ Berks^ 56 b.^ 62 b. Gbuc. 167 b.
tVarc. 176 b. Here/. 180, 180 b. 181, 184, 162,
187 b. col. 1. Shropsh. 260 b.
1 He had been the former owner, though it is not
T. R. E.
3 « hb,*' he was the previous possessor.
3 See Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 98. He received from the
Conqueror all that part of the county of Lancaster since
called Blackbumshire. His residence was at the castle of
Pontefract in Yorkshire.
4 <' I. domus in Walingeford."
6 This Roger was the son of Walter de Laci, who died in
1084. He was banished from England in the fifth of William
Rufus, for joining the rebellion in favour of Robert Court-
hose, when his lands were given to his brother Hugh. See
Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p. 95* Walter, the father, is mentioned
incidentally in one of the entries of Roger de Laci's lands
in Herefordshire, fol. 184, under Acle. ^* De hac terra
dedit Walterus de Laci 8. Pctro de Hereford ii. car. terras
concessu regis W. et unuro villanum et unum bordarium
cum terra eorum." Roger de Laci's gift of land in Glouces-
tershire to the Abbey of Lira has been already mentioned^
p. 329.
^ ^* I. haga de ir. den." in ^Eldrcmanestonc.
IKOZX or TENANTS IN CAPITE. 44S
Lanchei, Ecclesia de,^ Surr. 34,^ v. Lanheie.
Landri, Yorksh. 331 b.
Landricus, Yorksh. 331 b.' Clam. Ebor. 374.
Lanfrancus archiepiscopus,* Kent^ 12. BerhSy 56 b.
^e^cA. 143 b. 5t(^. 372 b.^ v. Cantuariensis
archiepiscopus.
Lanheie, Ecclesia S. Marias de,^ Glouc. 166 b. r.
Lanchei.
Lasne, Hugo, JViltSy 73.® Glouc. 169. Ware. 177 b.^
Heref. 187. Shropsh. 260 b. r. Asinus. Asne.
Latimarus, Radulfus, Essex, 101.®
LatinaritiSf Lewinus, Heref. 180 b.
Lawirce, Goisfridus,® Yorksh. 326. r. Wirce.
1 Lambeth in Surrey.
2 The record says, '* De isto manerio habet Episcopus
Baiocensis unam culturam terrse qus ante et post mortem
Gods jacuit in ista secclesia**'
•^ He is probably the same person with Landricus car-
pentarius, mentioned in the account of York, tom.i. fol. 298.
'' Landricus carpentarius habet x. mans, et dimid. quas ei
prestitit Vicecomes.**
"^ He was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury Au-
gust 29th, 1070. He died June 4th, 1089. He has been
already incidentally mentioned more than once.
^ <' Terrse Lanfranci archiepiscopi ad victum Mona-
chorum.**
6 In one of the entries in this county it is said, " .Ecclesia
S. Marise Winton. tenet de Hugone (Lasne) Chenste pro
filia ejus.'*
7 In the body of the entry of his lands in this county
Hugo Lasne is called *' Hugo asinus.*'
^ <* In Phemeham tenuit liber homo xxx. ac. Modo tenet
Had. Latimarus ; sed celavit et id*o dedit vadimoniqm.''
^ He is called Goisfridus de Wirce in the body of the
entry, as well as in other parts of the Survey.
4*14 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE-
Lauuire, Go.de, Yorksh.Sldh.
Leduinus, Lijic. 371.
Leduuinus filius Reuene, £t>2c. 336.^
Lefstanus, Northampt. 219.^
Legatus, Herveus, Buck, 152 b.
Legatus, llicardus, Glouc. 168 b.
Leueua, Line. 371 b.
Leveve monialis, Warw. 244.
Leviet,^ Wilts, 74.
Levild, Staff. 250 b.
Leving, Staff. 250 b.
Leuric, Dev. 118 b.*
Leuric, Willelmus, Oxf. 160. Ghmc. 167 b. Essex^
93, 103.
Leuricus, Line. 371.^
Leutfredus, S.® Star. 34.^
Leuuin filius Aluuin,® Nott. 280 b.
Leuuine monachus, Line. 336.
Leuuini filius, Derb. 278 b.®
1 He had sac and soc in Lincoln, *' loco Aldene pres-
byteri."
2 « I. domus in Northantone.''
3 « Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E."
4 " Ipse tcnebat T. R. E."
^ He had been the possessor previous to the Survey*
6 The Abbey of St. Leufroy in the diocese of Evreux,
founded by a saint of that name at a very early period.
See Neustria Pia, p. 3^6.
' lliis land at Aissele was " de dono regis W." The
record adds, *' Poi^t Sanctus habuit nunquam geld, dedit."
^ He had soc and sac in Nottingham and Derby shires.
^ Lciuiinus, the father, had been the last possessor.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 445
Leuuinus, Hants^ 50b.* Buck.^lb^. Oxf. 160b.^ Warw.
244.'* Z)er6. 278 b.« itwc. 336 b.
Leuuinus Chaua, Buck. 153.®
Lewinus latinarius, Heref. 180 b.
Lewinus presbyter, Northampt 222 b.
Liber homo unus, Essex, 1017
LiBERi homines Regis vii. Essex, 99.®
Libert homines de Sudfulc in manu Regis remanentes,
Suf, 447.
LiBERi homines Regis, Norf, 272, 272 b,^
1 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
- " Dim. hid. in Wandene. Istemet tenuit T. R. E. et
vendere potuit. Hanc terram apposuit Radulfus in Wan-
doure. sed non fuit ibi T. R. E."
^ Of two out of three entries of land it is said, " Idem
Leuuinus tenuit has terras libere T. R. E."
-* The two entries in Warwickshire are of land in Fle-
chenho. Of one, a hide and half, it is said, *< Hie Leuuinus
emit ab Aluuino fratre suo." Of the other, two hides and
a half virgate, it is said, " Hanc terram dixit Leuuinus se
tenere de Vlstano episcopo, sed episcopus ei defecit in
placito, unde ipse Leuuinus in misericordia Regis.*'
^ ** I. mans, in Stanford."
^ ^< Hanc terram tenuit ipse Leuuinus prefectus regis et
vendere potuit."
7 ** In Bolintuna tenuit i. liber homo xx. acr. T. R. E. et
adhuc tenet, sed celavit et ideo dedit vadimonium.'*
^ " In Hundret de Laxendena habet Rex vii. liberos
homines, et hos prepositus hund. habet, tenentes dim. hid."
9 Viz. 1. " Isti sunt liberi homines T.E. R. ad nullam
firmam pertinentes, quos Almarus custodit, qui. additi sunt
ad firmam T. R. W." 2. *' Isti sunt liberi homines Regis."
Hund. dc Hapinga. Hund. East de Flee. Hund. de Humi-
liart. Hund. Depwade. Hund. Gnaueringa.
446 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAP1TE,
LiGULF, Yarks/uSSOh^
LiMESi, sive LiMESEio^^ Radulfiis de, Somers. 97.^ Deo.
113 b. Hertf. 138. Glouc. 162. Norihan^ 225 b.
JVarw. 238,^ 243. Noitingh. 289 b. EsseXy 90.
Narf. 24,5. S«Jf.428.
LiNCOLiA Eccl. S. Mariffi de. Clam. N. lAnc. 375 b.
376^
1 He had been the holder preyious to the Survey. It is
not said T. R. £.
2 Kelham, in his Illustrations, mentions Ralph de Limesi
in two places. In p. 62, he says, ^' He was the son of the
sister of the Conqueror, and held forty-one lordships, with
the lands of Christina, one of the sisters of Prince Edgar.**
In the other, p. 73, he says, '' He was probably related to
Robert de Limesey Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.**
Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom.i. p. 413, makes no mention
of Ralph de Limesi *s relationship to the Conqueror. *
< Eight manors in Somersetshire are entered to Ralph de
Limesi. Two had belonged, in Edward the Confessors
time, to Queen Editha; two to Edric; two to Vlward; one
to Liuuara ; and one to the Abbey of Athelney. Of one of
Edric*s manors, Alresford, it is said, '< Hoc Manerium red*
didit per consuetudinem xii. oves per annum in Carentone
manerium Regis. Radulfus banc consuetudinem usque
modo detinuit.** Of Bosintune, belonging to Athelney, it ib
said, '* Quando rex dedit terram suam Radulfo erat secclesia
saisita de hoc manerio.'*
^ ^* IX. masurse in burgo de Warwic"
^ Viz. ** Wapentac testatur quod aecclesiam de Castre
dedit rex W. S. Maris Lincoliae in elemosinam, ad quam
aecclesiam pertin. ii. bov. terrae in dominio.*' " Episcopua
Baioc. et Episcopus Lincoliensis debent habere socam
super II. bovat. terrse et dimid. quae jacet in aecclesia de
Wingeham."
IHI^X OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 447
LiNCOLiA) Alurediis de, v. Aluredus.
LiNcoLiA, Norman de, NoiL 280.*
LiNcoLNiENSis, Episcopus, Btick. 143 b.* Oxf. 154,
155. Candn-. 190. Hunt. 203,^ 203 b.* Bed/. 210.
Northampt. 221. Leic. 230 b. NotHngh. 283 b.
Line. 336, 337, 344. Oam. S. itnc. 375. Cto».
^. Line. 376. t;. Remigius.
LioFus, Somers, 91 b.^
Lira, Ecclesia S. Marice de,« jE&wife, 89 b.^ 52,« 52 b.
G/oMC. 166.® flcr?/: 182 b.
LiSEMAN, WiltSy 74.'°
LisiACENSES Canonici, TVUts^ 68 b.
LisiACENSis Episcopus, WiltSj 66. Ztor*. 77 b. Hertf.
134 b. Buck. 145 b. O:^ 156 b. v. Gislebertus
Episcopus Lisiacensis.
LoGEs, Uxor Geri de, Glouc, 176.
1 << Norman de Lincolia habet i. scclesiam quae fuit
Brun."
2 iEcclesia burgi de Bochingeham.
3 <' Episcopus Lincoliensis habebat in loco Castri (de
Huntedone) i. mansionem, cum saca et soca, quae modo
abest.*'
4 Under Sticiltone (now Stilton) it is said, ** Haec terra
fuit data Vluuino Episcopo T. R. E."
^ " Tenet Bera quae et tenuit de rege E."
6 This Abbey, situated on the river Rille in the diocese
of Evreux, was founded A. D. 1045, by William Rtz-
Osbern. William of Jumieges, the historian, details the
particulars of its foundation. See also Neustr. Pia, p. 584.
"^ The Church of Adrintone in Hants, with the tithe of
the manor.
^ << I. domus in Hantone.**
^ A hide and a virgate of land at Tantesbome, ^ Hanc
terram dedit ipsi aecclesise Rogerus de Laci."
10 '* Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
448 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
LoNDONiJE S. Martinus, v. Martinus.
Loremarinsy Goscelmus, Essex^ 94.
LoRiPES quidam, Buck. 153.^
LoripeSj Hunfridus, Kenty 1.
LoRZ, Robertus de, Leic. 236 b.^
LoswARDUS, Line. 336.
LovET, Willelmus, Berks, 56,» 61. Bed/. 216.
Northampt 226.
LovETH, Willelmus, Leic. 235 b.
LuiTH monialis, Warw. 238.*
Lundon', Derman, v. Derman.
Lundon, Canonici S. Pauli de, Hertf. 136. Bedf. 211.*
Essex, 12 b.
Lundoniensis Episcopus,^ Dors. 77 b. Midd. 127.
Herff. 133 b. Essex, 9 b. 11.' v. Mauricius.
LuRi, Hugo de. Dors. 83. Nortluzmpt. 224 b.
LusoRiis, Fulco de, Clcun. Ebor. 373 b.®
1 << Ten. de rcge in clemosina Euresel pro una hida. Iste-
met tenuit T. R. E."
2 " Robertus vi possidet."
3 " Unum frustum terrse de iiii. den. in Walingeforde.'*
4 She was the same person with " Leveva monialis," men-
tioned in a preceding page.
^ The manor of Cadendone. " Canonici habent brevem
Regis in quo habetur quod ipse hoc manerium dedit secclesise
S. Pauli.*'
^ Maurice Bishop of London was consecrated in 1086.
He died Sept. 26, A.D. 1107.
7 Of the Bishop's manor of Wareleia in this county it is
said, " Hoc manerium dedit Willielmus Rex Willielmo Epis-
copo postquam mare transivit, quia in antiquo tempore fuit
de Ecclesia Sancti Pauli."
** " 11. bou, de terra Vlfmer."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 449
Madoc, Here/. 187 b.
Madoch, Glouc. 170 b.*
Magnavilla, Gobfridus de, v. M annevile.
Maigno seu Maino Brito, v. Brito.
Maino seu Manno, NorthampL 228.
Mal, Godrici filii, Hants^ 50 b.* r. Malf.
Mala opa, Fulcherus,^ RtUl. 293 b.
Malcolun, Yorksh. 330 b.
Maldoith, Gunfridus, Wilts, 73.
Maldred, Yorksh. 331.
Maldvith, Willelmus,* Hants, 47 b.
Malet, Durandus, I^eic. 236. NotHiigh. 291 b. Line. 365.
Malet, Robeitus,* Surr. 36 b. Nottingh. 291 b. RuO.
1 « Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
2 " Pater eorum tenuit de rege E."
3 Qu. Mala opera, Fulcherus.
4 William Maldvith, or Mauduit. Dugdale, in his Baron-
age, torn. i. p. 398, says, he was afterwards chamberlain to
King Henry the First.
^ He was the son of William Malet, to whom the Con-
queror, af\er the battle of Hastings, committed the body of
Harold to see it buried. See Ordericus Vitalis, p. 502.
William Malet*s death is twice alluded to in Domesday,
torn. ii. foil. 294 and 332 b. In the latter entry, under
Cidestan in Suffolk, it is said, *' Ex hoc erat seisitus Wil-
lelmus Malet quando ivit in servitium Regis ubi mortuus
est." In Norf. 133 b. under Hapesburc, it is said, " Hanc
terram calumpniatur Robertus Malet, et dicit quod pater
suus eam tenuit quando ivit in Maresc, et hoc testatur hun-
dret, et tamen non tenebat ea die qua fuit mortuus.'* Men*
tion is made of *' Mater R. Malet *' in the same volume^
folios 305, 317 b. 323 b. 324, 326.
Robert Malet, the son, was the founder of the monastery
of Eye.
o G
450 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
293 b. Yarksh. 298,^ 320 b. Line. 368. Clam. Ebor.
373. Clam,inChet8t.Bn. YorA^A. 379, 379 b. 380,
381 b. Essexy 88, 103 b. Narf. 153 b. Suff. 304.
Malf, Godrici, filii, Hants^ 51 b.' v. Mal.
Malmesburiensis Ecclesia, seu Abbatia, WittSi 64 b.'
66 b. GfoMC. 165. mirw;. 238,* 238 b.*
Maminot, Gislebeitus,® Yorksh. 298.^
Mannevile, Goisfridus de,® Surrey ^ 36.® Berks^ 62,
Midi. 129 b.^^ Hertf. 132,139. Oxf. 169 b. Cambr.
*< VIII. mans, in civitate Ebor.'*
2 " Pater eorum tenuit de rege."
3 In burgo Malmesberiae. *' Abb. Malmesberie habet mi.
mas. et dimid. et foris burg. ix. coscez qui geldant cum
burgensibus."
^ The Abbey of Malmesbury had a single house in War-
wick.
^ Of the manor of Niwebold, the only territorial posses-
sion of the Abbey in Warwickshire, we read, *' Vluuinus
monachus tenuit, et ipse dedit scclesiae quando factus est
monachus.*'
^ His great-grandson, Wake! in de Maminot, died without
issue. Hasted's Kent, Yol.i. p. 118. Gislebertus Maminot,
Bishop of Lisieux, has been already mentioned in the pre-
sent Index.
7 << II. mansiones in civitate Ebor."
B Geoffrey de Magna-villa or Mandeville, the ancestor of
the Mandevilles Earls of Essex. He occurs as an under-
tenant to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in Middlesex,
tom. i. fol. 127* He endowed the Church of St. Mary at
Hurley in Berkshire with certain lands adjacent to it, and
made it a cell to Westminster Abbey.
9 The homagers, at the time of the Inquisition, declared
that Geofirey de Mandeville held the manor of Clopeham,
now Clapham, in Surrey, unjustly. It nevertheless conti-
nued, as is shown by records, in him and his heirs.
1^ Geofirey de Mandeville's manor of Eye, in Middlese;^^
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 451
197. Northampt. 227. fVarw. 238,^ 243 b. Essex,
57 b. 100, 106 b. Suff. 4,11.
Mantel, Turstinus, Buck. 151b.
Mappesone, Godric, Here/. 181.
Marescal^ Goisfridus, Hants j 49.
Marescali Robertus, WtUs^ 73.
Marescalchus^ Rogerus, Essex, 94.
Mareschalcus, Giroldus, Suff. 438 b.
Maria, S. Sciropesc. Here/. 180 b. Shropsh. 252 b.^
Martinus, Buck. 152. Line. 365.
Martinus, S. Londonifle,^ Essex, 20 b.
has been already spoken of, p. 42. In an entry in this
county of a half hide of land in the hundred of Spelthorne,
held in alms by iElveva the wife of Wateman of London, it
is said, <* De hac terra Goisf. de Mannevile erat saisitus
quando ivit trans mare in servitium Regis, ut dicunt homines
sui et totum hundret." Midd. 130 b.
1 A house in Warwick.
2 There is a very singular entry in this folio, relating to
the church's manor of Brunfelde ; it illustrates the history
of the mal-appropriation to which ecclesiastical property in
early times was frequently liable. '^ In hoc manerio T. R. £.
crant xx. hidae et totum habebant xii. canonici ipsius eccle-
sia;. Unus eorum, Spirtes nomine, tenebat solus x. hid.
sed cum fuisset exulatus ab Anglia, dedit rex Edwardus
has X. hidas Roberto filio Wimarch sicut Canonico. Ro-
bertus vero dedit eandem terram cuidam suo genero. Quod
cum Canonici indicassent Regi, confestim prscepit ad
^cclesiam terram reverti, tantummodo inducians donee ad
curiam instantis Natalis Domini Roberto juberet ut genero
suo terram aliam provideret. Ipse autem Rex in ipsis
festis diebus obiit ; et, ex eo usque nunc, ^cclesia terram
perdit. Hanc tenet modo Robertus de Comite Rogero, et
vasta est et vasta inventa est.'*
3 St. Martin's le Grand: a college of a dean and secular
canons or priests.
gg2
452 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Matheus Mauritaniensis, v. Moretania.
Mathildis Regina,^ Comw. 120.* Buck. 152b.^ GUntc.
163 b. 164.*
Mauricius Episcopus,^ Somers. 91.
Mauritaniensis, Matheus, v. Matheus.
Mauritanio, Comes de, Noff. 143 b. Suffl 291. v* Mo-
RiTONiENSis Comes.
Medehal, Hunfridus de, Glouc, 170.
Medicusy Nigellus^ v, Nigellus.
Melcuesan, Aluric de, W?to, 73 b.®
Mellend, Comes de, NorthampL 224. Leic. 231 b.^
Warw, 238.«
Mellent, Comes de, Warw, 239 b.
Mellent, Homines Comitis de, Leic. 237.
Merde, Aluuardus de, Hertf. 142 b.^^
Mereuuine sune, Norman, Clam, in Chetst. 377.
Merleberge, Aluredus de, Surr, 36 b. HantSy 47 b.
Wilts, 64 b. 70. Somers, 97. Devon, 101. ^er^^ 186.
Mert, Aluuard, Dev. 118."
> See p. 6. 2 These had been the lands of Brictric.
9 Marlow and Hambleden in Buckinghamshire. These
had belonged to Earl Algar.
4 The manors held by the Queen in this county had also
been Brictric's. He was the son of Algar.
^ Maurice Bishop of London. See p. 448.
^ In one of these entries it is said, ^' Ipse tenuit T. R. E.**
7 The Earl of Mellent*s lands in this county had belonged to
Saxi. ** Has terras omnes tenuit Saxi, et potuit ire quo voluit."
8 VI. sextar' mellis et v. solid, de burgo de Warwic
9 '< He was eldest son to Roger de Bellomont ; exceeded
the rest of the peers in riches and power, and died in 1118,
19th Hen. I.*' Kelh. Illustr. p. 103. His great possessions
went to Henry de Neubergh, the first Earl of Warwick, his
brother. See Dugd. Warw. p. 69.
»o " Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
H << Terra est ii. car. Regina dedit ei in elemosina.''
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 453
M icELENiE, Ecclesia de,* Somers. 91.*
MicHAELis S. Ecclesia,^ Comw. 120 b.
MicHAELis S. de Monte, Ecclesia,* HantSj 43, Wilts,
65. Dev. 104.
MiDDELTUNE, Ecdcsia de, Hants, 43 b. 1
MiDDELTUNENSis Abbada, Dors. 78. J
MiLBURG, Ecclesia S. Sciropesc. Shropsh. 252 b.
MiLo Crispin, v. Crispin.
MiLo portarius, Hants, 49 b.
MiNisTRi Regis, Ricardus et alii, Oxf, 160 b.
MoDuiNUS, EsseXy 95 b.
MoioN, seu MoiUN, Willelmus de, Wilts, 72. Dors. 82.
So7iiers. 95 b. Dev. 110.
MoLEBEc, Hugo de, Berks, 56, 56 b,®
* The Abbey of Michelney.
2 In the entries in this folio these parcels of land are
marked A. B. C, which had been bestowed upon the abbey
subsequent to the time of Edward the Confessor.
3 The Priory of St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall was
founded by King Edward the Confessor in 1085. It was
aflerwards annexed to the Abbey of St. Michael in Pe-
ri culo Maris in Normandy, whose other property is referred
to in the next entry.
^ The Abbey of St. Michael in Periculo Maris, in Nor-
mandy, was founded at an early period. Tradition says
about the year 708. Kollo, the first Duke of Normandy,
displaced the secular canons of the first foundation A. D.
966, and put Benedictine monks in their room. Richard XL,
Duke of Normandy, rebuilt the church in 1024. Al. Pri.
vol. i. p. 146.
^ Milton Abbey in Dorsetshire, founded by King Athel-
stan about the year 93S. Its possessions appear to have
been the same which had belonged to it in the time of King
Edward the Confessor.
^ These entries relate to houses in Waliogford.
GG 3
454 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
M0NNEUILE9 Nigellus de, Yorksh. 298.^
MoNTAGUD, Ansgenis de^ Somers. 99.
MoNTAGUD, Drogo de^ Somers. 99.
MoNTEy Ecclesia S. Michaelis de, r. Michaelis S. de
Monte Ecclesia.
MoNTEBURG, S. Maria de,^ Somers. 91.
MoNTECANisio, Hubcitus dc,^ Stiffi 436.
MoNTEFORT, seu Monteforti, Hugo de,* Kenty 1,* 13.
Essex, 52 b. 106 b. Norf. 237. Suff. 405 b.
1 '* Nigellus de Monnevile habet i. mansionem cujusdam
monetarii.'*
^ An abbey in the diocese of Coutance in Normandy^
founded, according to Dugdale, in 1090> by Baldwin de
Redvers ; but the mention of it in Domesday shows it must
have been founded at least as early as 1086. The land
entered to this monastery in Somersetshire, was given to it
by Nigel the Conqueror's physician.
3 OfHubertdeMunchensi, see Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p.561.
He was a benefactor to the monks of Eye in Suffolk ; and is
believed to have lived to the time of King Stephen. Kel*
ham says, the last baron of this family was William de Mont-
chensi, who was killed in service against the Welsh in the
time of Edward the First. He occurs as Hubert de Mont-
canisi in the first volume of Domesday, fol. 298, possessing
a manse in the city of York.
^ Hugh de Montcfort was the son of Thurstan de Basten-
bergh, a Norman, and, according to William of Jumieges,
was commonly called Hugh with a beard, the Normans at
that time being usually shaved. He fought at the battle
of Hastings, and was afterwards joined with William Fitz-
Osberne and Odo Bishop of Baieux in administering justice
through the kingdom. He lost his life in a duel with
Walcheline de Ferrers. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 407* See
more of him, Brady, Hist. pp. 140, 187. Somner on Gavel-
kind, pp.68, 191.
■» A house in Dover.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 455
Montgomery, Roger de, r. Rogerus Comes.
M oNTGUMEEi, Hugo de, Staff. 248 b.
MoRETANiA, Mathiu (sen Maci) de, Berks^ 63. Wilts^
73. Dors. 82 b. Somers. 98. Glouc. 170. EsseXy
91b.
MoRiNUs, Devon, 117 b.
MoRiTONiENSis CoHies,^ SusseXy 20 b. 5urr. 34. Hcmts,
44b. 52. Berksym. fFt7te,68b. Dors.ld. Somers,
86, 86 b. bis. 87 b. 90 b. 91, 91b. Dev. 104 b.
Comw. 120 b. 121 b. Midd 129. flc»t/: 136 b.
Buck. 146. O^. 154, 157. Glouc. 166 b. Oimfcr.
189, 193. Northampt. 219, 223. Nottingh. 2S2h.
Yorksh. 298, 305, 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381 b.
382. Norf. 143 b- Suff. 291.
MoRTEMER, Radulfiis de,^ HatUSy 46 b. 51, 52 bis. Berks,
^ Robert Earl of Moretaine in Normandy was advanced,
soon after the Conquest, to the earldom of Cornwall. Wil-
liam the Conqueror finishes a charter, granting Islip in
Oxfordshire to Westminster Abbey, with " T. Odone epis-
copo et Rodberto Comite de Moret* fiatrihus meis.^* MS.
Cotton. Faust. A. iii. fol. 54. Reg. Ab. Westm. The Earl
of Moretaine married Matilda the youngest daughter of
Roger de Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury. He was a
great benefactor to the Abbey of Grestein in Normandy,
founded by his father ; and annexed the Priory of St. Mi-
chael's Mount in Cornwall, as has been already mentioned,
to the similarly situated Norman Abbey of St. Michael
in Periculo Maris. Dugdale, Bar. tom. i. p. 25, is igno-
rant of the time of his death. Kelham says he died in
1091. Illustr. p. 31. Robert Earl of Moretaine's charter,
granting away the Priory of St. MichaeFs Mount in Corn-
wall, will be found in the Monasticon Anglicanum, vol.vi.
pt.ii. p. 289.
2 Ralph de Mortimer's alliance, by the mother's side,
with the Conqueror is explained in Dugdale*s Barooage,
GG 4
V. Hascoit.
^ Hascoith.
Hasculfus.
456 INDEX OF tenants in capite.
62 b. WiltSy 64 b.* 72. Samers. 96 b. Oxf. 159.
Wore. 176 b. jfifere^ 180,^ 180 b. 183 b. Leic. 235.
JVarw. 243. Shropsh. 252, 260. YorA«A. 325. iiwc.
363. Ctojn. Ebor. 373, 380 b. 381 b. 382.
MucELGROS, Rogerius de, Hertf. 185.
Musard, Ascuit, Derb. 277 b.
MusARD^ Hascoit, Buck, 152 b. Glouc.
169 b.
MusART, Hascoius, Buck. 143.
Musard, Hascolfus, ^euHASCULFUS, O^.
159 b. Wdrw.2M. Derb. 211 h.^
MusARDUS^ Hugo, Line, 336 b.
N.
Neoti, S. Clerici, Comw. 121.*
Neweham, Lewinus de, Buck. 143,^ 153.^
tom.i. p. 138. He received Wigraore Castle from WUliam,
for his services in subduing and taking prisoner Edric Earl
of Shrewsbury. He founded Wigmore Abbey ; and died
some time toward the close of the reign of Henry the First.
1 ** I. masura et dimid. in Malmesberie."
2 << Radulfus de Mortimer tenet Wighemore. Ibi dimid.
hida. Castellum Wigemore sedet in ea.**
^ The Messrs. Lysons say, " The estates of the Barons
Musard in Derbyshire passed by coheiresses in the reign of
Edward the Second ; a marriage with one of them increased
the property of the Frecheviiles."
4 « Tenebant T. R, E."
^ " Leuuinus de Neuueham habet v. burg, in burgo de
Bochingeham et T. R. E. habuit. Hi reddunt ei iiii. sol.
per annum, et Regi xii. den."
^ Of five manors here entered, it is said at the end of the
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITS* 457
NicoLAUS balistarius, Dev. 117. Warw. 238,* 244.
NicoLAUs, Sanctus, Hants^ 52 b.
NiGELLUS, Staff, 250 b.
NiGELLUs Mediciis,^ Hants, 49, 52.^ Wilts, 73. Here/.
183. Shropsh. 260 b.
Niger, Robertus, Kent, 1*
NoNN^ duae, Somers, 91 b.
Norman, Yorksh. 331, 331 b.*
Norman filius Siuuard presbyteri. Line. 336.
Norman Mereuuine sune, Clam, in Chetst. 377.
NoRMANNUS, Leic. 231 b.
Normannus crassus, Line. 336, 336 b. 362. Clam.
W. R. Line. 376. Clam. N. Line. 376 b.
Normannus Vicecomes, Suff. 438.
NoRWic, S. Michael de, Nor/. 201.
o.
O. arbalistarius, v. Odo*
Oaura, Leuuinus, Buck. 153.^
Oburvilla, Rogerus de, Suff. 403 b.
Odardus balistarius, Surr. 36 b.
Odburvile, Rotbertus de/ Samers. 98 b.
account of each, ** Hoc manerium tenuit istemet T. R. £. et
vendere potuit." Mater Leuuini de Niuueham, Warw. 244^
appears to have held land in the Confessor's time.
^ A house in Warwick.
2 The Conqueror's physician, already mentioned.
3 Four houses in the burgh of Southampton.
* He had been the possessor previous to the Sutvey*
•*> « Istemet tenuit T. R. £• et vendere potuic/
^ Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p. 499.
458 INDEX OF TBNANT8 IN CAPITE.
Odburvile^ geu Odburguille, Willelmus de^^ Hertf.
139.
Ode^ Hants, 49 b. 51 b.
Odinus camerarius, WiUsy 74 b*
Odo, Sussex\ 29 b. Dev. 118.
Odo arbalistarius, Yorksh. 329 b. 381 b. Line. 365 b.
Odo Baiocensis Episcopus, v. Baiocensis Episoopus.
Odo balistarius, Yorksh. 298.^ Cbm. Ebor. 373 b.
Odo filius Eurebold, Dors. 83.
Odo filius Gamelini, Somers. 98. Dev. 116 b.
Odo Flandr. Somers. 99.
Odolina, WiltSy 74.
Ogerius Brito, Lifw. 364 b.
Ogerus, Northampt. 228.
Ogerus Brito, Leic. 236.
Ogerus filius Vngemar, BoteL 293 b.
OiLGi, Robeitus de,* Berks, 56,* 56 b. 62. Hertf. 137 b.
jBmcA. 143, 149. Oxf.lbS. Gfottc. 168 b. Be^.
215. Northampt. 225. fTarw?. 242.*
1 Kelham says, his barony, which was at Berlai in Hert-
fordshire, expired in the time of King John in William his
grandson, lllustr. p. 74.
2 " III, mans, in Eboraco civitate."
3 In the chartulary of Oseney Abbey in Oxfordshire,
MS. penes Dec. et Cap. ^d. Chr. Oxon. fol. i. Robert de
Oilgi and Roger de Ivri are registered as sworn companions
in assisting the Conqueror's invasion. ^' Memorandum,
quod Robertus de Oleio et Rogerus de Iverio fratres jurati,
et per fidem et sacramentum confcederati, venerunt ad Con*
questum Anglis cum Rege Willielmo Bastard." It adds,
*' Iste Rex dedit dicto Roberto duas Baronias quss modo
vocantur Baronia Doylivorum et S. Waleria."
4 ** nil. roasura) in burgo de Walingeford."
•^ '* Aluricus libere tenuit T. R. E. Hanc terram (ii. hid.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE* 459
OiLGi, Wido de, Oxf. 154, 160.
Ox RANT, Hants^ 53 b.^
Olaf, Northampt 229.
Ordgar, Oxf. 161.
Ordric, Warw. 244 b.
Ordui, Bedf. 218 b. bis.^
Orduui burgensis de Bedeford, Bedf. 218.^
Orlatele, Goisfridus, Surr. 36.* Gbuc. 168 b.^
Orm, Yorksh. 330 b.®
Orme, Yorksh. 331, 331 b.
OsBERNUS accipitrarius, Hants, 49 b.
OsBERNus filius Bosonis^ Yorksh. 298.
in Merstone) emit ab eo Robertus licentia regis W."
Robert de Oilgi is incidentally mentioned in an earlier folio
than any of these, Surr. S5, under the lands of Ricardus
filius Gisleberti Comitis : " Vna hida in Meldone remanet
in Calengio quam tenet Robertus de Wateuile, et dicunt
homines de Hund. quod Eduardus Sarisberie et Robertus
de Oilgi dirationaverunt earn Ricardo de Tonebrige et
remansit quieta in manu Regis."
* " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E."
^ In both entries it is said, *' Istemet tenuit T. R. E. homo
regis fuit, et cui voluit vendere potuit."
'•^ ^^ In eadem uilla tenet Orduui burgensis de rege i. hid.
et tertiam partem dimidiae hidse. Dim. hid. et quartam par-
tem I. virg. de hac terra tenuit T. R. E. isdem qui nunc
tenet et potuit dare cui voluit. Unam virg. vero in vadi-
nionio tenuit T. R. E. et adhuc tenet, ut homines de hoc
hundredo testantur. Idem ipse emit i. virg. et quartam
partem unius virgatae postquam Rex W. in Anglia venit, et
nee regi nee alicui servitium reddV
^ << Tenet Belgeham sine dono regis, et sine waranto."
-' Wliere he is called Orleteile.
« Also T. R. E.
460 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
OsBERNUS Episcopus,^ StMsex^ 17. Surr. 31. Hanis^ 4S.
Berks^ 58 b. Glouc. 165. Norf. 201 b.
OsBERNUS Legatus Regis, Clamn in Cheist. 377.^
OsBERNUS presbyter, WiltSj 68 b. 73. Line. 366 b.
OsBERNUs presbyter et Radulfus dapifer, Line 366 b.
OsBERNUS filius Ricardi, Heref. 180, 181b. 186 b.'
Bed/. 216 b. Warw. 238, 244. Shropsh. 260/
NoUingh. 292.
OsBERNUS filius Ricardi Scrupe, Wore. 176 b.^
OsBERNUS de Salceid^ v. Salceid.
1 Malmesbury de Gestis Pontif. fol. 145 b. gives a parti-
cular account of him. He was consecrated Bishop of
Exeter, March 28th, 1074. He died A.D. 1103. In the
Domesday account of Critetone, or Crediton, in Devonshire,
it is expressly stated that Bishop Osbern produced charters
to substantiate the rights of his church. Kelham says, he
was kinsman to King Edward the Confessor^ and allied to
William the Conqueror. William Fitz-Osbern Earl of Here-
ford was his brother.
2 « Osbernus legatus regis clam. i. car. terrs in Turo-
luebi quam testimonio Wapent. debet habere et socam in
Achelei reddere manerium Judits Comitisss.*'
s Here are eleven entries of land. Of two it is said,
*< Ipse tenuit T. R. £. ;** in four others it is said, <' tenet et
tenuit."
4 Out of nine entries of land ; of one it is said, ^^ Ricardus
pater ejus tenuit ;" of another, " Ipsemet tenuit de rege R;**
of another, '< tenet et tenuit." The rest had been held in
Eling Edward's time by different persons.
* " Ricardus pater ejus tenuit."
^ Osbernus filius Ricardi and Osbernus filius Ricardi
Scrupe are the same person. His principal seat was at
Ricard's Castle in Herefordshire, so called from Richard
his father, the builder of it. See Dugd. Warw. p. IS. Nash,
Collect, for Wore, vol.i. p. 15. Kelh. Dlustr. p. 91.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 461
OsBERNUS filius Walterii, Bedf. 216 b.
OsBERNUs piscator, Bedf. 216 b.
OsGOT, WiUs^ 74.
OsiET, jBecjr. 218 b.*
OsiET Regis prefectus, Bedf, 218 b.
OsLAC, NorthampL 229.
OsMER, Somers, 99.^
OsMER presbyter, Nott. 280.
OsMUNDus, HantSy 50.^ WiltSy 73 b.
OsMUNDUS Episcopus.* BerkSy 56 b.^ Line. 343 b. Clam,
in ChetsL 377 b. v. Sarisberiensis Episcopus.
OsMUNDUs pistor, Dors, 85.
OsMUNDUS presbyter, Oxf. 157.®
Ostreham, Rogerus de, Kent^ \J
OswARD, Wilts, "(^.^ G/o«c. 170 b.» Yorksh.'^^l}^
» " Istemet tunc (T. R. E.) tenuit et dare potuit." In
another entry in the same page it is said, *' In eodem bund.
{sc, Wilge) tenet Osiet regis prefectus dim. hid. de Rege.
Hanc terram tenuit unus sochmannus T. R. E. quem rex
Willielmus cum terra hac prsdicto prefecto commendavit,
ut quamdiu viveret victum et vestitum ei praeberet."
2 « Pater ejus tenebat T.R.E."
3 *< Isdem tenuit de rege E. in alodium."
4 Osmund became Bishop of Salisbury in 1078, and died
in the month of December 1099.
^ " VII. hagae in burgo de Walingeforde."
6 « Idem tenuit T. R. E."
^ '* Rogerus de Ostreham fecit quandam domum super
Aquam Regis (apud Dovere), et tenuit, hue usque, consue-
tudinem Regis. Nee domus fuit ibi T. R. E."
® " Pater ejus tenuit."
9 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
1^ He had held it previously to the formation of the
Survey.
462 INDfiX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
OsuuARD et RoDMUND, Yorksh. 331.
OswoLDUS* et alii Taini, Surr. 36 b.
Otburvilla, Roger us de,^ Essex^ 52, 103 b, Suff. 405.
V. Oburvilla.
Otha, Staff. 250 b.
Otho, Wilts, 74.3
Otto aurifaber,^ Essex, 97 b.
* " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
2 Kelham says, this Roger de Otburville, or Auberville,
held eighteen lordships in Essex and Suffolk, and was bro-
ther of William de Otburville, who possessed Berlai in
Hertfordshire. Illustr. p. 129. See the present Index,
under Odburvile, p. 468.
« " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E."
^ He occurs in Essex, fol. 3 b. where it is said, " Celde-
fordam tenuit Comes Algarus t.r.e. Pes tea tenuit* Regina.
Modo Otto aurifaber ad censum, in manu Regis.** He
is again mentioned as making payment of a rent, fol. 106 b.
And in SuffbUty fol. 286 b. we have '' Terra Matris Morchari
Comitis quam Willielmus camerarius et Otho aurifex ser-
vant in manu Regis.**
Morant and Kelham agree that this Otto the goldsmith
was ancestor of Thomas Fitz-Otho, mint-master or engraver
for the King's mint ; and that the last of the male line of
his family died in 1282. Illustr. p. 132. Otto the younger,
by a charter still remaining in the Tower, and directed to
Maurice Bishop of Ifondon, in or before the 7th Hen. I.,
had " the mystery of the dies " restored to him, which his
father had held, together with all other his offices, and cer-
tain lands. The same privilege was afterwards confirmed
by the same King to William Fitz-Otto the grandson. See
Ruding*s Annals of Coinage, 8^ edit. vol.i. p. 110. The
office which these persons successively held appears to
have been that of cuneator or manager of the dies. Madox,
in the Hist, of the Exchequer, 4^ edit, vol.ii. p. 38, says.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 463
Ou, Comes de, Essex^ 63. v. Ow.
OuTi, Line, 371.
Ouus prepositus Regis, Glauc. 162.
Ow, Comes de,^ Sussex, 18. Hunt. 205 b.
Ow, Willelmus de,^ Hants, 47, 51. Berks, 61. fViUs,
64b. 71 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 96 b. Dev. Ill b.
Hertf. 138 b. Gfowc. 162, 166b. Bed/. 2llh.
OxENEFORD, Canonici de. Buck, 146.' O-xf. 157.*
he claimed the old and broken dies as his fee ; which claim
was allowed to Thomas Fitz-Otto in the 49th Hen. III. on
his petition to the King in the Court of Exchequer, that
they belonged to him of right and inheritance, and that his
ancestors had been accustomed to have them. This, upon
examination, was found to be true. The serjeanty con-
tinued in a female branch of Otto s family at least as late
as the 1st of Edw. III.
In the Testa de Nevill, p. 362, it is said, « Willehnus fil.
Ote tenet in Lilleston, Midd. in serjean. unam carucatam
terras quae valet xl' per servicium servandi signa R. monetae
et facit servitium per totum annum."
' Robert Earl of Eu in Normandy, one of the chief coun-
sellors of William's invasion. The Conqueror gave him the
castelry of Hastings. Among his lands in Sussex, which
were very numerous, various portions, chiefly single vir-
gates, had belonged to the Nunnery of Wilton.
2 William de Ow, or Eu, was the son of the Earl of Eu
just mentioned. He married the daughter of Hugh Earl of
Chester. He at one time favoured the succession of Robert
Courthose to the English throne, but afterwards forsook
his cause. He was executed at Salisbury in 1096, with
unusual cruelty, for conspiring against William Rufus. See
Sim. Dunelm. Col. 222.
3 Witchende in Buck. " Hoc S3 jacuit et jacet in do-
minio aecclesiae Canonicorum de Oxeneford."
4 <« Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E."
464 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
P.
Pagen, HantSy 51 b. bis.
Pagenel, Line, 336.^
Pagenel, Radulfus,^ Som^Ttf. 96 b. Dev. 113 b. Glouc.
168. Northampt. 225 b. Yorksh. 298, 325 b. Line.
336, 362 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam. W. R. Line.
376 b. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 380 b. 381, 381 b.
382.
Pancevolt, Bernardus, HantSy 47 b. 51 b. 52.
Parcher, Anschitil, Somers. 98 b.
Parish, Eccl. S. Dionysii, Ox/. 157.' Glouc.^ 166.
Wore. 174.
Pauli S. Lond. Canonici, Surr. 34. Hertf. 136. jBe^f.
209, 211.« Essex, 12b.«
Percehaie, Radulfiis, Berks, 56 b.^
1 '< I. mans, in civitate Lincolia quae fuit Merlesuen quieta
ab omni consuetudine."
2 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 431. He founded the Nunnery of
the Holy Trinity at York, in 1089. At this time he was
sheriff of Yorkshire. William Paganel, the last of this
family, was summoned to parliament as a baron in the reign
of Edward the Third. Compare Lysons, Mag. Brit. JDev.
p.li. Ralph Paganel appears to have had all the lands
granted to him in Devonshire which had been Merleswain's.
8 See the present volume, p. 304. ^ See p. 326.
^ The manor of Cadendone, given to the church by the
Conqueror; " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur
quod ipse hoc manerium dedit a^cclesiae S. Pauli."
^ Of Nortuna, in the hundred of Ongar, which had been
held in the Confessor's time by a female of the name of
Godid, it is said, '< Hanc terram dedit Godid Sancto Paulo
postquam rex venit in Angliam, sed non ostendunt brevem
neque concessum Regis."
7 " VII. hagae in burgo de Walingeford."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 465
Perci, Willielmus de,* Hants, 46 b.« Nottingh. 291 b.
Yorksh. 298, 321 b. Line. 353 b. CUm. Ebor. 373,
373 b. 374. Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam.
N. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 880, 380 b. 381,
381 b. 382.
Peret forestarius, HantSy 51 b.
Persore, Ecclesia S. Mariae de, Glouc. 166. Wore. 175.«
> The founder of the Abbey of Whitby in Yorkshire,
where his brother Serlo was the first abbat. He married
Emma de Port, by whom he had three sons, Alan, Walter
and William. Dugdale gives a minute account of the de-
scent of the first William from Mainfred de Perci» who
came out of Denmark into Normandy previous to the arrival
there of Rollo. Baron, tom. i. p. 269.
William dc Perci's lands in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
seem to have been given to him after the suppression of the
rising in 1069. Of three carucates of land in Lincolnshire,
which had belonged to persons of the names of Alsi, Chetel,
and Turver, it is said, *• Terram Chetel et Alsi habebat
Willielmus Perci de rege ; terram autem Turver emit isdem
Willielmus ab Anschitillo quodam coquo T. R. Willelmi.**
^ Ambledune. " Cum femina sua accepit.*'
3 The early history of Pershore Abbey is obscure. Os-
wald, nephew of Ethelred King of Mercia, is, however,
stated to have been the real founder of a religious house
here, A. D. 689^ which consisted at first of secular canons,
then of monks, and then of secular canons again and nuns,
who were finally dismissed by King Edgar. Wanley dates
King Edgar's charter, which establishes this house as an
abbey of Benedictine monks, in 972. It recites the endow-
ment of the abbey minutely.
Between this time, however, and the formation of the
Domesday Survey, Pershore lost a large portion of its
revenues. Many of the places noted in King Edgar's
charter are found entered in the Survey among the Wor-
cestershire possessions of the Abbey of Westminster.
Malmesbury expressly says, that Pershore had lost more
HH
V. PlPERELLUS.^
466 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Petroc, S. Ecclesia,^ Comw. 120 b. v. Bomsne*
Petrus S. [Ebor.] Yorksh. 298 b.
Petrus qaidam burgensis, Herff* 142.
Peverel, Willelmus, Berks^dl. Buck.^
148. Oxf. 154, 167 b. Be^.
212 b. NartkaagfL 219,^ 219 b.^
225 b. Leic. 235. Derb. 273 b.
276. NoMngh. 280,* 287.
PEV£RELL,RaDnulfus,JBerAs,56. Oscf*
159. Norf. 254. Suff. 416.
than half of its endowment. Fart, he says, had been de*
▼oured by the ambition of the rich ; another part had been
lost by neglect, '' sepelivit oblivio ;'* and the greatest por*
tion of all had been bestowed by King Edward the Con-
fessor and King William the Conqueror upon Westminster.
(Script, post Bedam, fol. 162.) Even property in the vill
of Pershore had been granted from the monastery.
The revenue of the monastery, at the formation of the
Survey, appears to have amounted to seventy-nine poundB,
falling short by near a third of the annual prodace of its
lands in the time of King Edward the Confessor.
1 The Church of Bodmin, which had existed and held
the chief of the lands set down to it in the time of King
Edward the Confessor. These are followed by a minute
enumeration of the lands usurped from St. Petroc by the
Earl of Moretaine, which the church had held in King
Edward's tune. St. Petroc, to whom the church of Bodmin
was dedicated, was Bishop of Cornwall in 850.
3 ^ Willlelmus Peurel xxxii. domos de xxviii. solid, et
VIII. den. in Northantone. Tres ex his sunt vastfle.**
^ *^ Willielmus Peurel et Gunfndus de Cioches habent
ibi (in Hardingestorp) ii. hid. et lx. acras prati, done Regis
ut dicunt."
^ ** Willielmus Peurel habet xlviii. domos mercatonun
(in Snotingeham) reddentes xxxvi. sol. et xii. domus eqni^
tum, et viii. bord.**
^ Dugdale, in his Baronage, torn. i. p. 4S6| has the fUlow-
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 467
Pi COT, Hants J 50 b. Yarksh. 309 b.
Pi COT de Grentebrige,* Cambr, 200.
PicTAviENSis, Rogerus,^ Inter Bipam et Mersam^ 269 b.
ing opening to his account of the family of Peverel of Not-
tingham. It embraces the history of the two Peverels of
the Domesday Index. He says, '' The first of this name, of
whom I find mention, is Ranulph Peverell, who, at the time
of the Conqueror's Survey, held four lordships in com.
Salop, six in Norfolk, nineteen in Suffolk, and thirty-five in
com. Essex. Which Ranulph was the reputed progenitor
of the several families of that name; for having married
the daughter of Ingelric (founder of the collegiate church
of St. Martin*s le Grand in the city of London), who had
been a concubine to William Duke of Normandy, not only
those children which he had by her, but that very William
begotten on her by the same Duke, before his conquest of
this realm, had the name of Peverell.^
Of William Peverel he gives a separate account, partly
from Ordericus Yitalis. William was in great trust with
the Conqueror; had the castle of Nottingham ; and appears
to have lived at least till the 7th of Stephen. He founded
the Priories of St. James near Northampton, and Lenton.
His castle " in Pachesers " is mentioned, Derb. 276. His
lands to a great extent, in Northamptonshire, had belonged
to Gitda T. R. E.
The Messrs. Lysons say, " The estates of William Peverel,
Geoffrey Alselin (the heiress of whose family married Bar-
dolf ), Ralph de Burun, and Roger Busli, in Derbyshire*
passed out of their &milies at an early period.*' Mag. Brit.
Derbysh, p.xlvii.
1 Brune, or Bourne, was the seat of Picot de Cambridge's
barony. Most of his estates passed by female heirs to the
families of Peverell and Pecche, the last of which became
extinct in the male line about the end of the fourteenth
century. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Cambr. p. 24«1.
^ Third son of Roger de Montgomery Earl of Arundel
HH 2
468 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Derb. 273 b. Nottingh. 290. Yorksh. 332. Line.
352. JSsseXj 89, 106 b. Notf. 243. Suff. 346.
PiERANi S. Canonici,^ Comw. 121.
PiLARDiNTONE, MoDochi de,^ Warw. 238.
PiNCERNA, Hugo, Beclf. 216.
PiNEL, Radulfiis^ EsseXy 97. Sifffl 437.
PiPERELLus, Ranulfus, EsseXj 71 b. 99, 107. v. Pe-
VERELL.
PiPERELLUS, WiDelmus, EsseXj 90. v. Peverel.
Piscatory Osbernus, Betffi 216 b.^
PistoTj Erchengerius, Cambr. 202 b.
PoiLLGi, Willelmus de, Dev. 111.
PoiNTEL, Tedricus, Essex, 96. v. Puintel.
PoMEREi, Radulfus de,^ Somers. 96 b. Dev. 113 b.
and Shrewsbury. So called, it is said, because he had
married a Poictevin woman. His lands between the Ribble
and the Mersey in Lancashire, in Derbyshire, and in Not-
tinghamshire, appear to have been in the King's hands at
the time of the Survey. In Norfolk they are stiled, ^ Teme
quae fuerunt Rogeri Pictaviensis. His lands in Yorkshire*
Lincolnshire, Essex, and Suffolk are entered in the Surrey
as if he had them then in actual possession.
> They had held T. R. E.
3 ** Hugo de Grentemaisnil (habet) iiii. domos in Burgo
dc Warwic. et Monachi Pilardintone habent i. de eo."
3 This entry relates to Shambrook. ^ Cum ista terra
reclamat isdem Osbertus unam virgatam et quartam partem
unius virgatse quas tenuit antecessor ejus T. R. E. Sed post-
quam rex W. in Angliam venit, ille gablum de hac terra
dare noluit, et Radulf Taillgebosc gablum dedit, et pro
forisfacto terram sumpsit et cuidam suo militi tribuit."
* See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 498. His largest property
was in Devonshire, where Berie-Pomerai was the head of
his barony. See also Lysons^s Magna Britannia, Cormm*
p.lxxix, who makes particular mention of those descen-
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 469
P0RTH9 Hubertus de, Hants, 46 b.
Forth, Hugo de,^ Hants, 44 b.* 50 b. 61, 52. Berks,
62 b. Dors. 83. Cambr. 199.«
Porto', Willebnus, Dev. 117 b.
Pratellensis, Abbatia,^ Oxf. 157.
Prefectus de hund. [de Flictha], Bedf. 218 b.
dants of Ralph de Pomerei who settled in Cornwall, where
Tregony Castle continued to be their residence in the reign
of Edward the Fourth.
1 See Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p. 463. His largest property
was in Hampshire, where Basing was the head of his barony.
In the 9th of William Rufiis he took the habit of a monk
at Winchester. He was ancestor of the St. Johns of
Basing.
3 Of a small manor, consisting of two virgates and a half
only, it is said, '' Istam terram calumniatur Willielmus de
Chernet, dicens pertinere ad Manerium de Cerdeford feu-
dum Hugonis de Port, per hereditatem sui antecessoris,
et de hoc suum testimonium adduxit de melioribus et
antiquis hominibus totius Comitatus et Hundreds. Et Picot
contraduxit suum testunonium de villanis et yili plebe et
de prepositis qui volunt defendere per sacramentum aut per
Dei judicium quod ille qui tenuit terram liber homo fuit
et potuit ire cum terra sua quo ▼oluit. Sed testes Willlelmi
nolunt accipere legem nisi regis E. usque dum diffiniatur
per Regem."
s The record states of one of Hugo de Porth*s manors in
this county, Snailwell, that it was claimed by Symeon
Abbat of Ely. Wharton says it was recovered by Nigellos,
Abbat Symeon*s successor.
^ Preaux, in the diocese of Lisieux. Here were formerly
two Benedictine abbies; one for monks> the other for nuns;
both founded, about 1040, by Hunfridus de Yetulis, (father
of Roger de Bellomont,) and Albreda his wife. See Neustr.
Pia, p. 520. Kelh. Dlustr. p. 81.
HH 3
470 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Prefectm RegiSj Herbertus, Bedf. 218 b.
Prepositi Regis et Elemosynarii, Bedf. 218 b.
PreposUus, Grimus, Essex, 98.
■ Turchillus, jEwcjt, 98 b.
Prefositus de hundret [de Bradewatre], Hertf. 148* b.
Presbyter, v. Agemundus. Alden. Algab. Aluiet.
Aluredus. Aluricus. Alwinus. Artob. Boixo.
Brun. Edwin us. Ernebernus. Ernuin. £r-
muinus. gislebertus. godric. goduinus.
IviKEL. Lewinus. Osbermus. Osmer. OsiffUN-
Dus. Rainbaldus. Reinbaldus. Renbaldus.
Seuardus. Siuardus.
Presbyter quidam, Hertf, 142.^ bis.
Presbyter quidam et sorob ejds, Hertf. 142.*
Presbyteri quatuor, in elemosina, Dev. 104.
Presbyteri de Bomene,^ Dev. 11Tb.
Probi S. Canonidj Camw. 121.
Pugnant, Ricardus, Hants, 52.
Puingiant, Ricardns, Hants, 48. Berks, 62. WiUs,
73. 0:5^.159. Bedf.2l6.
FuiNTEL, Tedricosy Essex, 99, v. Poimtel.
Q.
QuiNTiN S. Hugo de, Dors. 88. Essex, 93, 99.
R.
R. abb. Berks, 56 b.
Rabellus artifex,^ Norf. 269 b.
> « Istemet tenuit T. R. E.**
^ " Istemet tenuit de rege £. et adhuc tenet in elemosina."
3 ** Istimet tenuerunt T. R.E. de soca ejus [R.E.3 et
vendere potuerunt."
4 Bodmin. « Ipsi tenebant T. R. E."
^ Tlie continuator of Blomefield, Hist. Norf. toL t.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 471
Rabellus carpentarius, Norf. 2T9 b.
Radulfus, Dors. 88. Leic. 231 b.
Radulfus arbalistarius, Norf. 269.
Radulfus balistarius, Suff. 445.
Radulfus Comes,' Suff. 284 b.
Radulfus filius Comids, Berks, 62 b.
Radulfus dapifer et Osbbrnus presbyter, Line. 366 b.
Radulfus Hagonis filius, seu filius. Nor/. 270.
Radulfus fiUus Huberti, Leic. 285. SU^. 250 b. Derb.
277.^ ^^o^'it^A. 289 b. £^.869.
p. 155S, says, he had the comniaiid, as an engineer, of all
the engines or brakes, and the direction of them at the
battering of forts, &c.
1 *' Terra Radulfi Comitis quas Godricus dapifer servat
in Suthful in manu Regis." This was Ralph Waher, or
Guader, whom the Conqueror had constituted Elarl of the
counties of Norfolk and Suffolk; and whose rebellion, in
the middle of the Conqueror's reign, proved the ruin of the
Earls of Northumberland and Hereford. His lands in other
counties of England had been given away. These re-
mained in the Crown.
Ralph Guader married Emma the daughter of William
Fitz-Osbem Earl of Hereford. Upon his first defeat, he
sailed to Denmark to obtain an auxiliary force. William
the Conqueror outlawed him. He then went to the duchy
of Britany, where he possessed the two castles of Guader
and Montefort, which, in Ordericus Vitalis s time, were
inherited by his sons. He afterwards joined the Crusade
against the Saracens, where he lost his life. His daughter,
Amicia, (who had been contracted to the natural son of
Henry the First,) married Roger de Bellomont Earl of
Leicester.
2 << Ralph Fitzhubert," say the Messrs. Lysons, *' was an-
cestor of the Frechvilles, who continued to possess estates
in Derbyshire till the extinction of the family in the reign
of Charles the Second. Mag. Brit. Derb.
HH 4
462 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
OsuuARD et RoDMUND, Yorksk. 331.
OswoLDUS^ et alii Taini, Surr. 36 b.
Otburvilla, Rogerusde,^ Easex^ 52, 103 b. Suffi 405.
V. Obur villa.
Otha, Staff. 250 b.
Otho, mUs, 74.3
Otto aurifaber,^ EsseXj 97 b.
* " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
2 Kelham says, this Roger dc Otburville, or AubervUle,
held eighteen lordships in Essex and Suffolk, and was bro-
ther of William de Otburville, who possessed Berlai in
Hertfordshire. Illustr. p. 129. See the present Index,
under Odburvile, p. 4^8.
3 " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E."
^ He occurs in JSssex, fol. 3 b. where it is said, '^ Celde-
fordam tenuit Comes Algarus t.r.e. Postea tenuit* Regina.
Modo Otto aurifaber ad censum, in manu Regis." He
is again mentioned as making payment of a rent, fol. 106 b.
And in Suffblky fol. 286 b. we have " Terra Matris Morchari
Comitis quam Willielmus camerarius et Otho aurifex ser-
vant in manu Regis."
Morant and Kelham agree that this Otto the goldsmith
was ancestor of Thomas Fitz-Otho, mint-master or engraver
for the King's mint ; and that the last of the male line of
his family died in 1282. Illustr. p. 132. Otto the younger,
by a charter still remaining in the Tower, and directed to
Maurice Bishop of London, in or before the 7th Hen. I.,
had " the mystery of the dies " restored to him, which his
father had held, together with all other his offices, and cer-
tain lands. The same privilege was afterwards confirmed
by the same King to William Fitz-Otto the grandson. See
Rudings Annals of Coinage, 8^ edit. vol. i. p. 110. The
office which these persons successively held appears to
have been that of cuneator or manager of the dies. Madox,
in the Hist, of the Exchequer, 4^<> edit, vol.ii. p. 38, says.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 463
Ou, Comes de, Essex^ 63. v. Ow.
OuTi, Line. 371.
Ouus prepositus Regis, Gbmc. 162.
Ow, CJomes de,* Sussexy 18. Hunt. 205 b.
Ow, Willelmus de,* Hants, 47, 51. Berks, 61. WiltSj
64 b. 71 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 96 b. Dev. 111b.
Zfer^ 138 b. Ghuc. 162, 166 b. B€(|jr. 211 b.
OxENEFORD, Canonici de, Buck. 146.' Oxf. 157.*
he claimed the old and broken dies as his fee ; which claim
was allowed to Thomas Fitz-Otto in the 49th Hen. III. on
his petition to the King in the Court of Exchequer, that
they belonged to him of right and inheritance, and that his
ancestors had been accustomed to have them. This, upon
examination, was found to be true. The serjeanty con-
tinued in a female branch of Otto s family at least as late
as the 1st of Edw. III.
In the Testa de Nevill, p. 362, it is said, « Willelmus fil.
Ote tenet in Lilleston, Midd. in serjean. unam carucatam
terrae quae valet xl' per servicium servandi signa R. monets
et facit servitium per totum annum."
1 Robert Earl of Eu in Normandy, one of the chief coun-
sellors of William's invasion. The Conqueror gave him the
castelry of Hastings. Among his lands in Sussex, which
were very numerous, various portions, chiefly single vir-
gates, had belonged to the Nunnery of Wilton.
2 William de Ow, or Eu, was the son of the Earl of Eu
just mentioned. He married the daughter of Hugh Earl of
Chester. He at one time favoured the succession of Robert
Courthose to the English throne, but afterwards forsook
his cause. He was executed at Salisbury in 1096, with
unusual cruelty, for conspiring against William Rufus. See
Sim. Dunelm. Col. 222.
3 Witchende in Buck. *^ Hoc t5 jacuit et jacet in do-
minio aecclesias Canonicorum de Oxeneford/*
4 « Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E."
462 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
OsuuARD et RoDMUND, Yorksh. 331.
OswoLDUS^ et alii Taini, Surr. 36 b.
Otburvilla, Rogerusde,^ Essex^ 52, 103 b. Suffl 405,
V. Oburvilla.
Otha, Staff. 250 b.
Otho, Wilts, 74.8
Otto aurifaber,^ Essex, 97 b.
1 " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
2 Kelham says, this Roger dc Otburville, or Auberville,
held eighteen lordships in Essex and Suffolk, and was bro-
ther of William de Otburville, who possessed Berlai in
Hertfordshire. Illustr. p. 129. See the present Index»
under Odburvile, p. 4^8.
3 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
^ He occurs in Essex, fol. 3 b. where it is said, *^ Celde-
fordam tenuit Comes Algarus t.r.e. Postea tenuit* Regina.
Modo Otto aurifaber ad censum, in manu Regis." He
is again mentioned as making payment of a rent, fol. 106 b.
And in Suffolk, fol. 286 b. we have '' Terra Matris Morchari
Comitis quam Willielmus camerarius et Otho aurifex ser-
vant in manu Regis.**
Morant and Kelham agree that this Otto the goldsmith
was ancestor of Thomas Fitz-Otho, mint-master or engraver
for the King's mint ; and that the last of the male line of
his family died in 1282. Illustr. p. 132. Otto the younger,
by a charter still remaining in the Tower, and directed to
Maurice Bishop of London, in or before the 7th Hen. I.,
had " the mystery of the dies " restored to him, which his
father had held, together with all other his offices, and cer-
tain lands. The same privilege was afterwards confirmed
by the same King to William Fitz-Otto the grandson. See
Ruding 8 Annals of Coinage, 8^ edit. vol. 1. p. 1 10. The
office which these persons successively held appears to
have been that of cuneator or manager of the dies. Madoz,
in the Hist, of the Exchequer, 4^® edit. vol. ii. p. 38, says.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 463
Ou, Comes de, Essex, 63. v. Ow.
OuTi, Line. 371.
Ouus prepositus Regis, Gbmc. 162.
Ow, CJomes de,* Sussex^ 18. Hunt. 205 b.
Ow, Willelmus de,^ Hants, 47, 51. Berks, 61. Wilts,
64b. 71 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 96 b. Dev. Ill b.
Hertf. 138 b. Gfottc. 162, 166 b. Bedf. 211 b.
OxENEFORD, Canonici de, Buck. 146.^ O.^^ 157,*
he claimed the old and broken dies as his fee ; which claim
was allowed to Thomas Fitz-Otto in the 49th Hen. III. on
his petition to the King in the Court of Exchequer, that
they belonged to him of right and inheritance, and that his
ancestors had been accustomed to have them. This, upon
examination, was found to be true. The serjeanty con-
tinued in a female branch of Otto*s family at least as late
as the 1st of Edw. III.
In the Testa de Nevill, p. 362, it is said, « Willelmus fil.
Ote tenet in Lilleston, Midd. in serjean. unam carucatam
terras quae valet xl' per servicium servandi signa R. monetae
et facit servitium per totum annum."
1 Robert Earl of Eu in Normandy, one of the chief coun-
sellors of William's invasion. The Conqueror gave him the
castelry of Hastings. Among his lands in Sussex, which
were very numerous, various portions, chiefly single vir-
gates, had belonged to the Nunnery of Wilton.
2 William de Ow, or Eu, was the son of the Earl of Eu
just mentioned. He married the daughter of Hugh Earl of
Chester. He at one time favoured the succession of Robert
Courthose to the English throne, but afterwards forsook
his cause. He was executed at Salisbury in 1096, with
unusual cruelty, for conspiring against William Rufus. See
Sim. Dunelm. Col. 222.
3 Witchende in Buck. " Hoc tS jacuit et jacet in do-
minio aecclesiae Canonicorum de Oxeneford."
4 « Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E.'*
464 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
P.
Pagen, HcmtSy 51 b. bis.
Pagenel, Line. 336.^
Pagenel, Radulfus,^ Som^Ttf. 96 b. Dev. 113 b. Glome.
168. NorthampL 225 b. Yorksh. 298, 325 b. Line.
336, 362 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam. W. R. Line.
376 b. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 380 b. 381, 881 b.
382.
Pancevolt, Bernardus, Hants y 47 b. 51 b. 52.
Parcher, Anschitil, Somers. 98 b.
Parish, Eccl. S. Dionysii, Oxf. 157.* Gloue.^ 166.
Wore. 174.
Pauli S. Lond. Canonici, Surr. 34. Her^. 136. Bedf.
209, 211.« Essex, 12b.«
Percehaie, Radulfiis, Berks j 56 b.^
1 <' I. mans, in civitate Lincolia quae fuit Merlesuen quieta
ab omni consuetudine."
2 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 431. He founded the Nunnery of
the Holy Trinity at York, in 1089. At this time he was
sheriff of Yorkshire. William Paganel, the last of this
family, was summoned to parliament as a baron in the reign
of Edward the Third. Compare Lysons, Mag. Brit. I}ev.
p.li. Ralph Paganel appears to have had all the lands
granted to him in Devonshire which had been Merleswain's.
8 See the present volume, p. 304. * See p.S96.
^ The manor of Cadendone, given to the church by the
Conqueror; " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur
quod ipse hoc manerium dedit secclesiae S. Pauli."
^ Of Nortuna, in the hundred of Ongar, which had been
held in the Confessor's time by a female of the name of
Godid, it is said, ^< Hanc terram dedit Godid Sancto Pkulo
postquam rex venit in Angliam, sed non ostendunt brevem
neque concessum Regis."
7 " VII. hagfle in burgo de Walingeford."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 465
Perci, Willielmus de,* Hants, 46 b.« NoUingh. 291 b.
Yorksh. 298, 321 b. Line. 353 b. Clam. Ebw. 373,
373 b. 374. Clxm. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam.
N. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 880, 380 b. 381,
381 b. 382.
Peret forestarius, Hants, 51 b.
Persore, Ecclesia S. Manse de, Gbmc. 166. Wore. 175.*
> The founder of the Abbey of Whitby in Yorkshire,
where his brother Serlo was the first abbat. He married
Emma de Port, by whom he had three sons, Alan, Walter
and William. Dugdale gives a minute account of the de-
scent of the first William from Mainfred de Perci» who
came out of Denmark into Normandy previous to the arrival
there of Rollo. Baron, tom. i. p. 269.
William dc Perci's lands in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
seem to have been given to him afler the suppression of the
rising in 1069. Of three carucates of land in Lincolnshire,
which had belonged to persons of the names of Alsi, Chetel,
and Turver, it is said, '* Terram Chetel et Alsi habebat
Willielmus Perci de rege ; terram autem Turver emit isdem
Willielmus ab Anschitillo quodam coquo T. R. Willelmi.**
^ Ambledune. '' Cum femina sua accepit.**
3 The early history of Pershore Abbey is obscure. Os-
wald, nephew of Ethelred King of Mercia, is, however,
stated to have been the real founder of a religious house
here, A. D. 689, which consisted at first of secular canons,
then of monks, and then of secular canons again and nuns,
who were finally dismissed by King Edgar. Wanley dates
King Edgar's charter, which establishes this house as an
abbey of Benedictine monks, in 972. It recites the endow-
ment of the abbey minutely.
Between this time, however, and the formation of the
Domesday Survey, Pershore lost a large portion of its
revenues. Many of the places noted in King Edgar's
charter are found entered in the Survey among the Wor-
cestershire possessions of the Abbey of Westminster.
Malmesbury expressly says, that Pershore had lost more
HH
464 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
P.
Pagen, HwnJt&y 51 b. bis.
Pagenel, Line, 336.^
Pagenel, Radulfus,^ Som^Ttf. 96 b. Deo. 113 b. Gbucm
168. NorihampL 225 b. Yorksh. 298, 325 b. Imc.
336, 362 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam. W. R. Line.
376 b. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 380 b. 381, 881 b.
382.
Pancevolt, Bernardus, Hants^ 47 b. 51 b. 52.
Parcher, Anschitil, Somers. 98 b.
Parish, Eccl. S. Dionysii, Oxf. 157.* Gfoiic.* 166.
Wore. 174.
Pauli S. Lond. Canonici, Surr. 34. Hertf. 136. Betlf.
209, 211.fi Essexy 12 b.«
Percehaie, Radulfus, Berks^ 56 b.^
1 '' I. mans, in civitate Lincolia quae fuit Merlesuen quieta
ab omni consuetudine."
2 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 431. He founded the Nunnery of
the Holy Trinity at York, in 1089. At this time he was
sheriff of Yorkshire. William Paganel, the last of this
family, was summoned to parliament as a baron in the reign
of Edward the Third. Compare Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dev.
p.li. Ralph Paganel appears to have had all the lands
granted to him in Devonshire which had been Merleswain's.
8 See the present volume, p. 304. ^ gee p. 326b
^ The manor of Cadendone, given to the church by the
Conqueror; " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur
quod ipse hoc manerium dedit a^cclesiae S. Pauli."
^ Of Nortuna, in the hundred of Ongar, which had been
held in the Confessor's time by a female of the name of
Godid, it is said, ^< Hanc terram dedit Godid Sancto Pkulo
postquam rex venit in Angliam, sed non ostendunt brevem
neque concessum Regis."
7 " VII. hagse in burgo de Walingeford."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 465
Perci, Willielmus de,* Hants^ 46 b.* Nottingh. 291 b.
Yorksh. 298, 321 b. Line. 353 b. Clam. Ebor. 373,
373 b. 374, Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam.
N. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381,
381 b. 382.
Peret forestarius, Hants^ 51 b.
Persore, Ecclesia S. Mariae de, Gbme. 166, Wore. 175.'
* The founder of the Abbey of Whitby in Yorkshire,
where his brother Serlo was the first abbat. He married
Emma de Port, by whom he had three sons, Alan, Walter
and William. Dugdale gives a minute account of the de-
scent of the first William from Mainfred de Perci, who
came out of Denmark into Normandy previous to the arrival
there of Rollo. Baron, tom. i. p. 269.
William de Perci's lands in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
seem to have been given to him after the suppression of the
rising in 1069. Of three carucates of land in Lincolnshire,
which had belonged to persons of the names of Alsi, Chetel,
and Turver, it is said, *' Terram Chetel et Alsi habebat
Willielmus Perci de rege ; terram autem Turver emit isdem
Willielmus ab Anschitillo quodam coquo T. R. Willelmi.**
2 Ambled une. " Cum femina sua accepit.**
3 The early history of Pershore Abbey is obscure. Os-
wald, nephew of Ethelred King of Mercia, is, however,
stated to have been the real founder of a religious house
here, A. D. 689^ which consisted at first of secular canons,
then of monks, and then of secular canons again and nuns,
who were finally dismissed by King Edgar. Wanley dates
King Edgar's charter, which establishes this house as an
abbey of Benedictine monks, in 972. It recites the endow-
ment of the abbey minutely.
Between this time, however, and the formation of the
Domesday Survey, Pershore lost a large portion of its
revenues. Many of the places noted in King Edgars
charter are found entered in the Survey among the Wor-
cestershire possessions of the Abbey of Westminster.
Malmesbury expressly says, that Pershore had lost more
HH
464 INDBX OF TENANTS IK CAPITE.
P.
Pagen, HanU^ 51 b. bis.
Pagenel, Line. 336.^
Pagenel, Radulfus,^ Somers. 96 b. Dev. 113 b. Gbmc.
168. Northampi. 225 b. Yorksh. 298, 325 b. Line.
336, 362 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam. W. B. Line.
376 b. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 380 b. 381, 381 b.
382.
Pancevolt, Bernardus, Hants j 47 b. 51 b. 52.
Parcher, Anschitil, Somers. 98 b.
Parish, Eccl. S. Dionysii, Oxf. 157.® Glouc.^ 166.
Wore. 174.
Pauli S. Lond. Canonici, Surr. 34. Hertf. 136. Beeff.
209, 211.« Essex, 12 b.»
Percehaie, Radulfus, Berks, 56 b.^
1 << I. mans, in civitate Lincolia quae fuit Merlesuen quieta
ab omni consuetudine.*'
2 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p.431. He founded the Nunneiy of
the Holy Trinity at York, in 1089. At this time he was
sheriff of Yorkshire. William Paganel, the last of this
family, was summoned to parliament as a baron in the reign
of Edward the Third. Compare Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dev.
p. 11. Ralph Paganel appears to have had all the lands
granted to him in Devonshire which had been Merleswain's.
8 See the present volume, p. 304. ^ gee p.S26.
^ The manor of Cadendone, given to the church by the
Conqueror; " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur
quod ipse hoc manerium dedit aecclesise S. Paul!.''
^ Of Nortuna, in the hundred of Ongar, which had been
held in the Confessor's time by a female of the name of
Godidy it is said, " Hanc terram dedit Godid Sancto Fbulo
postquam rex venit in Angliam, sed non ostendunt brevem
neque concessum Regis.*'
7 " VII. hagae in burgo de Walingeford."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB. 465
Perci, Willielmus de,* Hants^ 46 b.* Notttngh. 291 b.
Yarksh. 298, 321 b. Line. 353 b. Clam. Ebor. 373,
373 b. 374, CUm. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam.
N. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381,
381 b. 382.
Peret forestarius, ILxnUy 51b.
Persore, Ecclesia S. Mariffi de, Glouc. 166. Wore. 175.'
> The founder of the Abbey of Whitby in Yorkshire,
where his brother Serlo was the first abbat. He married
Emma de Port, by whom he had three sons, Alan, Walter
and William. Dugdale gives a minute account of the de-
scent of the first William from Mainfred de Perci* who
came out of Denmark into Normandy previous to the arrival
there of Rollo. Baron, tom. i. p. 269.
William de Perci*s lands in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
seem to have been given to him after the suppression of the
rising in 1069. Of three carucates of land in Lincolnshire,
which had belonged to persons of the names of Alsi, Chetel,
and Turver, it is said, << Terram Chetel et Alsi habebat
Willielmus Perci de rege ; terram autem Turver emit isdem
Willielmus ab Anschitillo quodam coquo T. R. Willelmi.**
2 Ambled une. '' Cum femina sua accepit.**
3 The early history of Pershore Abbey b obscure. Os-
wald, nephew of Ethelred King of Mercia, is, however,
stated to have been the real founder of a religious house
here, A. D. 689^ which consisted at first of secular canons,
then of monks, and then of secular canons again and nuns,
who were finally dismissed by King Edgar. Wanley dates
King Edgar's charter, which establishes this house as an
abbey of Benedictine monks, in 972. It recites the endow-
ment of the abbey minutely.
Between this time, however, and the formation of the
Domesday Survey, Pershore lost a large portion of its
revenues. Many of the places noted in King £dgar*8
charter are found entered in the Survey among the Wor-
cestershire possessions of the Abbey of Westminster.
Malmesbury expressly says, that Pershore had lost more
HH
"V. PlFEBELLUS.^
466 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAFITE.
Fetroc, S. Ecclesia,^ Comw. 120 b. v. Bomens.
Petrus S. [Ebor.] Yorksh. 298 b.
Petrus qaidam burgensis, Blerff. 142.
Peverel, Willelmus, Berks, 61. Buck.-^
148. Oxf. 154, 167 b. BecfT.
212 b. NarOumpL 219,^ 219 b.^
225 b. Leie. 235. Derb. 273 b.
276. NoUingh. 280,* 287.
P£VERELL,Rannulfas,£€r^,56. Oitf
159. J^or;^ 254. 5ti^ 416.
#
than half of its endowment. Fart, he says, had been de-
voured by the ambition of the rich ; another part had been
lost by neglect, <' sepelivit oblivio ;'* and the greatest par*
tion of all had been bestowed by King Edward the Con«
fessor and King William the Conqueror upon Westminster.
(Script, post Bedam, fol. 162.) Even property in the viU
of Fershore had been granted from the monastery.
The revenue of the monastery, at the formation of the
Survey, appears to have amounted to seventy-nine pounds,
falling short by near a third of the annual prodace of its
lands in the time of King Edward the Confessor.
1 The Church of Bodmin, which had existed and held
the chief of the lands set down to it in the time of King
Edward the Confessor. These are followed by a minute
enumeration of the lands usurped from St. Fetroc by the
Earl of Moretaine, which the church had held in King
Edward*s time. St. Fetroc, to whom the church of Bodmin
was dedicated, was Bishop of Cornwall in 850.
3 ^ Willielmus Peurel xxxii. domes de xxviii. solid, et
VIII. den. in Northantone. Tres ex his sunt vastse."
^ *^ Willielmus Feurel et Gunfndus de Cioches habent
ibi (in Hardingestorp) ii. hid. et lx. acras prati, done Regis
ut dicunt.^
^ ** Willielmus Feurel habet xlviii. domes mercatomm
(in Snotingeham) reddentes xxxvi. sol. et xii. domus equi-
tum, et viii. bord."
^ Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 43^ has the fbllow-
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 467
PicoT, HantSj 50 b. Yarksh. 309 b.
PicoT de Grentebrige,* Cambr. 200.
PiCTAviENSis, Rogerus,^ Inter Bipam et Mersam, 269 b.
ing opening to his account of the family of Peverel of Not-
tingham. It embraces the history of the two Peverels of
the Domesday Index. He says, *^ The first of this name, of
whom I find mention, is Ranulph Peverell, who, at the time
of the Conqueror's Survey, held four lordships in com.
Salop, six in Norfolk, nineteen in Suffolk, and thirty-five in
com. Essex. Which Ranulph was the reputed progenitor
of the several families of that name; for having married
the daughter of Ingelric (founder of the collegiate church
of St. Martin*s le Grand in the city of London), who had
been a concubine to William Duke of Normandy, not only
those children which he had by her, but that very William
begotten on her by the same Duke, before his conquest of
this realm, had the name of PevereU.**
Of William Peverel he gives a separate account, partly
from Ordericus Vitalis. William was in great trust with
the Conqueror ; had the castle of Nottingham ; and appears
to have lived at least till the 7th of Stephen. He founded
the Priories of St. James near Northampton, and Lent on.
His castle " in Pachesers " is mentioned, Derb. 276. His
lands to a great extent, in Northamptonshire, had belonged
to Gitda T. R. E.
The Messrs. Lysons say, ** The estates of William Peverel»
Geoffrey Alselin (the heiress of whose family married Bar-
dolf ), Ralph de Bunm, and Roger Busli, in Derbyshire^
passed out of their families at an early period.** Mag. Brit.
Derbysh, p. xlvii.
1 Brune, or Bourne, was the seat of Picot de Cambridge's
barony. Most of his estates passed by female heirs to the
families of Peverell and Pecche, the last of which became
extinct in the male line about the end of the fourteenth
century. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Cambr. p. 241.
- Third son of Roger de Montgomery Earl of Arundel
HH 2
482 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
RovECESTRE, Episcopus de, Kent^ 5 b. Cambr. 190 b. 1 ^
RovENSis Episcopus, Suff. 381. J
RuALDus Adobed, Dev. IH b.
S.
Saiet, Bed/. 218 b.^
Saieva, fViltSy 74.
Saisselinus, Suff. 436 b. v. Sasselinus.
Salceid, Osbernus de, Dev. 116 b.
Salceit, Radulphus de, Heref. 181.
Salebi, Abb. de, Northampt. 219.*
Salmur, S. Florentius de, Heref. 180 b.*
Mod. Angl. torn. vi. pt. ii. p. 1099. Hist, de la Ville de
Rouen, 4**, Rouen, 1731, torn. ii. p. 150.
1 Gundulfus was consecrated Bishop of Rochester, March
19th, 1077. He died March 8th, 1108.
At the end of the entry relating to the manor of Estoches
in Kent it is said, ** Hoc mancrium fuit et est de Episco-
patu Rofensi, sed Goduinus comes, T. R. E. emit illud de
duobus hominibus qui eum tenebant de Episcopo, et, eo
ignorante, facta est huac venditio. Postmodo vero, regnante
W. rege, diratiocinavit illud Lanfrancus archiepiscopus
contra Baiocensem Episcopum, et inde est modo saisita
Rofensls sccclesia.*'
The land which is entered in Cambridgeshire to the
Bishop as a tenant in capite was really held '^ sub Lanfranco
archiepiscopo.*'
The Suffolk manor of Frakenaham had been added to the
bishoprick by the King's direction.
2 " Istemet tunc (T. R. E.) tenuit, et potuit inde facere
quod voluit."
8 << Abb. de Salebi ii. domus (in Northantone) de zxxii.
denar.**
^ Tliis monastery held the church and whole tithe within
the castle of Monmouth, with two carucates of land. See
p. 216.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 483
S. QuiNTiNo, Hugo de, Hants, 50 b. 51 b. Dors. 83.
Sancto Walerico, Galterus de, Midd. 130. Suff. 432 b.
Sanson, Staff. 247 b.
Saric, mUsj 74.» Oxf. 160 b.
Sarisberiensis, Edwarduss v. Edwardus.
Sarisberiensis Episcopus, Berks, 58. WiUsj 66. Dors.
75 b. Somers. 87 b.* Oxf. 155. Line. 343 b.» r. Os-
mundus Episcopus.
Sariz, Hants, 50.
Sasford et SiuuARD, Yorksh. 331.
Sasselinus, Essex, 92 b. v. Saisselinus.
Saulf, Hants, 51 b. WIto, 74.* Dev. 118 b.^
Saward, ff?te, 74.
Sawardus, Dors. 84 b.®
Sawinus, Hants, 50. Nottingh. 292 b.
Sauuinus presbyter, 2)«?. 104.
Sawoldus, Oxf. 160 b.'
Sbernus, ff?/te, 74.
Scalers, Harduinus de, Herff. 132, 141 b. Cambr.
197b.«
1 Two entries ; in one it is said, ** Gest frater ejus tenuit
T. R. E."
2 Of two manors here mentioned in Seveberge the record
says, " Hae ii. terrae non sunt de Episcopatu Sarisberie.
Osmundus episcopus tenet pro uno manerio.*'
3 In the entry in Lincolnshire the bishop occurs by his
Christian name, without that of the See : '* Terra Osmundi
Episcopi.**
^ " Pater ejus tenuit."
5 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
« « Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ " III. hidae in Ropeford. Hanc terram habet R. de
Oilgi in vadimonio."
^ Whaddon in Cambridgeshire, the seat of the barony of
Scales or D'Echallers, continued in the male descendants
ii2
484 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
ScEPTESBERiENSis Ecclcsia,^ Sussex^ 17 b.2 JViltSy 67 b.
D&rs. 75, 78 b. Somers. 91.
ScHELiN, Dors. 83. Somers. 99.
SciREBURNE, Monaclii de,^ Dors. 77.*
SciROPESBERiE, EccL S. Almundi in, Shropsh. 253.
Eccl. S. Cedde in, Shropsh. 253.
of Hardwinus de Scalariis till the death of Sir John d*£cha-
lers, or de Scalers, in 1467. Whaddon, in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth, was in the family of Moor, descended
from D'Echallers in the female line.
Among the entries of Hardwine de Scalariis s property
in Cambridgeshire, we have the mention of two monasteries,
of neither of which we find any other notice. Under
Escelfcrde (now Shclford) we read, " De hac terra dus
hidae et dim. et ix. acra;, et unum monasterium fuenint iq
dominio Ecclesia; de Ely, T. R. E. et in die quo isdem Rex
obiit : et sunt de dominica firma modo, ut Hundr. testatur.*
Tom.i. fol. 198. In Mclredc, fol. 198 b. *' Ibi i. numatU-
rium ;*' the patronage belonged to Hardewine.
» The Abbey of Shaftesbury held, in different counties,
no less than three hundred and forty-four hides and a half
of land. The total amount of its rents, including the
tenanted lands, was 347/. The houses belonging to the
Abbess in the town of Shaftesbury, in King Edward's time,
are stated to have been in number one hundred and fifty-
three. At the time of the Survey, the Abbess had a hundred
and fidy-one burgesses there, besides twenty vacant manses.
''^ Enterea as " Terra Sancti Edwardi,** both in this county
and in Somerset.
^ Wlsin Bishop of Sherbourn, in 998, changed the secular
Canons of his cathedral for Benedictine Monks. See the
charters printed by Ilearne, Lei. Itin. edit. 1770, tonuii.
pp.80, 81.
4 *« Usee novem descripta Maneria sunt de victu Mona-
chorum ScireburnV
* tf
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 486
SciROPESBERiE, Eccl. S. Julianae in, Shropsh. 252, 253.
Eccl. S. Mariae in, Here/. 180 b.
Shropsh. 252 b.
Eccl. S. Michael in, Shropsh. 252 b.
■ Eccl. S. Milburgae in, Shropsh. 252 b.*
Monasterium S. Petri de, Shropsh. 252b.
ScoHiES, Willielmus de. Dors. 82. Heref. 180, 180 b
185 b. Essex, SSh. Norf. 221 h.^ Suff.S53.
ScROPE, Osbernus filius Ricardi, Wore. 176 b.^
ScuDET, Willelmus, Wilts, 74 b.
ScutulariuSf Godefridus, Dors. 85.*
Sedret, Derb. 278 b.
Serious, Nottingh. 293.
Servientes Regis, Wilts, 73, 73 b. Dors. 84 b. Somers.
98 b. Dev. 1 17 b. Ldc. 236 b.
Seuardus, Line. 331.
Seuardus presbyter, Line. 371.
Seuuardus, Line. 371.
Si BOLD us, Northampt. 228.
Sigarus de Cioches, v. Cioches.
» The Churches of Shrewsbury, excepting St. Michael,
are all entered as holding the same property in the time
of King Edward the Confessor which they held at the
Survey. Possetorn, a virgate of land only, had belonged
to Chetel ; and Suletune, a hide, had belonged to Brictric ;
these two portions of land formed the endowment of St.
Michael's. The half hide held by St. Juliana is spoken of,
in the first page of the preceding folio, as paying geld in
the Confessor's time.
2 Blomefield's continuator. Hist. Norf. vol. v. p. 1249, sayF,
that William de Scohies sold the greater part of his pos-
sessions in the county of Norfolk, in the reign of Henry I.
to Walter Giffard Earl of Buckingham.
3 « Ricardus pater ejus tenuit."
* " Pater ejus tenuit T. R.E."
II 3
486 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
SiRic Camerarius, Hanis, 50.
SiuARDUs presbyter, lAnc, 371.
SiuuARD, Somers. 98 b. NoUingh. 292 b.* Yorksh. SS1.«
Clam. S. IL Line. 375 b.
SiuuARD barn, Nott. 280 b.'
SiuuARD presbyter, Line. 331.
Si WARD venator, Oxf. 160 b.*
SiuuARDUs, Somers. 99.*
SoARTiN, Hants, 54.®
SocHEMANNi XI. Willielmi Regis, Bee^. 218 b.'
SocHEMANNus unus Regis, 12i?r^. 142b.^
SoRTEBRAND, Linc. 336, 370 b. Clam, in CheUt. 377.
SoRTEBRAND et alii Taini, Linc. 370 b.
SoRTEBRAND filius Vlf, Linc. 336 bis.*
SoRTEBRANT, Linc. 370 b. bis. Clam. W. 22. lAnc. 376.
Spech, Willelmus,^^ Bedf. 214 b.
1 << hb,** habebat, he had been the possessor previoua to
the Survey.
2 " Tenuit et tenet de rege."
3 He had soc and sac in Nottinghamshire.
4 « Ipse S. tenuit libere T. R. E."
^ Two entries. In one it is said, *< Idem ipse tenebat.**
^ '< Soartin tenet Drodintone de rege. Ipse et alter liber
homo tenuerunt in alod. de rege £."
7 « Hanc terram tenuerunt T. R. £. idem ipsi qui nunc
tenent Sochemanni, et cui voluerunt dare potuerunt. Hanc
terram apposuit Rad. (Taillgebosc) in ministerio Regis, ubi
non fuit T. R.E."
« " Istemet tenuit T. R. E.''
9 He had soc and sac of three mansiones in the city of
Lincoln, " loco Vlf patris sui."
1^ He is presumed to have been related to Walter Espec^
of whom particular mention is made by Ailred of Rievaux.
See Dugd. Bar. tora.i. p. 590; and who founded Warden
Abbey in Bedfordshire in 1135.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 487
Sperri, Staff. 250 b.
Stadford, presbyteri de Burgo de, Staff. 246.*
Stadford, Robertus de, Northampt. 225. Warw. 238.^
Stcff. 246.* Oam. in Chetst. 376 b. 377, 377 b.
V. Statforik Stratfort.
Stanardus liber homo, Essex^ 98^ b.
Stanardus filius Alwii, Suffi 445 b.
Starcolfus, Norf. 271 b.*
Statford, Robertus de,' BerkSy 62. Orf. 158. Wore.
176 b. Warw.2i,2h. Staff. 24,Sh. Litic. XSb.
V, Stadford. Stratfort.
Statford, Nigellus de,^ Derb. 278.
Statford, Canonici prebendarii de, Staff. 247 b.
Stefani S. Canonici, Comw. 120 b.*
Stefanus, Heref. 187 b. fVarw. 243 b.
Stefanus capellanus, Somers. 91 b.
1 They possessed fourteen mansiones in the town, with
soc and sac.
2 Six masures in the burgh of Warwick.
3 *' Robertus de Stadford (in Burgo de Stadford) babet
XIII. mans, de honore Comitum et pertin. ad Bradelie. Ex
his VI. sunt vasts. Idem Robertus habet de fcudo suo
xLi. mans. £x his xvii. sunt vasts."
4 " Tenuit et tenet de Rege."
5 « Tenuit idem T. R E.' The continuator of Blomcfield
says he was a Dane.
'' Of Robert de Stadford, Statford or Stafford, the an-
cestor of the Staffords Dukes of Buckingham, see Dugd.
Bar. torn. i. p. 156.
^ Robert de Statford and Nigellus de Statford are sup-
posed by Dugdale to have been brothers. Baron, torn. i.
p. 156. The Gresley family derived their descent from
Nigel de Statford.
^ Lanscavetone. '' De hoc S. abstulit comes Moriton.
unum mercatum quod ibi T. R« £• jacebat.*'
II 4
488 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Stefan US carpentarius, fVilts, 73 b.
Stefanus filius Eirardi, Berksy 63 b.
Stefanus Stirman, HantSj 52. fVarw. 238.*
Steinulf et Dunning, Derb. 278 b.
Stigandus Archiepiscopus. " Terrae Stdgandi Episcopi *
quas custodit W. de Noiers in manu Regis." Noi;fl
135. Suff. 2SS.
Stirman^ v. Stefanus.
Stirman, Hugolinus, Berks, 63.
Stratfort, Robertus de, Suff. 445 b.
Sturmid, Ricardus, Hants, 48. Wilts, 74 b.
SvAiN, miis, 74.» Dors. 84,* 84 b.« bis. Norttiompi. 228.
SuAiN filius Azur, Northampt? 219.
SuAiN de Exesse, Hunt. 205 b. v. Suen.
SuAiN Vicecomes, Oxf, 160.
Suan et Vluiet, NoUingh. 292 b.
SuANUs, Essex, \0\J
SuARDiNC, Line. 336.®
Suartinc, Line. 336.®
Suarting et Herding, BuckSy 153.
J '* I. masur. in burgo de Warwic."
2 A brother and a sister of Stigand are mentioned in the
Survey. Tom. ii. Norf. 195. " Stigandus abstulit, et dedit
Almaro fratri suo.** Ibid. Norf. 116, among the burgesses
and others resident in Norwich, we have *' una mulier soror
Stigandi."
3 <* Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E."
•» " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E.**
^ In one entry, " Pater Suain tenuit T. R. E."
^ '< XXI. domus de x. sol. in Nortliantone, pertin. ad
Stoches.'*
7 ** Invasio Suani."
^ ^* Saca et soca in civitate Line, loco Hardecnut patri»
sui.
'** ** Saca et soca in civ. Lincolia."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 489
SuENvs sen Svanus, de Excessa,^ Essex^ 42. Suff. 401.
SuEN f. Suaue, NM. 280 b.
SuENO, Essex, 106 b.
SupERDivE, Ecclesia de,^ Berks, 59 b.
SuRDEUAL, Ricardus de^ Yorksh. 298.' Clanu Ebar.
373 b.
Suuen, Yorksh. 330 b.*
1 Suein of Essex is supposed by Morant, vol. i. p. 275,
to have been of Danish origin. Robert the father of Suein,
however, occurs in Doniesd. torn. ii. fol. 47 b. ; and his
grandfather^ Wimarc, is mentioned by Morant, vol.i. p. 155.
His castle was at Rageneia, now Raylegh, in the hundred of
Rochford. Robert litz Wimarc, the father of Suein, occurs
in numerous entries of Domesday, which will be found in
the first Index of the succeeding volume to the present.
Henry de Essex succeeded him. He is called son and
heir, but it is more probable that Robert de Essex was his
son, and Henry his grandson. Henry being hereditary
standard-bearer to King Henry the Second, in an expedition
against the Welsh, about A. D. 1163, deserted his stand-
ard, and caused the King's defeat. He was in consequence
charged with treason by Robert de Montford, and being
vanquished in a solemn trial by battle, had his life spared,
but was shorn a monk by the King's order in the Abbey of
Reading. See Gerv. Dorob. col. 1380. Madox, Hist.
Excheq. fol. edit. p. 20. Dugd. Bar. torn. i. p. 463. His
honor of Raylegh became forfeited to the crown.
Edward, the son of Suein of Essex, and Edeua his wife,
both occur in Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 98 b.
- The Church of St. Peter sur Dive, in the diocese of
Seez in Normandy; a Benedictine Abbey, founded by
William Earl of Eu, and Lescelina his wife, A.D. 1046.
William the Conqueror, in 1067, attended the ceremonial
of the dedication of the church by Maurilius Archbishop
of Rouen. See Neustria Pia, pp. 496, 498.
'^ '* II. mans, in Eboraco civitate."
^ " hb." He had previously held.
490 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITB.
T.
Tailgebosch, Radnlfi, filia, Bertf. 142 b.
Tailgebosch, Willdmus, Line, 370.
Taillgebosc, Ivo,* Line. 350. Norf. 244 b. v. Tal-
lebosc.
Taini tres, Yorksh. 330 b.*
Taini decern, Dors* 84 b.'
Taini Regis, Hants, 49 b. 53 b. Dors* 84. Scmers.
1 Ivo Tailbois^ lord of Hoyland^ or Holand, who^ having
married Lucia tlieir sister, inherited the great possessioiiB
of the Saxon Earls Edwin and Morcar. Ingulphus gives a
long account of his quarrels with the monks of Croyland.
Script, post Bedam. p. 513.
Leofric's genealogy, (ad calcem Florentii Wigom. MS.
penes Archiep. Armachanum an. \6\Qy) printed by Dugdale
in the Monasticon, says,
^' Algarus tertius, tempore regis Edwardi, ssepius exle*
gatur, et toties strenuissimd cum Rege reconciliatus, genuit
Edwinum et Morcarum, postea comites, et filiam nomine
LuciAM postea comitissam.
*' Edwinus comes Warwike, et Morcarus comes Ebora-
censis, ambo fratres dimicabant contra Willielmum Con-
questorem, et tandem suorum insidiis occisi sunt ; obdnuUque
Lucia soror eorum terras paiemasy quae nupta est prime Yvoni
Taylboys, e qua nullam suscepit sobolem, tempore Willielmi
Conqucstoris et Willielmi Kufi.
<* Lucia Comitissa, tempore Henrici primi nupta Rogero
filio Geroldi Romara, peperit filium nomine Willielmum
postea comitem de terris paternis, et Lincoln, comitatus;
nupta etiam tertio viro, tempore regis Stephani, id est
Ranulfo Comiti Cestriae, peperit filium Ranulfum pottea
Comitem Cestriae. Ista Lucia jacet apud Spalding."
3 << tibr. III. taini. Ipsi adhuc habent et colunt earn."
^ " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E."
i:ndex of tenants in capite. 491
98 b. Dev.llS. Hertf.U2. GAmc. 170b. Hunt.
207 b. NorthampL 229. Staff. 250 b. Derb. 278 b.
Nottingh. 292 h. Yorksh.3B0h.
Taini Regis et Elemosinabii, BucL 153.
Tain us Reginse, Line. 871.^
Tallebosc, Ivo, Clam. N. Line. 375 b. v. Tailleoe-
BOSC.
Tavestoch, Abbatia de, Dors. 78 b. Dev. 103 b.
Comw. 121.*
Tedfordensis Episoopus,' Norf. 191. Suffi 379.
feudum Episcopi deTedfort,* Norf. 193b.
Suff. 379 b.
Tedfort, Ailuinus de, Norf. 181 b.
Tehellus de Herion, Suffi 427 b.
Tehelus Britto, EsseXf 81 b. Norf. 261 b. v. Tihellus.
1 " bb/' habebat, he was the possessor previous to the
Survey.
2 At the end of the entry relating to the Cornish pro-
perty of Tavistock^ the Earl of M oretaine is stated to have
usurped from the church four manors; Brietone, Elent^
Trebichen, and Trewent, all of which were claimed by the
Abbat.
9 William Galfagus, Belfagus^ Beaufoe, or de Bellofago.
He was nominated by the King to the see of Thetford on
Christmas-day 1085, and died in or about 1091. He has
been already mentioned, p. 380.
^ Kelham, Illustr. p. 140, from Blome£ Norf. p. 274, saj^,
*' Not as belonging to the original revenues of his bishop-
rick, but as part of those revenues that his predecessors
had been enfeoffed in by other pious benefactors." This is
wrong. It w^ the bishop's private property. The greater
part of the possessions, both in Norfolk and Suffolk, which
Bishop Beaufoe held individually as a tenant in capite, be
left, at the time of his death, to the see of Ihetford.
492 ■ INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAFITE.
Teodricus aurifaber, Surr. 36 b.^ Oxf. 160 b. v. Theo-
DRICUS.
Terra in Elemosina data, Midd. 130 b.
Tetbaldus et Hunfridus, TVUts, 74 b.
Tetbaldus filius Bernerii, Dev. 115.
Tetfort, Episcopus de, v. Tedfordbnsis Episcopus.
Tezelinus coquus, Surr. 36 b.*
Theodricus aurifaber, Berks, 63.
Thesaurarius, Henricus, HantSj 49.
Thomas Archiep.^ [Ebor.] Hants, 42.* Glouc. 164 b.*
Clam. N. R. Line. 375 b. 376.
Thvinam, Canonic! S. Trinitatis de,^ HantSy MJ
TiHELLUs Britto, Essex, 81 b.
^ " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
2 See the present volume, p. 91, note^.
^ See the mention of him under Eboracensis archiepis-
copus.
■* <* Antecessor ejus similiter tenuit de rege £•"
^ The whole of the lands in Gloucestershire, thirteen
manors, appear to have been granted to Archbishop Thomas
after the Norman invasion: five had belonged to Arch-
bishop Stigand ; two had been held by Archbishop Eldred,
under the Abbey of Gloucester; three by the Priory of
St. Oswald, Gloucester; and the remainder by Gundulf,
Pin, and Vlchetel.
6 Thvinam, Twinham, or Christ Church Priory, in Hamp-
shire : here were a dean and twenty-four secular canons in
the time of King Edward the Confessor, who continued
afler the Conquest ; their college being rebuilt by Ralph
Flambard, who was at one time dean there. Baldwin Earl
of Devon, about A.D. 1150, procured the seculars here to
be changed into regular canons of the order of St. Augus-
tine. Sec Monast. Anglic, vol.vi. p. 302.
' *' Use hidoi semper fueruut in ipsa scclesia."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAFITE. 493
TisoN, Gislebertus, Nottingh. 291. Yorksh. 326 b.*
i.iwc.354. Cfaw. JSftor. 373, 373 b. YorfoA.379,
380.
TisuN, Gilbertus, Yorksh. 381 b.
TocHi, Nott. 280 b.*
ToDENi, Berengarius, Berenger, or Berengerius de/
Oxf. 154, 159. Nottingh. 291 b.* YorfoA. 298,*
314.« iinc. 353 b. Cfaw. iVl R. Line. 376. Yor&fA.
380, 380 b. 382.
ToDENi, Radulfus de, HantSj 62. Berks, 62. Hertf.
138. G/bttc. 168. fTorc. 176.^ Here/. 180, 180 b.
181, 183.® Essex, 91. r. Toenio.
1 The lands of Gislebertus Tison, consisting of twenty-
nine manors, were evidently forfeited upon the ravaging of
Yorkshire; ten had belonged to Gamelbar, and one to
Gamel. Of six which had belonged to Gamelbar, it is said,
'' Has terras habet Gislebertus Tison, sed wastse sunt omnes :
tantummodo Biletone redd. iii. sol. redd.** Of several
manors in Craven no estimated value is given.
' He had soc and sac, and other privileges, in Nottingham-
shire and Derbyshire, but no estates are put down to him.
^ Second son of Robert de Todeni, hereafter mentioned.
4 " Modo habent Berengerus de Todeni et Willielmus de
Perci."
^ << II. mansiones in Eboraco civitate Gamelcarle et
Aluuini."
^ These also, twenty-nine manors, were forfeited lands*
Eighteen had belonged to Gamel, and five to Torbrand.
Of eleven of Gamel's manors it is said, '^ Has terras habuit
Gamel, et nunc Berengarius habet, sed wast«e sunt omnes."
All estimated value is omitted.
7 <* Isdem Radulfus tenet Eslei, et secclesia S. Taurini de
eo. Ibi VI. hidse geld. De his tenet S. Taurinus iiii. hid.
quietas et solutas ab omni consuetudine quse Regi attinet,
sicut ipse W. rex concessit quando Rad. earn Sancto dedit.'*
^ << Radulfus de Todeni tenet Castellum de Cliford. Wil-
494 , INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITS*
ToDENi, seu ToDENEio, RobcTtus de,^ Herff. 138. Buck.
149. Ox/. 159. Gbuc. 168. Cambr. 196 b. Betff.
215. Northampt. 219,' 225. Leic. 233 b. Yarksh.
314. Ztnc. 352 b. C&im. in CketsL 376 b. 377.
£««6ar, 90 b. Suff. 429.
ToENio, Rad. de, Nor/. 235. o. Tooeni.
ToLi, Derb. 278 b.^
ToNA, Yarksh. 331 b.
Tonebrige, Ricardus de, Kent^ 14.^
lielmus Comes fecit illud in wasta terra quam tenebat Bni-
ning T.R.E. Istud Castellum est de regno Angliae non
subjacet alicui hundret neque in consuetudine. Gisle-
bertus vicecomes tenet illud ad firmam, et burgum, et car.
de toto rcddit lx. solid.''
1 The founder of Belvoir Castle, and of the cell of monks
there, which he annexed to St. Alban's Abbey. In the
Cottonian Register of St. Alban's Abbey, quoted in the
Monasticon, he is called Robert de Belvedeir. Matthew
Paris, edit. 1684, p. 1002, calls him Robert de Thotenei.
He died in 1088. See Nichols's Leic. vol. i. pt.i. p. 23.
Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 111.
3 << mi. domus in Northantone."
9 He had previously held the same land in conjunction
with Cnut and Gladuin.
4 He has been already entered in this Index for the same
property as *^ Ricardus f. Gislebcrti ;" both names occurring
in the same column.
Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 206, giving an account
of the family of Clare, says, ^* The first of this great and
noble family that settled in this realm was Richard the
eldest son of Gislebert, sumamcd Crispin, Earl of Brion in
Normandy, son of Geffrey, natural son to Richard, the first
of that name, Duke of Normandy."
According to Ordericus Vitalis, in 1073, when he was
joined with William de Warren in the administration of
INDEX OF TENANTS IM CAPITE. 495
TonsoTj Durandus^ v. Dubandus.
Tor, Yorksh. 330 b.*
ToRBER et Vchtred* Yorksh. 331.*
ToRBBRN, YoriA. 331 b.'
ToRCHiL, Dors. 84>.
Torch iL et Ravenchil, Yorksh. 830 b>
ToRED, Yorksh. 331.^
ToRNYG, Ecclesia sive Abbatia de^ Cambr, 192 b. Ihtni.
205. Bed/. 211. NorthampL 222 b.«
justice through England, he was called William de Bene-
facta ; but toward the close of the Conqueror*8 reign he
assumed the name of De Tonebruge, from his seat at Tun-
bridge in Kent, the town and castle of which he had ob-
tained from the Archbishop of Canterbury in exchange for
the castle of Brion in Normandy ; they being measured out
to him, according to William of Jumieges, to the same
extent as was contained in Brion.
In Suffolk he seems to have had the name of Clare, from
one of his lordships in that county, at which he fixed his
residence.
Rohais, or Rothais, his wife» has been already men-
tioned.
1 << tib,** he had previously held the same land.
2 They had previously held the same land.
3 " hV be had before held it.
4 They had before held it.
5 He had held previous to the Survey.
^ The Northamptonshire property alone of Thomey
Abbey has no mention of the time of King Edward the
Confessor. In the other counties, the holding was dis-
tinctly previous to the Survey. Of Bolehestre (Bolnhurst)
in Bedfordshire it is said, *' Hoc S tenuit ^Ifleda de rege
£. potuit dare cui voluit. In Monasterio de Tomi jacuit
die quo rex Edwardus vivus et mortuus fuit Hoc homines
de hund. testantur."
496 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
ToTENAis, Judhel de, v. Judhel.
Tovi, Hants, 54.^ Witts, 64 b.* Norf. 264.
Troarz, Ecclesia S. Martini de,' Glouc. 166 b.*
Turbern, Yorksh. 331 b. bis.*
Turbernus, Essex, 103.
Turbertus, TVitts, 74 b,
TuRBERTUS Venator, Hants, 51 b.
TuRCHiL, Wdts, 74.« Lek. 236 b, Warw. 238.^ Yorksh.
330 b.
TuRCHiL de Warwic,® Warw. 240 b.
1 '^ Tenet de dono regis in Chenistone dim. v."
2 '* Toui. I. et quartam partem unius mas. in Burgo
Malmesberie.*'
^ This Abbey, situated in a town of its name upon the
river Dive, and dedicated to St. Martin, was founded by
Roger de Montgomery, afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury, in
the year 1050. Upon the property described in the refer-
ence, the cell of Horkesley, or Horsley^ was afterwards
erected.
4 " Tenet Horselei dono regis W.*'
* " hb,'* he had previously held.
^ " Pater ejus tenuit."
7 " iiii. masur. in burgo de Warwic"
^ Turchil de Warwick, of whom see Dugd. Warw. p. SOI.
He was the son of Alwine, who is called Vicecomes of that
county in the Survey. Under Bertanestone in Warwick-
shire, torn. i. fol. 241, we read " Ailmarus tenuit, et licentia
Regis vcndidit A luui no, /jcrfri Turchily Vicecomiti." Dug-
dale makes some observations upon the changes which,
according to Domesday, had taken place in the tenure and
condition of TurchiFs property subsequent to the Norman
Conquest. Out of seventy-one manors, only four are put
down as having been possessed by Alwine, the father of
Turchil.
Dugdale says, p. 675, that in the days of King William
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 497
TuRCHiLLus, Oxf, 160 b. Bedf. 218 b.*
TuRCHiLLus prepositus, Essex^ 98 b.
TuRGOT et Mater ejus, Bed/. 218 b.^
TuROLDus, EsseXf 101. Norf. 172.
TuRSTiNi filius, Qq/I 160 b.
TuRSTiNUS, Somers, 91 b.' Stctffl 260.
TuRSTiNUS camerarius, Hanf^, 48, 52. WUtSy 74 b.
56^ 216 b.
TuRSTiNus filius Rolf, HaniSj 47 b. Berksy 63. Z)or«.
80b. S(wii€r«. 97 b.* Dew. 115 b. BuckA5l. Glouc.
162, 169 b. Here/. 185 b.
TuRSTANUS machinator, HantSj 22.
V. &u.
Valbadon, Ansfridus de, NartAampt 219.*
Rufus this Turchil wrote himself Turchillus de Eardene,
from the forest of Arden. Turchil's eldest son, Siward,
was not permitted to enjoy any large proportion of his
fathers lands, the Earl of Warwick having the greater
part assigned to him by King William Rufus " in Comi-
tatus supplementum," to augment his earldom. What
Siward had leave to retain was by him and his posterity
held by military service to the Earls of Warwick.
Gudmundus, the brother of Turchil, was an under-tenant
to him for four hides of land at Patitone. Warw. 241 b.
col. 2.
» " Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
^ '* Hanc terram tenuit pater hujus Turgoti, teignus regis
fuit et terram suam dare et vendere potuit.**
3 « Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
-i His lands in this county, which were extensive, liad
belonged chiefly to Alwoldus.
^ << II. dom. in Northantene de feudo episcopi Baioc"
K K
498 INDEX OP TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Valokoes, Petnis de. Line} 336.*
Valongies, Petrus de, Hertf. 132,» 140 b. CasBa)T.
201b. iinc, 336, 368 b.
Valoniensis, Petrus, E^sex^ 78. lHoff. 256, 278 b.
Valonis, Petrus de, Suff. 420 b.
Vavasorum Terra, Suff. 446.
YcTRED, Yarkdu 331 passim.
Vdi, Staff. 250 b.
Veci, Robertus de,* NarthampL 225. Leic. 230,* 234.'
Warw.24,2h. Line. 363.
FenatoTy Croch, Bants, 49.
Godric, WiUs, 74.
Godvinus, Dors. 84.
Ricardus, Warw. 238.
Siward, Oxf. 160 h?
Walerannus, HantSj 48. JViUs, 72.
Wli;d, Surr. 36 b.^
Ver, Albericus de,^ Midd. 130 b. Cambr. 199 b.^ JJnitf.
207. Essexy 76, 101, 107. Sff^ 418.
1 Peter de Valoniis, or Valoines, is called the Conqueror's
nephew. See Blomef. Norf. vol. v. p. 787* He married
Albreda, sister of Eudo Dapifer; with whom he was joint'
founder of Binham Priory in Norfolk. See Dugd. Bar.'
tom. i. p. 441. 2 He had a house in Lincoln.
^ ** Petrus de Valongies habet (in burgo Hertforde) ii.
secclesias cum una domo quas emit de Vluui de Hatfelde." '
4 Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 89.
^ Six houses in Leicester, appertaining to the manor of
Niwetone, and three belonging to the manor of Chiborne.
6 « Ipse S. tenuit libere T. R. E."
7 " Ipge tenuit de rege E."
^ Progenitor to the noble family of the De Veres, Earls
of Oxford. Compare Dugd. Bar. i. 188.
^ Of the lands of Alberic de Ver in this county, Sextone
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 499*
Verdun, Bertrannus de,^ Buck. 151 b.^
Verli, Robertas de, Norf. 262. Suff. 437.
Vernon, Walterusde, Bttck. 151.
ViLLARis Monasterii, Sancta Maria,^ Dors. 79.
Vis de Lew, Hunfridus, BerkSy 63.
Vlbert frater Vlf, Line. 336.*
Vlchel, Nottingh. 292 b. Yorksh. 330 b.*
Vlchetellus, Norf, 270 b.®
Vlchil, Yorksh. 330 b. ter.^ 331.«
(now Saxon or Saxham, a hamlet of Wood-Ditton) was
still in the possession of Vere Earl of Oxford in the
29th Hen. VIII.; Great Abington (the Abintone of Domes-
day) continued with Earl Edward till late in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth ; Castle Camps, parcel of the barony by
virtue of which the Veres held the office of Lord High
Chamberlain of England^ was not alienated, as we have
seen in a former page, till 158(X
1 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p.47L
2 Of Bcrtrann's manor of Ferneham it is said, " De hoc
manerio tenet Goisfridus de Manneuile dim. hid. in El-
modesham, de qua desaisivit prsedictum Bertrannum dum
csset trans mare in servitio Regis. Hoc attestatur Hundret,
ct Radulfus Tailgebosc fecit super terram Bertranni unum
molinum qui non fuit ibi T. R. E« ut Hund. testatur."
^ A Cistercian Nunnery at Villars Canivet, in the diocese
of Baieux. Neustria Pla, p.79L The manor of Wadone in
Dorsetshire was given to it in the time of the Conqueror,
by Hugh Fitz Grip, as appears by the entry referred to.
-1 He had sac and soc in Lincoln.
^ '< hb,** he was the previous possessor before the Survey.
« He had held his land T. R. E.
7 T. R. E. bis.
^ In all these entries he had been the possessor previous
to the formation of the Survey.
KK 2
500 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Vlchil et UXOR ejus, Yorksh. 331. b.^
Vlchil et Vluric, Yorhsh. 330 b.^
Vlf, WiUsy 74. S(mer8? 99, Deo. 118 b.* YijirhMh. 331 b.
Vlf fenisc, Nott. 280 b-
Vlf pater Sortebrand, Clam, in CheM. 377.
Vlfric cilt, NotL 280 b.
Ulgar, Hants, 61 b.*
Vlmarus burgensis de Bedeford, Bedf. 218.®
Vlnod, Hants, 53 b. 54.^ Wilts, 74.8
Vlnod et Bruning, Hants, 54.®
Vlnodus presbyter. Line. 336.
Ulsi, Hants, 54.^ Nottingk. 293. Yorksh. 330 b.
Vlsi quidam prebendarius Regis, Bed/. 218.
Vlueua uxor Phin, Essex, 98.
Vluiet, Hants, 51 b." Wilts, 74. Dors. 84," 84 b.»»
Nottingk. 292 b.
Vluiet presbyter, Line* 336.
Vluiet quidam, de elemosina Regis, Line. 341 b.
^ '< II. 53 in Chesvic. Vlchil iiii. car. terrs ad geldam.
Nunc isdem et uxor ejus habent ibi i. car. et i. vill. et ii.
acras prati."
3 hb II. maner.
» " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E."
4 '« Ipse tenebat T. R. E."
* " Ipse tenuit de rege E."
« •* Istemet tenuit T. R. E."
7 *< Vlnod tenet de rege dimid. v. et pro tanto se defen-
debat T. R. E. et modo."
8 << Vlnod tenet i. hid. in Mere^ et pro tanto geldabat
T. R. E."
^ " Ipsi tenuerunt in paragio."
i^ " Ipse tenuit in paragio de rege E."
11 " Bolle et Vluiet.*'
»2 " Ipse teneb. T. R. E." 13 u jpge jgnuit T. R, E.'*
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 601
Vluiet Venator, Hcmis^ 60* b.
Vluiet et SuEN, Nottingh. 292 b.
Vluiet et Uxor ejus, Line. 341.*
Vluric, Hants, 60.« 61b. WiltSj 74, passim.* Dors. 84.^
Vluric venator, Hants, 60 b.® Dors. 84.^
Vluricus, Dors. 84.® NoUingh. 293. JB^^e^, 100.
Ulward, Hants, 63 b. WUts, 74.
Vlward prebendarius Regis, Wilts, 74.
Vluuardus et Brictric,® Somers. 98 b,
Vluuiet, Z/inc. 371.
Vluuinus, Dors. 84. S/q^. 250 b.*°
Uxor Aluuine, /ftew^. 207 b."
Uxor Boselini de Dive, Cambr. 202 b.*^
Uxor Edric, Wilts, 64 b.^
Uxor Geri de Loges, Gbmc. 170.**
1 " Ipsemet tenuit in alod. de rege E."
2 " Tota haec terra fuit matris uxoris ejus.'*
^ " Pater ejus tenuit in alod. de rege E. pro CD."
4 In one of the entries it is said, " Pater ejus tenuit T. R.E.*'
5 « Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E."
^ •* Pater ejus tenuit de rege E."
7 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R- E."
« " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E."
» « Idem ipsi tenebant T. R. E-"
•^ The same person with Wluinus.
Ji Her husband had previously held the land.
12 " I. hid. et dim. (in Hochintone) quam ei Hberavit Epis-
copus Baiocensis ; sed homines de hund. nesciunt qua
ratione."
13 A masure in the burgh of Malmesbcrie.
1** The head-title of this entry is •* Terra Uxoris Geri-
only. Kelham, from William of Jumieges, p. 272, says, (if
the same person is really intended,) '^ Geroius duxit Gislam
filiam Turstini de Monteforti." See more of Geroius and
his descendants in Will.Gemmet. Hist. Norm, lib.vii. cap.xi.
kk3
502 INDEX OF TENANTS IX CAPiTE.
»
Uxor Hugonis de Grentemaisnil, Hertf. 142 b.* Bedf.
217 b. Leic. 236 b, Warw. 244 b.
Uxor Hugonis filii Grip, Dors, 83 b.^
Uxor Hervei de Helion, Dev. 117.
Uxor Manasses coqui, Somers. 98 b.
Uxor Quinlini, Leic. 231.^
Uxor Radulfi capellani, Heref. 187 b*
Uxor Iladulfi Tailgebosc, Buck. 153. Cambr, 202 b.
Bedf, 218, V. Azelina.
Uxor Ricardi filii Gisleberti,^ Hertf. 142 b. Ilwd. 207.
Uxor Rogerii de Ivri, Oxf 160.*^
1 Where she is called Adeliz uxor Hugonis de Grente-
maisnil.
2 This lady is mentioned in a previous folio as detaining
one hide of land at Abbotsbury, and a virgate at Portesham,
which had been given for the support of the monks* table
at the Abbey, Dors. 78. Abedesberie. " Huic S pertinet
una hida T. R. £. ad victum monachorum erat. Hanc Hago
accepit injuste et rctinuit. et adhuc uxor ejus yi detinet.'*
Portesham. '^ Huic S5 pertin. una virgata terre quam Hugo
f. Grip injuste accepit, et uxor ejus adhuc vi tenet. Hsc
erat in victu monachorum T. R. E." Of a hide and half
of land at Horcerd, it is said, *< Hanc hidam dedit Hugo,
pro anima sua, iEcclesise de Creneburne, et valet xx. solid.
Dimidiam vero hidam tenet Uxor Hugonis."
^ She occurs under the head of '' Elemosinae Regis.*'
^ Two holdings are recorded to her. One, Erdesope, of
three virgates ; the other was Ruedene. '* In Rvedene
tenet eadem mulicr cum filio suo Waltero dim. hid. geld.
wasta est et tamen reddit ii. sol."
* See the note under Rothais.
^ She held five hides at Lctelape, supposed to be Islip.
She was Adelina, tlie eldest daughter of Hugh de Grente-
maisnil.
INDEX OF. TENANTS IN CAFITE. 503
Uxor Wenesii, WiUs, 74.*
Uxor W. Comes, Yorksh, 379 b.
W.
W. Comes, Oxf, 154.
Wadardus, Kent^ 1, 2.*
Wado, mitSy 74.*
Walarico, Rannulfus de Sancio, Line. 364 b.
Walchelinus Episcopus Wintoniensis/ HarUSy 61,
52 b. Berks, 66. Cambr. 190. r. Wintoniensis
Episcopus.
Waldinus, Yorksk. 298.*
Waldinus Brito, Line. 365. C/am. vi Chetst. 377.
Waldinus Ingeniator, Line. 365 b.
Waleramus, Essex, 101 b.
Waleran venator, Hants, 48. ?Fito, 72.
Walerannus, Ztor^. 82.
Waleri, S., Walterius de, seu de Sancto Walerico.
Midd. 130. Suff. 432 b.
Walericus, S., Essex,^ 20 b.
I « Vir ejus tenuit T.R.E.''
^ He held six mansurs and a mill in Dover.
3 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
^ Walchelin, chaplain and related to the Conqueror^ was
made Bishop of Winchester, upon Stigand*s deprivation, in
1070. He undertook the rebuilding of his cathedral, with
the adjoining monastery, in 1079 ; and brought the latter
to its completion in 1093. He died in 1098.
^ '*' Waldinus intercepit ii. mans. Ketel presbyteri pro
una mans. Sterre."
6 The Abbey of St. Valery in Picardy, situated four
leagues below Abbeville, at the mouth of the Somme, in
the diocese of Amiens ; founded by King Clothaire, A* D*
613. See Mon. Angl. vol. vi. pt.ii. p. 1106.
KK 4
504 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Walterius, HantSj 60.*
Walterius balistorius^ Gloue. 162, 169.
Walterius diaconus, Gbmc. 169.
Walterius fU. Other,^ Surr. 36.* Hants^ 48 b. Berkty
56,* 61 b. Midd. 130. BmcA. 151.
Walterus FJandrensis, Hertf. 139. 5i<c*. 151. Bedfi
215 b. Northampt. 219, 226 b. v. Flandrensis.
Walterus fil. Ponz,« Berks^ 61.« O^. 160. Gfovc.
168 b.
Walterus fil. Rogerii, HasUSy 48 b. Glouc. 169.^
> '* Modo tenet earn (terram) Walterius in vadiam de filio
Cole de Basinge."
3 Dugdale, Bar. tom.i. p. 509, from a MS. in the po8>-
session of Thomas Lord Windsor, sayst *^ This Walter being
warden of the forest of Berkshire and castellan of Wind-
SORE, assumed his surname from that place.'*
^ There is a singular entry under the Surrey property of
Walter Fitz Other at Kingston. ** Ipse Walterius tenet
unum hominem de soca in Chingestun cui commendavit
equas sylvaticas Regis custodire, sed nescimus quomodc
Hie homo tenet ii. hid. sed non habet rectum in ipsa terra.*'
4 Six hagas in Burgo de Walingeford.
^ Son of Walter Ponz, the brother of Drogo, or Dru.
Of whom see p. 405.
^ Land at Etone, three hides of which Walter Fix Pods
had given to St. Peter, Westminster, ^ pro anima sua."
This donation does not appear to be included in the Berk-
shire property of the Abbey, mentioned in a previoua
column of the Survey.
7 Of Cemi, one of two manors in this county entered to
Walter Fitz Roger, the Survey says, '^ Hoc S calumniatum
est ad aecclesiam S. Mariee de Abendone, sed omnis Comi*
tatus testificatus est Stigand. archiep. x. annis tenuisse
vivcntc £. rege. Hoc manerium dedit W. Comes Bogerio
vicccomitiy patri Walterij."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 505
Walterus frater Seiheri, Bedf. 216. •
Walterus de S. Waleri, sen Sancto Walerico.
Midd. 130, Suff. 432 b.
Waltham, CanoDici S. Cnicis de,* Hertf. 136 b. Essex^
15 b.
1 Waltham Abbey was founded, for Secular Canons, by
Earl Harold, afterwards King, who, according to Edward
the Confessor's charter of confirmation, endowed it with no
less than seventeen manors ; Passefeld, Walde, Upminster,
Wallifare, Tippedene, Alwartune, Wodeford, Nasingan,
Brikendune, Melnho, Alricheseia, Wormleia, Lambehithe,
Nethleswella, Hicche, Lukintone, and West- Waltham. It
continued a college for about a hundred and fifteen years,
from 1062 to ll??* when King Henry the Second changed
the Seculars for Regular Canons of the order of St. Au-
gustine.
In the Domesday Survey, the manors recorded as be-
longing to the Abbey are, Wermelai and Brichendune in
Hertfordshire ; and Epinga, Nasinga, Wdefort, two estates
in Lochintuna, Passefeld, Alvertune, Tippedana, Welda»
Upmonstra, and Walcfara, in Essex. Melnhou and Alri-
cheseia, in Bedfordshire, had passed to the Bishop of Dur-
ham. In the entries of these manors to whom, Bedf, 210, of
Melchou, it is said, *^ Hanc terram dedit rex Edwardus
aecclesias Sanctse Crucis de Waltham, ut homines de Hund.
testantur :*' of Alricesei it is .said, *< Hoc manerium tenu-
crunt Canonici S. Crucis de Waltham in elemosina T. R. E.*'
Former property of the Abbey also occurs, Surr, 34,
under " Terra Comitis Moriton*.'* " Comes Moriton.
tenet Lanchei (Lambeth). Canonici de Waltham tenuerunt
de Heraldo. Tunc se defendebat pro vi. hid. et dim. Modo
pro nichilo." Again, *' Ipse Comes tenet Estrehanu T. R. E.
se defendebat pro v. hid. Modo pro nichilo. Heraldus
tenuit I. hid. et dim. Canonici de Waltham i. hid. et dim.''
Under the Bishop of Durham's lands in Berkshire, we
506 JNDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Wandreoesili^ S. Abbatia,^ Surr. S4. Dofs. 78 b.
Ckmbr. 193.
Wanz, Aluric, <^ Terra Regis quani Aluric Wanz
custodit," Suff. 287.
Warene, Willelmus de, Sussex^ 26. Hants, 47/
Beris, 56. Buck. 148. Oaf. 157 b. Cambr. 196.
Hunt 205 b. Bed/. 211 b. YorA^A. 321. Line.
351b. YorfoA. 379.
Waeenna, Willelmus de, Essex, 36. ^of/. 157.
276 b. Swjf. 398.
read of what is now White-Waltham ; *' Episcopus Diinel-
mensis tenet de rege Waltham in elemosina. Vluiunus
canonus tenuit de Comite Heraldo, et .^cclesis de Waltham
pertinuit. Tunc et modo pro iii. hidis.**
1 The Abbey of VandriUey anciently called Fontenelle, in
the diocese of Rouen, situated about six or seven leagues
from that city. It was founded, according to Du Monstier s
Neustria Pia, by St. Wandregisillus, A. D. 65^ The Dukes
of Normandy were considerable benefactor's to it, particu-
larly Duke Richard II. William the Conqueror's benefac-
tions to it, in Normandy, are recited in Neustria Pia, p. 167-
2 William de Warren, Earl of Warren in Normandy, who
came into England with the Conqueror, was made Earl of
Surrey in England by King William Rufus. He and his
wife Gundreda founded the Priory of St. Pancras at Lewes,
in 1078, as a cell to the great Abbey of Clugni in France.
Ordericus Vitalis, and Sir William Dugdale after him in
the Baronage, say, that Gundreda was the sister of Gher-
bode, a Fleming, to whom the Conqueror had given the
city and earldom of Chester. Ordericus Vitalises words are,
" Cestram et Comitatum ejus Gherbodo Flandrensi jam-
dudum Rex dederat : qui magna ibi et difficDia tarn ab
Anglis quam a Gallis adversantibus pertulerat:" adding,
lower in the page, " et Guillelmo de Guarenna, qui Gun-
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 607
Warinus arbalistarius, JViltSy 74 b.
(Ircclam, sororem Gherbodi, conjugem habebat, dedit
Siitreiriani/'
(fiindreda, however, was really a daughter of the Con-
(jueror. William de Warren's second charter of foundation,
j^ranted to Lewes Priory in the reign of Rufus, states this
fact distinctly : '* Vola ergo quod sciant qui sunt et qui
futuri sunt, quod ego Willielraus de Warrenna, Surreis
Comes, donavi et confirmavi Deo et Sancto Pancratio et
monachis Cluniacensibus, quicunque in ipsa Ecclesia Sancti
Pancratii Deo servient imperpetuum, donavi pro salute
aiiima; mca; et anima; Gundredae uxoris mese et pro anima
domini mci Williclmi Regis qui me in Anglicara terram
adduxit, et per cujus licentiam monachos venire feci, et
qui meam priorem donationem confirmavit, et pro Mlote
Domina; meo) Matildis Reginss mains uxoris mbs, et pro
salute domini mei Willielmi Regis filii sui, post cujus ad-
vent um in Anglicam terram hanc Cartam feci, et qui me
Comitem Surregise fecit.**
Gundreda is also acknowledged by the Conqueror him-
self as his daughter, in the charter by which he gave to
the monks of St. Pancras the manor of Walton in Norfolk,
the original of which is preserved in the Cottonian Manu-
script, Vespasian, F. iii. fol. 1. He gives it, *^ pro anima
Domini et antecessoris mei Regis £dwardi-»et pro anima
Gulielmi de Warenna> et uxoris stue Gundreda fills meje,
et heredibus suis."
Gundreda died in child-bed at Castle Acre in Norfolk,
May 27th, A.D. 1085, and was interred in the chapter-
house of Lewes Priory. Her tomb was founds many years
ago, at Ifield Church in Sussex, (annexed to the monu-
ment of one of the Shirley family,) whither it was supposed
to have been taken at the dissolution of Lewes Priory.
It was again removed, in 1775, to the Church of Southover.
It was ornamented in the Norman taste, and the inscription
was obscure and mutilated ; the names of Gundreda and
508 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
Warwelle, Ecclesia de,' HantSy 44, 52.
Warwic, Turchil de, v. Turchil.
Wateman de Lond', ^Iveva feraina de, Midd. 130 b.
Wateuile, Robertus de, Surr, 30.
Watevilla, Will, de, EsseXj 106 b. Suff. 435.
Waula, Vluric, mitSy 74.
Wellensis Episcopus,* Somers. 89.'
Wenesii uxor, WiUsj 74.*
Westmonasterii, S. Petri Abbatia,^ Sussex, 17. Surr.
32. Hantsy 43 b. Bucks, 59 b. WiUs, 67. Midd.
128. Hertf. 135. Buck. 145 b. Glouc. 166. FFarc.
174 b. Bed/. 211. NarthampL 222. Staff. 24,7 h.
Line. 346. Clam, in Cketst. 377. Essex, 14, 100,
106 b.
St. Pancras, however, appeared upon it. See Sir William
Burreirs Collections for the History of the Rape of Lewes
in Sussex, MS. Donat. Brit. Mus.
William de Warren himself died June 24th, 1088. The
Register of Lewes Priory, MS. Cotton, Vesp. A. xv. pre-
serves the epitaph which was formerly upon his tomb, also
at Lewes.
The Monks of St. Pancras, Lewes, occur in Domesday,
not as tenants in capite, but as under-tenants to William
de Warren ; see Sussex, fol. 26, col. 1, 2.
1 The Nunnery of Wherwell in Hampshire. It had held
the same lands in the time of King Edward the Confessor.
2 Giso Bishop of Wells v/itncsses the Conqueror's charter
of 1077> to Westminster Abbey.
3 The Bishop held no less than two hundred and sixty-
five hides of land in this county : all but two estates, one
of thirty, the other of twenty hides, had belonged to the
see m the time of King Edward the Confessor.
4 "VirejustenuitT.R.E."
'* Two or three benefactors to the Abbey of Westminster,
in the early part of the eleventh century, are mentioned in
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 509
WiBERTUs, fVilts, 74 b.
WiDuiLE, Hugo de, NorthampL 219.^
VViELARDus, Essexj 101 b.
Domesday, who are no where else noticed. Daneham in
Buckinghamshire appears to have been given to the Abbey
before King Edward's death, by Vlstan, a Thain. Land in
Totinges in Surrey is said to have been granted, af^er King
Edward's death, by Alnod of London, " pro sua anima."
And in Essex, fol. 15, under Pachesham, we read, " Hanc
terram dedit unus teignus Ecclesise, quando ivit ad bellum
in Eurewic cum Haroldo." On the other hand. King Wil-
liam the Conqueror's first charter to Westminster Abbey,
in 1 067, mentions a hide of land at Mertune in Wiltshire,
given by a religious woman of the name of Odelina, which
does not occur in the Domesday Survey : " unam hidam
terra; in Wiltunscire in villa Mertune dicta," Reg. Westm.
MS. Cotton. Faust. A. iii. fol. 42. The exchange for the
manor of Windsor, however, which is more than once
alluded to in the Domesday entries^ is also mentioned in
the same charter.
Four charters from King William the Conqueror to
Westminster Abbey still remain unprinted. The second of
these, after an enumeration of the principal people of the
kingdom as witnesses, finishes, ^' Multis prseterea illustrium
virorum personis et regni principibus diversi ordinis omissifi,
qui similiter huic confirmationi piissimo affectu testes et
fautores fuerunt. Hii etiam illo tempore a regia potestate
e diverm provinciis et urhibus ad universalem Synodum
pro catisis cujuslibet SancUB EccUsia audiendis et tractandis
ad prcescriptum celeberrimum Ccenobium quod Westmonaste"
rium dicitur convocati, hanc eandem^ co-operante sibi in omni*
bus divina pietate honorifice perfidenter compleverunt* Quorum
igitur memoriam et nomina singulatim exprimere, et huic
paginula:, longum et fastidiosum videtur inserere. Anno
Domini cae incarnationis Millesimo Septuagesimo Septimo."
1 " II. domus de xxxii. denar. in Northantone."
510 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
WiGAR, Berks, 63 b.
WiLLELMUs, Dors. 84 b. Oxf. 160 b. B&ff. 216.
Northampi. 229.
WiLLELMus filius Ansculfi,^ Surr. 35 b. Berks, 60 b.
mils, 74. b. Midd. 130 b. Buck. 148 b. O^. 157 b.
Wore. 177. Gxmdr. 201 b. Hunt. 207. Northampi.
226. fTam. 243. Stojf. 246/ 249 b.
WiLLELMUs arcuarius, HatUs, 48 b.
WiLLELMus filius AzoF,^ Hauts, 53.
WiLLELMUs fil. Baderon, Hants, 48 b. Ghuc. 167.
/ftrc^. 185 b.
WiLLELMus camerarius, Buck, 151. Gfotcc. 167. Bee^
216.
1 He was the son of Ansculf de Pinchengi, who, in
the property at Esenberge in Buckinghamshire, torn. i.
fol. 148 b., is noticed by that naine. " Hoc S tenuit
Heraldus comes; et ipsum S cxcambiavit Anscuffus de
Pinchengi pro dim. Risenberga contra Radulfum Talgebosch
jussu regis Willielmi." In Surr, fol. 36, imder Wendelesorde,
it is said, " Hanc terram habuit Ansculfus postquam recepit
Vicecomitatum." His shrievalty is again alluded to in
Buckinghamshire, fol. 148 b. col. 2.
William Fit z- Ansculf s principal seat was at Dudley in
Worcestershire. *' Isdcm Willielmus tenet Dvdelei, et
ibi est castellum ejus. Hoc manerium tenuit Eduinus
Comes."
The Messrs. Lysons say, " Fitz-Ansculf 's estates in Berk-
shire descended from the Paganels to the baronial family of
Somery, and eventually became divided among cohein.*'
Mag. Brit. Berksh. p. 178.
3 In Burgo de Statford, << Willielmus f. Ansculfi habet de
Comitatu iiii. mans, quae pcrtin. ad Pennam CD. Comitis. £x
his una tantummodo est hospitata."
^ Henricus filius Azor occurs in another part of the
present Index.
INDEX OF TENANTS JN CAPITE. 511
WiLLELMUs Comes, Oxf. 161.*
WiLLELMUS filius Constantini, Buck. 151. Essex^ 97.
WiLLELMus filius Corbucion, seu Corbuzon,^ Berks^ 61.
Wore. 177 b. Warw. 238, 243. Staff: 250.
WiLLELMUS diaconus, Essex, 94 b.
WiLLELMUS Episoopus Tcdfordensis,^ Norf. 191.
WiLLELMUS filius Goisfiidi, Kent, 1.*
WiLLELMUS hostiarius, Dev. 177 b. Nottingh. 292.
WiLLELMUS filius Manne, JETonfo, 48 b. BuckAbl. Oxf.
160.
WiLLELMUS filius Normao, GUmc. 167 b.^ Heref. 180,
180 b. 181, 185 b.
1 <^ Hs infra scriptse terrse sunt de Feudo Willielmi
Comitis.'* William Fitz Osbern, sewer of Normandy, and
Earl of Hereford, is the person here alluded to. Dugdale
has enlarged upon the circumstances of his life in the
Baronage, torn. i. pp. 26, 66. Ordericus Vitalis, p. 536,
relates the particulars of his death abroad in 1070. The
earldom of Hereford, with all Earl William's lands in Eng-
land, descended to his third son Roger de Britolio, who,
joining in Ralph de Guader's rebellion, was condemned to
the loss of his possessions, and to imprisonment for life.
The lands in Gloucestershire mentioned in the present
entry seem to have been a part of the fee of Earl William,
retained as such, and at the time of the Survey let out to
farm by the King.
2 Kelham says, he was a person of eminence, and had
been sheriff of Warwickshire. Illustr. p. 48. Dugd. Warw.
p. 553.
3 William Galfagus, or Beaufoe, of whom an account has^
been already given, p. 491.
4 Of the masures in Dover he held three " in quibus erat
gihalla burgensium."
^ The custody of the Forest of Dean had been attached
512 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
WiLLELMus filius Ogcii, Kenif 1.^
WiLLELMUs filius Tcdaldi, Kent^ 1 bis.^
WiLLELMus Bex, V. REX.
WiLLELMUS ill. Ricardii Berks, 61.
WiLLELMUs fil. Stur, HantSj 48 b. 52^ 52 b.
WiLLELMUS Tedfordensis Episcopus, v. Tedfordiensis
Episcopus, Norf. 191, 193 b. Suff. 379.
WiLLELMUS filius Widonis, Wilts y 72. Somen. 96 b.
Gbuc. 167.
WiLLELMUS porto', Dcv. 117 b.*
WiLTUNE, Giraldus de, WiltSj 68 b.*
WiLTUNE, Herveus de, Wilts, 74 b.
WiLTUNE, S. Maria de, HaniSy 52 b.^
WiLTUNiENSis Abbatia, Wills, 67 b. Dors,
WiNCELCUMBE, Abbatia de, Oxf. 157.® Gbme. 165 b.^
Warw. 239.®
r. 79. /
to the holding of some of Fitz Norman's lands, in the time
of King Edward the Confessor. In Herefordshire, foL 181,
it is said, ** Rex habet in Herefordscire ix. 8. wasta de
XIX. hidis. De Forestis quas tenet Willielmus filius Nor-
manni redd. xv. lib. Regi."
1 He held a masure in Dover.
3 He also held one masure by himself in Dover, and six
in conjunction with Robert us Niger.
3 Probably the same person with Willelmus hostiarius,
who follows him in the next entry of land In the Survey.
4 << In elemosina. Idem tenebat T. R. £•"
6 Watingewelle. " Semper fuit in Monasterio."
6 Tlie manor of Henestan, or Enstone, consistiiig of
twenty-four hides.
7 Tlie record says, ** T. R. £. defendebat hsc Ecdesia
pro Lx. liid.'* Seventy-three hides and a half are put down
to it as the property at the time of the Survey.
^ Six hides in AIne.
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 51S
WiNCESTRE, Odo de, Hants, 49 b. Berks, 63 b. WiUSf
73 b.
WiNEMARUS,' NorthampL 219,* 226 b.
WiNEMARUS Flandrensis, Buck. 152.
WiNTONiA, Abb. S. MarisB de, Hants, 43 b.^ Berhsy
59 b.* mits, 68.^
WiNTONiA S. Petrus de, Sussex, 17 b. Hants, 42, 42 b,
43. Berks, 59 b. Wilts, 67. Dors. 77 b.
WiNTONiENSis Episcopus, Surr, 31. Hants, 40, 51,
52 b. jBer^, 58. JfiZ^^, 65 b. Somers. 87 b. Hertf.
133. i??^cA. 143 b. O^. 154, 155. Cambr. 190.
V. Walchelinus.
• Chief Steward to the Earl of Britany.
2 In Northantone. " Winemarus xii. domus de iii. sol.
ex his quatuor sunt uastae."
3 The whole of the property here entered to the Nuns of
Winchester in Hampshire had been held by the Abbey
T. R. E.
From a passage in another part of the Domesday Survey
for Hampshire, however, it appears that more had belonged
to them. Of the manor of Icene, belonging to Hugh the
son of Baldri, Hants, 48, it is said, " Hoc maneriura tenuit
Abbatia Monialium S. Mariae Winton. tempore regis Edwardi«
Tunc se defendebat pro xii. hid." " Hoc manerium,'' it is
added, <* calumniatur Abbatissa S. Marise ; et totum Hundr.
et insuper totus Vicecomitatus testimonium perhibet quod
in abbatia fuit tempore regis Edwardi et regis WilHelmi, et
juste esse debet.'' In the margin, in smaller characters,
we read, ** Rex W. reddidit eidem Ecclesiae."
4 The manor of Coleselle. ** Walterius de Laci dedit
secclesio! cum filia sua. Scira nescit quomodo.*'
^ Tlie Wiltshire property seems also to have been pos-
sessed by the Nuns of Winchester T. R. E.
L L
5H INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE.
WiNTONiENSis terra de victu Monachorum Winton.
HantSy 41.
WiNTREMELc, Alricus, Bedf. 218 b.^
WiRCE, Goisfridus de,^ Northampt. 219,>227b. Lae.
230,^ 235 b. fForu;. 238,^ 243 b.^ NoUingk. U&l.
Line. 3697 v. Lawirce.
WiRECESTRE, Ecclesia de, Gkmc, 164 b. Wore. 172 b.
Warw. 238, 238 b.
WiRECESTRE, Episcopus de,® Warw. 238.®
WisLAC, HantSy 54.
WiSLAC et Aluric, in paragio, HaniSy 51 b.
Wit, Alwinus, HantSy 50 b.*®
1 This entry relates to a half hide of land in Coldentone ;
the entry adds, " Iste qui nunc tenet, tenuit T. R. £. homo
regis £. fuit, et potuit dare cui voluit : quam postea Ca-
nonicis S. Pauli sub W. rege dedit, et ut post mortem 8uam
haberent omnino concessit.*'
2 Kelham, Illustr. p. 105, says, ^' He was of Little Brit^
tany in France, and assisted William Duke of Normandy in
the Conquest of England.'' Dugd. Warw. p. 50*
3 Four houses in Northampton.
4 Two houses in Leicester, appertaining to hii manon of
Dalbi and Pichewelle.
* A house in Warwick.
• Geoffrey dc Wirce's manors in Warwickshire, twelve
in number, amounting to seventy-six hides of land, had all
belonged to a Saxon of the name of Leuuinus.
7 Geoffrey de Wirce's property in Lincolnshire also con-
sisted of twelve manors.
3 Wulstan II. consecrated Sept. 8th, 1062. He died
Jan. 19th, 1095.
' The Bishop of Worcester had nine masures in Warwick.
^^ " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."
INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 615
WiTBVRGA, Sancta, Shrqpsh. 252 b.
WLmarus, Suff. 445 b.
Wluinus, Staff. 250 b.*
Wlwi venator, Surr. 36 b.^
Wrehantune,* Presbyteri de, fVorc^ 176.*
1 The same person with Vluuinus.
2 " Ipse tenuit de rege E.**
3 Wolverhampton.
* " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E."
END OP THE FIRST VOLUME.
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